{"id":152,"date":"2022-11-03T18:52:57","date_gmt":"2022-11-03T10:52:57","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/ifcdt.450001.net\/?p=152"},"modified":"2022-11-03T18:52:57","modified_gmt":"2022-11-03T10:52:57","slug":"%e7%ac%ac%e4%ba%8c%e8%8a%82-%e8%bf%84%e4%bb%8a%e7%9a%84-%e4%b8%89%e6%ac%a1%e6%b0%91%e4%b8%bb%e5%8c%96%e6%b5%aa%e6%bd%ae","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/chinademocrats.org\/?p=152","title":{"rendered":"\u7b2c\u4e8c\u8282 \u8fc4\u4eca\u7684 \u4e09\u6b21\u6c11\u4e3b\u5316\u6d6a\u6f6e"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

6\u3001\u7b2c\u4e09\u6ce2\u6c11\u4e3b\u5316<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

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\u56fe\u8868 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 
\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\uff0c\u6c11\u4e3b\u5316\u957f\u6ce2 1828-1926<\/strong>
\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u9006\u6f6e   1922-1942<\/strong>
\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b21\uff0c\u6c11\u4e3b\u5316\u77ed\u6ce2 1943-1962<\/strong>
\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b21\u9006\u6f6e   1958-1975<\/strong>
\u7b2c\u4e09\u6ce2\u6c11\u4e3b\u5316 1974-<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

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7\u3001\u7b2c\u4e00\u6ce2\u6c11\u4e3b\u5316<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

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8\u3001\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6ce2\u6c11\u4e3b\u5316<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

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\u83f2\u5f8b\u5bbe\u524d\u72ec\u88c1\u8005\u8d39\u8fea\u5357.\u9a6c\u79d1\u65af\u3002\u4ed61996 \u5e74\u5f53\u9009\u603b\u7edf\uff0c1972\u5e74\u5b9e\u65bd\u6212\u4e25\uff0c\u7ed3\u675f\u4e86\u5176\u6cbb\u4e0b\u6b8b\u5b58\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u3002




\u56fe\u88683\uff1a\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6ce2\u6c11\u4e3b\u5316\u56fd\u5bb6<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u8bf4\u660e<\/strong>\uff1a\u88ab\u5220\u9664\u7ebf\u8986\u76d6\u7684\u662f\u5728\u9006\u6f6e\u4e2d\u6c11\u4e3b\u5d29\u6e83\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u3002\u8d44\u6599\u6765\u6e90\uff1a<\/strong>\u4ea8\u5ef7\u987f\u300a\u7b2c\u4e09\u6ce2\uff1a\u4e8c\u5341\u4e16\u7eaa\u540e\u671f\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u5316\u300b\u3002
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9\u3001\u6c11\u4e3b\u653f\u4f53\u7684\u5206\u5e03<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

