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loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/imagedelivery.net\/kDRCweMmqLnTPNlbum-pYA\/prod\/embed\/fb4a5f7d-9c9e-4baf-85d8-3f3b9d144a7b.jpeg\/public\" width=\"323\" height=\"452\" \/><\/p>\n<div>\u300a\u6279\u5224\u6027\u601d\u7ef4\u7684\u8ba4\u77e5\u4e0e\u4f26\u7406\u300b\uff0c\u5f90\u8d32\u8457 \/ \u5317\u4eac\u5927\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u793e2021\u5e742\u6708\u7248<\/div>\n<p><strong><span style=\"font-size: 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large;\">\u9648\u72ec\u79c0\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u542f\u8499\u601d\u60f3\u4e0e\u4ed6\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u601d\u60f3\u662f\u4e00\u81f4\u7684\uff0c\u8d2f\u901a\u4e8e\u5176\u95f4\u7684\u662f\u53cd\u4e13\u5236\uff0c\u4e00\u76f4\u5230\u4ed61942\u5e745\u6708\u53bb\u4e16\u90fd\u662f\u5982\u6b64\u30021949\u5e744\u670814\u65e5\u591c\uff0c\u5728\u884c\u9a76\u5728\u592a\u5e73\u6d0b\u4e0a\u7684\u8f6e\u8239\u4e0a\uff0c\u80e1\u9002\u91cd\u8bfb\u300a\u9648\u72ec\u79c0\u7684\u6700\u540e\u8bba\u6587\u548c\u4e66\u4fe1\u300b\uff0c\u611f\u5230\u65e0\u6bd4\u6fc0\u52a8\uff0c\u5199\u4e0b\u4e00\u7bc7\u957f\u6587\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u300a\u9648\u72ec\u79c0\u7684\u6700\u540e\u89c1\u89e3\u300b\u7684\u5e8f\u8a00\u3002\u4ed6\u5bf9&#8221;\u6b7b\u53cb&#8221;\u9648\u72ec\u79c0\u7684\u6700\u540e\u89c1\u89e3\u7531\u8877\u8d5e\u4f69\uff0c\u6307\u51fa&#8221;\u72ec\u79c0\u7684\u6700\u5927\u89c9\u609f\u662f\u4ed6\u627f\u8ba4&#8217;\u6c11\u4e3b\u653f\u6cbb\u7684\u771f\u6b63\u5185\u5bb9&#8217;\u6709\u4e00\u5957\u6700\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u6761\u6b3e\u2014\u2014\u4e00\u5957\u6700\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u6743\u5229\u2014\u2014\u90fd\u662f\u5927\u4f17\u6240\u9700\u8981\u7684\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u8d44\u4ea7\u9636\u7ea7\u6240\u72ec\u9738\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u5927\u4f17\u6240\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u7684&#8221;\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: large;\">\u80e1\u9002\u5728\u5e8f\u8a00\u7684\u6700\u540e\u8bf4\uff1a&#8221;\u56e0\u4e3a\u4ed6\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a&#8217;\u7ec8\u8eab\u53cd\u5bf9\u6d3e&#8217;\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u4ed6\u4e0d\u80fd\u4e0d\u53cd\u5bf9\u72ec\u88c1\u653f\u6cbb\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u4ed6\u4ece\u82e6\u75db\u7684\u7ecf\u9a8c\u4e2d\u609f\u5f97\u8fd1\u4ee3\u6c11\u4e3b\u653f\u6cbb\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u5185\u5bb9\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u662f\u53cd\u5bf9\u515a\u6d3e\u4e4b\u81ea\u7531&#8221;\u3002\u65b0\u6587\u5316\u8fd0\u52a8\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u9648\u72ec\u79c0\u53cd\u5bf9\u7684\u90a3\u4e2a\u4e13\u5236\u662f\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u4e13\u5236\uff0c\u6253\u5012\u5b54\u5bb6\u5e97\u7684\u53e3\u53f7\u4f3c\u4e4e\u5df2\u7ecf\u8db3\u4ee5\u6982\u62ec\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4e13\u5236\u7684\u6240\u6709\u7f6a\u6076\u3002\u5728\u4ed6\u8d70\u5411\u751f\u547d\u7ec8\u70b9\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u5728\u4ed6\u7559\u4e0b\u6700\u540e\u8bba\u6587\u548c\u4e66\u4fe1\uff08\u300a\u9648\u72ec\u79c0\u7684\u6700\u540e\u89c1\u89e3\u300b\uff09\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u4ed6\u53cd\u5bf9\u7684\u5df2\u7ecf\u4e0d\u662f\u5b54\u5bb6\u5e97\u7684\u4e13\u5236