\u524d\u9762\u8bf4\u8fc7\uff0c\u6839\u636e\u201c\u81ea\u7531\u4e4b\u5bb6\u201d\uff08Freedom House\uff09\u7684\u7edf\u8ba1\uff0c1973\u5e74\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u7b2c\u4e09\u6ce2\u6c11\u4e3b\u5316\u5f00\u59cb\u524d\u4e00\u5e74\uff0c\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u53ea\u670940\u4e2a\u6c11\u4e3b\u653f\u4f53\uff0c\u81f32012\u5e74\u662f118\u4e2a\uff0c\u5360\u5168\u90e8\u72ec\u7acb\u56fd\u5bb6\u768461%\u3002
\u9700\u8981\u8bf4\u660e\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u8fd9\u91cc\u6240\u8c13\u201c118\u4e2a\u6c11\u4e3b\u653f\u4f53\u201d\uff0c\u6307\u7684\u662f\u9009\u4e3e\u6c11\u4e3b\u653f\u4f53(electoral democracy)\u3002\u201c\u6240\u8c13\u9009\u4e3e\u6c11\u4e3b\u653f\u4f53\u201d\u662f\u81ea\u7531\u4e4b\u5bb6\u76f8\u5bf9\u4e8e\u201c\u81ea\u7531\u6c11\u4e3b\u653f\u4f53\u201d(liberal democracy)\u800c\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u5212\u5206\u3002\u6240\u6709\u81ea\u7531\u6c11\u4e3b\u653f\u4f53\u90fd\u9009\u4e3e\u6c11\u4e3b\u653f\u4f53\uff0c\u4f46\u5e76\u975e\u6240\u6709\u9009\u4e3e\u6c11\u4e3b\u653f\u4f53\u90fd\u662f\u81ea\u7531\u6c11\u4e3b\u653f\u4f53\u3002
\u81ea\u7531\u4e4b\u5bb6\u6839\u636e\u5176\u5bf9\u4e16\u754c\u5404\u56fd\u81ea\u7531\u5ea6\u7684\u8bc4\u4f30\uff0c\u5c06\u5b83\u4eec\u5212\u5206\u4e3a\u4e09\u5927\u7c7b\uff0c\u5373\u201c\u81ea\u7531\u56fd\u5bb6\u201d\u3001\u201c\u90e8\u5206\u81ea\u7531\u56fd\u5bb6\u201d\u548c\u201c\u4e0d\u81ea\u7531\u56fd\u5bb6\u201d\u3002\u201c\u81ea\u7531\u56fd\u5bb6\u201d\u4ea6\u5373\u81ea\u7531\u6c11\u4e3b\u56fd\u5bb6\u3002\u5728\u201c\u90e8\u5206\u81ea\u7531\u56fd\u5bb6\u201d\u4e2d\uff0c\u6709\u76f8\u5f53\u6570\u91cf\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u5219\u88ab\u754c\u5b9a\u4e3a\u201c\u9009\u4e3e\u6c11\u4e3b\u56fd\u5bb6\u201d\u3002
\u201c\u9009\u4e3e\u6c11\u4e3b\u56fd\u5bb6\u201d\u867d\u7136\u4e0d\u4e00\u5b9a\u662f\u81ea\u7531\u6c11\u4e3b\u56fd\u5bb6\uff0c\u4f46\u8fbe\u5230\u4e86\u67d0\u4e9b\u6700\u4f4e\u9650\u5ea6\u6807\u51c6\u3002\u9009\u4e3e\u6c11\u4e3b\u56fd\u5bb6\u5fc5\u987b\u7b26\u5408\u4e0b\u5217\u6807\u51c6[6]<\/strong><\/a>\u2014\u2014
\u4e00\u4e2a\u7ade\u4e89\u6027\u7684\u3001\u591a\u515a\u5236\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u5236\u5ea6\uff1b
\u5168\u4f53\u516c\u6c11\u666e\u9009\u6743\uff1b
\u9009\u4e3e\u4ee5\u79d8\u5bc6\u6295\u7968\u65b9\u5f0f\u8fdb\u884c\uff0c\u9009\u7968\u6709\u5408\u7406\u5b89\u5168\u4fdd\u969c\uff0c\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u5927\u9762\u79ef\u7684\u9009\u4e3e\u4f5c\u5f0a\uff0c\u56e0\u800c\u9009\u4e3e\u7ed3\u679c\u662f\u6c11\u610f\u7684\u8868\u8fbe\uff1b
\u5404\u4e3b\u8981\u653f\u515a\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u6709\u610f\u4e49\u7684\u516c\u5171\u6e20\u9053\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u5a92\u4f53\u4ee5\u53ca\u516c\u5f00\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u7ade\u9009\uff0c\u4e0e\u9009\u6c11\u63a5\u89e6\u3002\u6839\u636e\u4e0a\u8ff0\u6807\u51c6\uff0c\u4f46\u5e76\u975e\u6240\u6709\u7684\u201c\u90e8\u5206\u81ea\u7531\u56fd\u5bb6\u201d\u90fd\u662f\u201c\u9009\u4e3e\u6c11\u4e3b\u56fd\u5bb6\u201d\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u65b0\u52a0\u5761\u3001\u9a6c\u6765\u897f\u4e9a\u5c31\u662f\u201c\u90e8\u5206\u81ea\u7531\u56fd\u5bb6\u201d\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u201c\u9009\u4e3e\u6c11\u4e3b\u56fd\u5bb6\u201d\u3002
\u201c\u9009\u4e3e\u6c11\u4e3b\u653f\u4f53\u201d\u5305\u62ec\u4e86\u201c\u81ea\u7531\u6c11\u4e3b\u653f\u4f53\u201d\uff0c\u81ea\u7531\u6c11\u4e3b\u653f\u4f53\u4e0e\u5176\u4ed6\u9009\u4e3e\u6c11\u4e3b\u653f\u4f53\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u5728\u4e8e\uff0c\u201c\u5b83\u610f\u5473\u7740\u5b58\u5728\u5e7f\u6cdb\u7684\u516c\u6c11\u81ea\u7531\uff08civil liberties\uff09\u201d\u3002\u516c\u6c11\u81ea\u7531(civil liberties) \u5305\u62ec\u8868\u73b0\u548c\u4fe1\u4ef0\u81ea\u7531\u3001\u793e\u56e2\u548c\u7ec4\u7ec7\u6743\u5229\u3001\u6cd5\u6cbb\u3001\u4e2a\u4eba\u81ea\u6cbb\u4e0e\u4e2a\u4eba\u6743\u5229\u7b49\u7c7b\u522b\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u5b9e\u73b0\u4e0e\u4fdd\u969c\uff0c\u6d89\u53ca\u5a92\u4f53\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u72ec\u7acb\u3001\u5b97\u6559\u673a\u6784\u81ea\u7531\u3001\u5b66\u672f\u81ea\u7531\u3001\u6559\u80b2\u81ea\u7531\u3001\u53f8\u6cd5\u72ec\u7acb\u3001\u5efa\u7acb\u975e\u653f\u5e9c\u7ec4\u7ec7\u3001\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5de5\u4f1a\u3001\u62e5\u6709\u79c1\u4eba\u8d22\u4ea7\u3001\u5f00\u529e\u79c1\u4eba\u4f01\u4e1a\u3001\u8fc1\u5f99\u81ea\u7531\u3001\u62e9\u4e1a\u81ea\u7531\u3001\u5e73\u7b49\u673a\u4f1a\u7b49\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \n
  1. \u5e74\u7684118\u4e2a\u9009\u4e3e\u6c11\u4e3b\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e2d\uff0c90\u4e2a\u662f\u81ea\u7531\u6c11\u4e3b\u56fd\u5bb6\uff0c\u5176\u4ed628\u4e2a\u53ea\u662f\u9009\u4e3e\u6c11\u4e3b\u56fd\u5bb6\u3002\u5c3d\u53ef\u80fd\u591a\u4e86\u89e3\u5916\u90e8\u4e16\u754c\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u6211\u4eec\u601d\u8003\u3001\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u8f6c\u578b\u95ee\u9898\u662f\u91cd\u8981\u7684\uff0c\u5179\u5c06\u8fd9118\u4e2a\u9009\u4e3e\u6c11\u4e3b\u653f\u4f53\u5206\u7c7b\u5217\u4e3e\u4e8e\u4e0b\u8868\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n

    \u56fe\u88684  \u5f53\u4ee3\u4e16\u754c\u9009\u4e3e\u6c11\u4e3b\u56fd\u5bb6\uff08\u622a\u81f32012\u5e74\uff09<\/p>\n\n\n\n

     <\/td>\u81ea\u7531<\/strong><\/td>\u90e8\u5206\u81ea\u7531<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