\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4ed6\u5728\u65b0\u6587\u5316\u8fd0\u52a8\u65f6\u6839\u672c\u59cb\u6599\u672a\u53ca\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u65b0\u7684\u4e13\u5236\uff0c\u4e00\u79cd\u4ece\u63a8\u7ffb\u65e7\u4e13\u5236\u7684\u9769\u547d\u91cc\u4ea7\u751f\u51fa\u6765\u7684\u65b0\u4e13\u5236\u3002\u7814\u7a76\u4e13\u5236\u5386\u53f2\u7684\u7f8e\u56fd\u5b66\u8005\u57c3\u91cc\u514b\u00b7\u52a0\u5c14\u987f\u79f0\u4e4b\u4e3a\u6cd5\u56fd\u9769\u547d\u5f0f\u7684&#8221;\u9769\u547d\u4e13\u5236&#8221;\uff08revolutionary despotism\uff09\u6216\u65af\u5927\u6797\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684&#8221; &#8216;\u65e0\u4ea7\u9636\u7ea7&#8217;\u4e13\u5236&#8221;\uff08&#8221;proletarian&#8221; despotism\uff09\u3002\u9648\u72ec\u79c0\u5728\u53cd\u5bf9\u65b0\u7684\u9769\u547d\u4e13\u5236\u65f6\uff0c\u5df2\u7ecf\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5bf9\u5386\u53f2\u53d1\u5c55\u8d1f\u6709\u8d23\u4efb\u7684\u53cd\u601d\u8005\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u518d\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u6ca1\u6709\u5305\u88b1\uff0c\u81ea\u4ee5\u4e3a\u53ef\u4ee5\u51ed\u7740\u9769\u547d\u6fc0\u60c5\u53bb\u5f15\u5bfc\u5386\u53f2\u65b0\u8fdb\u7a0b\u7684\u542f\u8499\u8005\u4e86\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u6b63\u662f\u4ed6\u5bf9\u9769\u547d\u4e13\u5236\u7684\u53cd\u601d\uff0c\u6210\u4e3a\u5bf9\u6211\u4eec\u4eca\u5929\u6bd4\u65b0\u6587\u5316\u542f\u8499\u66f4\u5b9d\u8d35\uff0c\u4e5f\u66f4\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u542f\u8499\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: large;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/imagedelivery.net\/kDRCweMmqLnTPNlbum-pYA\/prod\/embed\/cb52f919-0bc9-4d30-aaeb-217c273231cf.jpeg\/public\" width=\"452\" height=\"301\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<div>\u8457\u540d\u5b66\u8005\u674e\u6cfd\u539a<\/div>\n<h2><strong><span style=\"font-size: large;\">\u258c\u674e\u6cfd\u539a\u7684\u8bef\u533a\uff1a\u5c06\u4e2a\u4eba\u81ea\u7531\u4e0e\u56fd\u5bb6\u96c6\u4f53\u5bf9\u7acb\u8d77\u6765<\/span><\/strong><\/h2>\n<p><strong><span style=\"font-size: large;\">\u71d5\u4eac\u4e66\u8bc4\uff1a1986\u5e74\uff0c\u674e\u6cfd\u539a\u5148\u751f\u53d1\u8868&#8221;\u542f\u8499\u4e0e\u6551\u4ea1\u7684\u53cc\u91cd\u53d8\u594f&#8221;\uff0c\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86&#8221;\u6551\u4ea1\u538b\u5012\u542f\u8499&#8221;\u7684\u8457\u540d\u8bba\u70b9\u3002\u4f46\u5f88\u591a\u5b66\u8005\u4e0d\u8d5e\u6210\u4ed6\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u65b0\u9769\u547d\u53f2\u5b66\u8005\u738b\u5947\u751f\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u5728\u5f53\u65f6\u4eba\u773c\u4e2d\uff0c\u65b0\u6587\u5316\u8fd0\u52a8\u672c\u8eab\u5c31\u662f\u7d27\u63a5\u7740\u8f9b\u4ea5\u653f\u6cbb\u9769\u547d\u4e4b\u540e\u7684\u4e00\u573a&#8221;\u601d\u60f3\u9769\u547d&#8221;\u3002\u601d\u60f3\u7684\u65e5\u8d8b\u6fc0\u5316\uff0c\u6b63\u662f\u8fd9\u573a\u601d\u60f3\u9769\u547d\u7684\u7279\u8d28\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a&#8221;\u6551\u4ea1\u538b\u5012\u542f\u8499&#8221;\u7684\u8f6c\u53d8\u3002\u4ece\u601d\u60f3\u9769\u547d\u8f6c\u5165\u793e\u4f1a\u9769\u547d\u662f\u987a\u7406\u6210\u7ae0\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\uff08\u300a\u9ad8\u5c71\u6eda\u77f3\uff1a20\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e2d\u56fd\u9769\u547d\u7684\u8fde\u7eed\u4e0e\u9012\u8fdb\u300b\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span 