    \u6b27\u6d32<\/td>\u5b89\u591a\u62c9\uff0c\u5965\u5730\u5229\uff0c\u6bd4\u5229\u65f6\uff0c\u4fdd\u52a0\u5229\u4e9a\uff0c\u7231\u6c99\u5c3c\u4e9a\uff0c\u82ac\u5170\uff0c\u6cd5\u56fd\uff0c\u5fb7\u56fd\uff0c\u5e0c\u814a\uff0c\u5308\u7259\u5229\uff0c\u51b0\u5c9b\uff0c\u7231\u5c14\u5170\uff0c\u610f\u5927\u5229\uff0c\u62c9\u8131\u7ef4\u4e9a\uff0c\u5217\u652f\u6566\u58eb\u6566\uff0c\u7acb\u9676\u5b9b\uff0c\u5362\u68ee\u5821\uff0c\u9a6c\u8033\u4ed6\uff0c\u8377\u5170\uff0c\u632a\u5a01\uff0c\u6ce2\u5170\uff0c\u8461\u8404\u7259\uff0c\u7f57\u9a6c\u5c3c\u4e9a\uff0c\u5723\u9a6c\u529b\u8bfa\uff0c\u585e\u5c14\u7ef4\u4e9a\uff0c\u65af\u6d1b\u4f10\u514b\uff0c\u897f\u73ed\u7259\uff0c\u745e\u5178\uff0c\u745e\u58eb\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd<\/td>\u963f\u5c14\u5df4\u5c3c\u4e9a\uff0c\u6ce2\u65af\u5c3c\u4e9a-\u9ed1\u5c71\uff0c\u683c\u9c81\u5409\u4e9a\uff0c\u9a6c\u5176\u987f\uff0c\u6469\u5c14\u591a\u74e6\uff0c\u9ed1\u5c71\uff0c\u4e4c\u514b\u5170<\/td><\/tr>
    \u7f8e\u6d32<\/td>\u5b89\u63d0\u74dc-\u5df4\u5e03\u8fbe\uff0c\u963f\u6839\u5ef7\uff0c\u5df4\u54c8\u9a6c\uff0c\u5df4\u5df4\u591a\u65af\uff0c\u4f2f\u5229\u5179\uff0c\u5df4\u897f\uff0c\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\uff0c\u667a\u5229\uff0c\u54e5\u65af\u8fbe\u9ece\u52a0\uff0c\u514b\u7f57\u5730\u4e9a\uff0c\u585e\u6d66\u8def\u65af\uff0c\u6377\u514b\uff0c\u4e39\u9ea6\uff0c\u591a\u7c73\u5c3c\u52a0\uff0c\u591a\u7c73\u5c3c\u52a0\u5171\u548c\u56fd\uff0c\u7231\u8428\u5c14\u74e6\u591a\uff0c\u572d\u4e9a\u90a3\uff0c\u683c\u6797\u7eb3\u8fbe\uff0c\u7259\u4e70\u52a0\uff0c\u5df4\u62ff\u9a6c\uff0c\u79d8\u9c81\uff0c\u5723\u57fa\u8328-\u5c3c\u7ef4\u65af\uff0c\u5723\u5362\u897f\u4e9a\uff0c\u5723\u6587\u68ee\u7279-\u683c\u6797\u7eb3\u4e01\u65af\uff0c\u82cf\u91cc\u5357\uff0c\u7279\u7acb\u5c3c\u8fbe-\u591a\u5df4\u54e5\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\uff0c\u4e4c\u62c9\u572d<\/td>\u73bb\u5229\u7ef4\u4e9a\uff0c\u54e5\u4f26\u6bd4\u4e9a\uff0c\u5384\u74dc\u591a\u5c14\uff0c\u5371\u5730\u9a6c\u62c9\uff0c\u58a8\u897f\u54e5\uff0c\u5df4\u62c9\u572d<\/td><\/tr>
    \u975e\u6d32<\/td>\u8d1d\u5b81\uff0c\u535a\u8328\u74e6\u7eb3\uff0c\u4f5b\u5f97\u89d2,\u52a0\u7eb3\uff0c\u83b1\u7d22\u6258\uff0c\u6bdb\u91cc\u6c42\u65af\uff0c\u6469\u7eb3\u54e5\uff0c\u7eb3\u7c73\u6bd4\u4e9a\uff0c\u5723\u591a\u7f8e\u53ca\u666e\u6797\u897f\u6bd4\uff0c\u585e\u820c\u5c14\uff0c\u585e\u62c9\u5229\u6602\uff0c\u5357\u975e<\/td>\u79d1\u6469\u7f57\uff0c\u5229\u6bd4\u91cc\u4e9a\uff0c\u5229\u6bd4\u4e9a\uff0c\u9a6c\u62c9\u7ef4\uff0c\u5c3c\u65e5\u5c14\uff0c\u5766\u6851\u5c3c\u4e9a\uff0c\u7a81\u5c3c\u65af<\/td><\/tr>
    \u5927\u6d0b\u6d32<\/td>\u6fb3\u5927\u5229\u4e9a\uff0c\u57fa\u91cc\u5df4\u65af\uff0c\u9a6c\u7ecd\u5c14\u7fa4\u5c9b\uff0c\u7c73\u514b\u7f57\u5c3c\u897f\u4e9a\uff0c\u7459\u9c81\uff0c\u65b0\u897f\u5170\uff0c\u8428\u6469\u4e9a\u7fa4\u5c9b\uff0c\u6c64\u52a0\uff0c\u56fe\u74e6\u5362\uff0c\u74e6\u52aa\u963f\u56fe<\/td>\u5df4\u5e03\u4e9a\u65b0\u51e0\u5185\u4e9a<\/td><\/tr>
    \u4e9a\u6d32<\/td>\u5370\u5ea6\uff0c\u4e0d\u4e39\uff0c\u4ee5\u8272\u5217\uff0c\u5370\u5ea6\u5c3c\u897f\u4e9a\uff0c\u65e5\u672c\uff0c\u8499\u53e4\uff0c\u5e15\u52b3\uff0c\u97e9\u56fd\uff0c\u53f0\u6e7e\uff08\u5730\u533a\uff09<\/td>\u5b5f\u52a0\u62c9\uff0c\u4e1c\u5e1d\u6c76\uff0c\u83f2\u5f8b\u5bbe\uff0c\u6cf0\u56fd\uff0c\u571f\u8033\u5176<\/td><\/tr>
    \u6570\u91cf<\/strong><\/td>90<\/strong><\/td>28<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

    \u8d44\u6599\u6765\u6e90\uff1a<\/strong>\u81ea\u7531\u4e4b\u5bb6\u300a2013\u5e74\u4e16\u754c\u81ea\u7531\u62a5\u544a\u300b\u3002

    \u4f5c\u4e3a\u754c\u4e8e\u81ea\u7531\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e0e\u975e\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u653f\u4f53\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u90e8\u5206\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u9009\u4e3e\u6c11\u4e3b\u56fd\u5bb6\uff0c\u5b58\u5728\u7740\u4e09\u79cd\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u524d\u9014\u3002\u5b83\u4eec\u5206\u522b\u662f\u5411\u540e\u5012\u5411\u5a01\u6743\u4e3b\u4e49\uff0c\u5411\u524d\u53d1\u5c55\u6210\u81ea\u7531\u6c11\u4e3b\u56fd\u5bb6\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u957f\u671f\u505c\u7559\u5728\u4e2d\u95f4\u72b6\u6001\u3002\u5982\u679c\u8003\u5bdf\u4e00\u4e0b1991\u5e74\u4ee5\u540e\u768420\u5e74\u4e2d\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u90e8\u5206\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u9009\u4e3e\u6c11\u4e3b\u56fd\u5bb6\u6570\u91cf\u53d8\u8fc1\u60c5\u51b5\uff0c\u6709\u52a9\u4e8e\u8bf4\u660e\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u3002\u8bf7\u5148\u770b\u4e00\u4e0b\u7b80\u5355\u5217\u8868\u2014\u2014
    \u56fe\u88685  \u9009\u4e3e\u6c11\u4e3b\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e2d\u7684\u90e8\u5206\u81ea\u7531\u56fd\u5bb6\u6570\u91cf<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u5e74\u5ea6<\/td>\u9009\u4e3e\u6c11\u4e3b\u56fd\u5bb6<\/td>\u90e8\u5206\u81ea\u7531\u56fd\u5bb6<\/td>\u767e\u5206\u6bd4<\/td><\/tr>
    2011<\/strong>
    2006<\/strong>
    2001<\/strong>
    1996   <\/strong><\/td>    		115<\/strong>
    123<\/strong>
    120<\/strong>
    117<\/strong><\/td>    		28<\/strong>
    34<\/strong>
    35<\/strong>
    38<\/strong><\/td>    		22.6%<\/strong>
    27.6%<\/strong>
    29.2%<\/strong>
    32.5%<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

    \u8d44\u6599\u6765\u6e90\uff1a<\/strong>\u81ea\u7531\u4e4b\u5bb6\u300a\u56fd\u5bb6\u72b6\u6001\u4e0e\u8bc4\u4f30\u6982\u89c8\uff0c1973-2012\u300b\uff0c\u8f7d\u4e8e\u300a2012\u5e74\u4e16\u754c\u81ea\u7531\u62a5\u544a\u300b
    2006\u5e74\uff0c\u5168\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u9009\u4e3e\u6c11\u4e3b\u56fd\u5bb6\u8fbe\u5230123\u4e2a\uff0c\u4f46\u662f2011\u5e74\u4e0b\u964d\u5230115\u4e2a\u3002\u8fd9\u610f\u5473\u7740\uff0c\u671f\u95f4\u81f3\u5c11\u67098\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u5d29\u6e83\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u6709\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u6c11\u4e3b\u5d29\u540e\u6e83\u7ecf\u8fc7\u4e00\u6bb5\u65f6\u95f4\u53ef\u80fd\u53c8\u56de\u5f52\u4e86\u6c11\u4e3b\u3002