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Schwarcz\uff09\u662f\u4e00\u4f4d\u6211\u4e5f\u8ba4\u8bc6\u7684\u7f8e\u56fd\u6c49\u5b66\u5bb6\uff0c\u5979\u8bf4\uff0c&#8221;\u6551\u4ea1\u538b\u5012\u542f\u8499&#8221;\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8bf4\u6cd5\u662f\u5979\u9996\u5148\u63d0\u51fa\u6765\u7684\uff0c\u540e\u6765\u7ed9\u674e\u6cfd\u539a\u501f\u53bb\u4e0d\u8fd8\u4e86\uff0c&#8221;\u6211\u521a\u521a\u8ba4\u8bc6\u674e\u6cfd\u539a\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u2026\u2026\u9a6c\u4e0a\u611f\u89c9\u5230\u6211\u4eec\u6709\u8bb8\u591a\u7684\u5171\u540c\u8bed\u8a00\u3002\u2026\u2026\u674e\u6cfd\u539a\u5f53\u65f6\u975e\u5e38\u613f\u610f\u548c\u5916\u56fd\u5b66\u8005\u4ea4\u6d41\u4ed6\u7684\u601d\u60f3\uff0c\u6211\u4e5f\u5411\u674e\u6cfd\u539a\u4ecb\u7ecd\u4e86\u6211\u7684\u65b0\u770b\u6cd5\u3002\u90a3\u65f6\u6211\u8fd8\u6ca1\u6709\u51fa\u7248\u300a\u4e2d\u56fd\u542f\u8499\u8fd0\u52a8\uff1a\u77e5\u8bc6\u5206\u5b50\u4e0e\u4e94\u56db\u9057\u4ea7\u300b\u3002\u6211\u7ed9\u674e\u6cfd\u539a\u8bb2\u4e86\u6211\u601d\u8003\u7684&#8221;\u542f\u8499&#8221;\u548c&#8221;\u6551\u4ea1&#8221;\u7684\u5dee\u5f02\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u4e24\u8005\u5b58\u5728\u51b2\u7a81\u7684\u770b\u6cd5\u300230\u5e74\u4ee3\u6297\u6218\u65f6\u671f\u77e5\u8bc6\u5206\u5b50\u4e3a\u4e86\u6551\u56fd\u800c\u653e\u5f03\u542f\u8499\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u7231\u56fd\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u77e5\u8bc6\u5206\u5b50\u81ea\u613f\u653e\u5f03\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u4e2d\u56fd\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u8981\u6c42\u77e5\u8bc6\u5206\u5b50\u653e\u5f03\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u542f\u8499\u8fd0\u52a8\u3002\u8fd9\u572820\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e09\u56db\u5341\u5e74\u4ee3\u4e4b\u4ea4\u5df2\u7ecf\u53d8\u6210\u4e86\u65b0\u542f\u8499\u8fd0\u52a8\u3002\u2026\u2026\u674e\u6cfd\u539a\u8bf4\u7684&#8221;\u6551\u4ea1\u538b\u5012\u542f\u8499&#8221;\u662f\u7528\u4e86\u6211\u7684\u60f3\u6cd5\u3002&#8221;\u00a0\uff08\u7b2c121\u2014124\u9875\uff09\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u4e5f\u6709\u4eba\u5f15\u7528\u674e\u6cfd\u539a\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\u8bc1\u660e\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8bf4\u6cd5\u662f\u4ed6\u7684\u539f\u521b\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span 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loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/imagedelivery.net\/kDRCweMmqLnTPNlbum-pYA\/prod\/embed\/9e00ec36-41dc-44bd-81cf-b20de38efcd2.jpeg\/public\" width=\"452\" height=\"425\" \/><\/p>\n<div>\u57c3\u5fb7\u8499\u00b7\u67cf\u514b\u3002<\/div>\n<h2><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>\u258c\u4e0d\u8981\u8ba9&#8221;\u67cf\u514b\u70ed&#8221;\u548c&#8221;\u4fdd\u5b88\u4e3b\u4e49\u70ed&#8221;\u6210\u4e3a21\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u53c8\u4e00\u6b21\u96c6\u4f53\u601d\u60f3\u8ff7\u601d<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><strong><span style=\"font-size: 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style=\"font-size: large;\">\u82f1\u56fd\u7687\u5bb6\u5b66\u9662\uff08King&#8217;s College\uff09\u5386\u53f2\u6559\u6388\u9a6c\u6b47\u5c14\uff08P. J. Marshall\uff09\u5728\u300a\u4ec0\u4e48\u65f6\u5019\u9769\u547d\u4e0d\u662f\u9769\u547d\uff1f\u67cf\u514b\u548c\u65b0\u7f8e\u6d32\u300b<em>\uff08When is a Revolution not a revolution? 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