    90\u5e74\u4ee3\u521d\u81f3\u4e2d\u671f\uff0c\u968f\u7740\u9009\u4e3e\u6c11\u4e3b\u56fd\u5bb6\u6570\u91cf\u7684\u5feb\u901f\u589e\u52a0\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u90e8\u5206\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u9009\u4e3e\u6c11\u4e3b\u56fd\u5bb6\u6240\u5360\u6bd4\u4f8b\u660e\u663e\u4e0a\u5347\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u540e\u6765\u53c8\u9010\u6b65\u4e0b\u964d\u30021996\u5e74\uff0c\u6b64\u7c7b\u6c11\u4e3b\u56fd\u5bb6\u5728\u6c11\u4e3b\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e2d\u6240\u5360\u6bd4\u4f8b\u8fbe\u523032.5%\uff0c\u52302011\u5e74\u56de\u843d\u523022.6%\uff0c\u57fa\u672c\u4e0e1991\u5e74\u6301\u5e73\u3002
    \u8fd9\u4e00\u8d70\u5411\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u9009\u4e3e\u653f\u5e9c\u8fd9\u4e00\u57fa\u672c\u653f\u6cbb\u81ea\u7531\u6709\u52a9\u4e8e\u5176\u4ed6\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u6269\u5c55\u548c\u4fdd\u62a4\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u5728\u6c11\u4e3b\u5316\u540e\u5373\u4f7f\u6ca1\u6709\u5feb\u901f\u5efa\u7acb\u6cd5\u6cbb\u5145\u5206\u4fdd\u969c\u81ea\u7531\uff0c\u4e5f\u6709\u8f83\u5927\u7684\u6f5c\u529b\u5411\u90a3\u4e2a\u65b9\u5411\u53d1\u5c55\u3002\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u5b83\u4e5f\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u5386\u53f2\u672a\u5fc5\u4f1a\u76f4\u7ebf\u5411\u524d\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u90e8\u5206\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e5f\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u957f\u671f\u505c\u7559\u5728\u975e\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e0e\u81ea\u7531\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u4e2d\u95f4\u72b6\u6001\u3002
    \u5728\u7ed3\u675f\u6b64\u8bb2\u524d\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u63d0\u5230\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u7ecf\u8fc7\u4e09\u6ce2\u6c11\u4e3b\u5316\uff0c\u622a\u81f32012\u5e74\uff0c\u5168\u7403\u751f\u6d3b\u5728\u4e0d\u81ea\u7531\u72b6\u6001\u4e0b\u7684\u4eba\u53e3\u7ea625\u4ebf\uff0c\u5360\u603b\u4eba\u53e371\u4ebf\u768435%\u3002\u5728\u8fd925\u4ebf\u4eba\u4e2d\uff0c\u670914\u4ebf\u591a\u751f\u6d3b\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\uff0c\u536056%\u3002\u7531\u6b64\u53ef\u89c1\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u5316\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4e16\u754c\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u610f\u4e49\u3002\u5728\u601d\u8003\u3001\u63a2\u8ba8\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u5316\u95ee\u9898\u65f6\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e09\u6ce2\u6c11\u4e3b\u5316\u5177\u6709\u7279\u6b8a\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u610f\u4e49\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u662f\u53d1\u751f\u5728\u5f53\u4ee3\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u5316\uff0c\u4e0e\u5f53\u4ee3\u4e2d\u56fd\u5177\u6709\u65f6\u7a7a\u4e0a\u7684\u4e00\u81f4\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u5728\u5168\u740325\u4ebf\u751f\u6d3b\u5728\u975e\u81ea\u7531\u72b6\u6001\u4e0b\u7684\u4eba\u4e2d\uff0c\u670914\u4ebf\u751f\u6d3b\u5728\u8fd9\u9762\u7ea2\u65d7\u4e0b\u3002


    \u5ef6\u4f38\u9605\u8bfb\uff1a<\/strong>
    \u585e\u7f2a\u5c14\u00b7\u4ea8\u5ef7\u987f\u8457\u3001\u5218\u519b\u5b81\u8bd1\u300a\u7b2c\u4e09\u6ce2\uff1a20\u4e16\u7eaa\u540e\u671f\u6c11\u4e3b\u5316\u6d6a\u6f6e\u300b\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e00\u7ae0\u7b2c\u4e8c\u8282\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u5316\u6d6a\u6f6e\u3002\u4e0a\u6d77\u4e09\u8054\u51fa\u7248\u793e\uff0c1998\u5e74\u3002
    \u62c9\u91cc\u00b7\u6234\u8499\u5fb7\u8457\u3001\u5f20\u5927\u519b\u8bd1\u300a\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u7cbe\u795e\u300b\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e8c\u7ae0\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u660c\u76db\uff0841-56\u9875\uff09\u3001\u7b2c\u4e09\u7ae0\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u8870\u9000\uff0856-84\u9875\uff09\u3002\u8be5\u4e66\u82f1\u6587\u7248\u51fa\u7248\u4e8e2008\u5e74\uff0c\u4e2d\u6587\u7248\u7f51\u7edc\u51fa\u7248\u7269\uff0c\u94fe\u63a5\uff1ahttp:\/\/ishare.iask.sina.com.cn\/f\/19310035.html<\/em><\/a>\u3002
    Freedom House: Freedom in the World 2013\uff0chttp:\/\/www.freedomhouse.org\/report\/freedom-world\/freedom-world-2013<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \n\n\n\n

    [1]<\/strong><\/a> \u7f8e\u56fd\u653f\u6cbb\u5b66\u5bb6\u585e\u7f2a\u5c14\u00b7\u4ea8\u5ef7\u987f\uff08Samuel P. Huntington\uff0990\u5e74\u4ee3\u5c06\u8fd9\u4e00\u6ce2\u6c11\u4e3b\u5316\u547d\u540d\u4e3a\u201c\u7b2c\u4e09\u6ce2\u6c11\u4e3b\u5316\u201d\uff0c\u88ab\u4eba\u4eec\u666e\u904d\u63a5\u53d7\u3002\u4ea8\u5ef7\u987f\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u603b\u4f53\u4e0a\u770b\uff0c\u6c11\u4e3b\u5316\u662f\u5206\u51e0\u6ce2\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u6ce2\u548c\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6ce2\u5206\u522b\u53d1\u751f\u57281828-1926\u5e74\u30011943-62\u5e74\uff08\u53c2\u89c1Samuel Hungtington\uff0cThe Third Wave\uff1aDemocratization in the Late Twentieth Century <\/em>(University of Oklahoma Press),1991, pp.13-26\u3002\u8be5\u4e66\u4e2d\u6587\u7248\u7531\u5218\u519b\u5b81\u5148\u751f\u7ffb\u8bd1\uff0c\u4e0a\u6d77\u4e09\u8054\u51fa\u7248\u793e1998\u5e74\u51fa\u7248\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    [2]<\/strong><\/a>\u5173\u4e8e\u5171\u548c\u5236\u4e0e\u6c11\u4e3b\u5236\u7684\u533a\u522b\u4e0e\u8054\u7cfb\uff0c\u8bf7\u53c2\u89c1\u6211\u7684\u4e24\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0                           \u300a\u8bba\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u300b\uff08http:\/\/www.gongfa.com\/republicwangtc.htm\uff09\u3001                                \u300a\u518d\u8bba\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u300b\uff08http:\/\/www.gongfa.com\/republic2wangtc.htm<\/a>\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    [3]<\/strong><\/a> See C.W. Crawley, New Cambridge Modern History, Volume X, p.14.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    [4]<\/strong><\/a> See J.P.T. Bury. New Cambridge Modern History, Volume IX, p.184.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    [5]<\/strong><\/a>\uff08Sheri Berman\uff1aHow Democracies Emerge\uff1aLessons from Europe. Journal of Democracy, Jan. 2007, Vol. 18, No. 1\uff09<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    [6]<\/strong><\/a> \u53c2\u89c1\u81ea\u7531\u4e4b\u5bb6\u7684\u300a\u4e16\u754c\u81ea\u7531\u62a5\u544a\u300b\uff08Freedom in the World: The Annual Survey of Political and Civil Rights<\/em>\uff09\u3002\u81ea\u7531\u4e4b\u5bb61998\u5e74\u540e\u6bcf\u5e74\u7684\u62a5\u544a\u90fd\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u5176\u7f51\u7ad9\u4e0a\u9605\u8bfb\uff1ahttp:\/\/www.freedomhouse.org\u3002<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    6\u3001\u7b2c\u4e09\u6ce2\u6c11\u4e3b\u5316 \u6211\u5c06\u4ece\u4e00\u9996\u4e50\u66f2\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u5177\u6709\u4e16\u754c\u5386\u53f2\u610f\u4e49\u3002\u8461\u8404\u7259\uff0c\u91cc\u65af\u672c\uff0c\u201c\u65f6\u503c1974\u5e744\u670825\u65e5\uff0c\u661f\u671f […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[17],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-152","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-17"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/chinademocrats.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/152","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/chinademocrats.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/chinademocrats.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/chinademocrats.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/chinademocrats.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=152"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/chinademocrats.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/152\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":153,"href":"https:\/\/chinademocrats.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/152\/revisions\/153"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/chinademocrats.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=152"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/chinademocrats.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=152"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/chinademocrats.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=152"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}