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\u66f4\u81ea\u7531\u3001\u66f4\u5177\u7ade\u4e89\u6027\u7684\u662f1989\u5e74\u5e95\u81f31990\u5e74\u521d\u8054\u76df\u5171\u548c\u90a6\u5c42\u9762\u7684\u8bae\u4f1a\u9009\u4e3e\u3002\u591a\u6570\u8054\u76df\u5171\u548c\u90a6\u5236\u5b9a\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7ea0\u6b63\u4e86\u4f7f\u6b64\u524d\u5168\u8054\u76df\u9009\u4e3e\u7684\u58f0\u8a89\u53d7\u5230\u635f\u5bb3\u7684\u8bb8\u591a\u505a\u6cd5\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u5b9e\u884c\u4e86\u6700\u9ad8\u82cf\u7ef4\u57c3\u7684\u76f4\u63a5\u9009\u4e3e[viii]<\/strong><\/a>\u3002\u5728\u6469\u5c14\u591a\u74e6\u3001\u683c\u9c81\u5409\u4e9a[ix]<\/strong><\/a>\u7b49\u8054\u76df\u5171\u548c\u90a6\uff0c\u4e3b\u5f20\u72ec\u7acb\u7684\u7ec4\u7ec7\u8d62\u5f97\u4e86\u8bae\u4f1a\u9009\u4e3e\uff1b\u5728\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\uff0c\u53f6\u5229\u94a6\u5f53\u9009\u6700\u9ad8\u82cf\u7ef4\u57c3\u4e3b\u5e2d\u3002
\u6c11\u9009\u7684\u8054\u76df\u5171\u548c\u90a6\u8bae\u4f1a\u5c31\u804c\u540e\uff0c\u5c31\u516c\u5f00\u6311\u6218\u4e2d\u592e\u7684\u6743\u5a01\uff0c\u5236\u5b9a\u4ece\u8bed\u8a00\u5230\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4e3b\u6743\u3001\u79fb\u6c11\u3001\u516c\u6c11\u8eab\u4efd\u751a\u81f3\u653f\u6cbb\u72ec\u7acb\u7b49\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\u6cd5\u5f8b\u3002\u9762\u5bf9\u9ad8\u6da8\u7684\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\u3001\u5206\u88c2\u4e3b\u4e49\uff0c\u6208\u5c14\u5df4\u4e54\u592b\u5f00\u59cb\u63a8\u52a8\u7b7e\u8ba2\u65b0\u7684\u8054\u76df\u6761\u7ea6\u3002\u4e3a\u4e86\u52a0\u5f3a\u81ea\u5df1\u5728\u65b0\u6761\u7ea6\u8c08\u5224\u4e2d\u7684\u5730\u4f4d\uff0c\u52301990\u5e74\u5e95\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e2a\u8054\u76df\u5171\u548c\u90a6\u8bae\u4f1a\u90fd\u901a\u8fc7\u4e86\u201c\u4e3b\u6743\u5ba3\u8a00\u201d [x]<\/strong><\/a><\/strong>\u3002
1990\u5e743\u6708\uff0c\u6208\u5c14\u5df4\u4e54\u592b\u63d0\u8bae\u8bbe\u7acb\u82cf\u8054\u603b\u7edf\uff0c\u4ee5\u52a0\u5f3a\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u6743\u529b\u57fa\u7840\u3001\u6446\u8131\u515a\u5185\u4fdd\u5b88\u6d3e\u7684\u7275\u5236\u3002\u4ed6\u672c\u6765\u662f\u5e94\u8be5\u505a\u5230\u5b9e\u884c\u76f4\u9009\u7684\uff0c\u5374\u8ba9\u81ea\u5df1\u5728\u4eba\u6c11\u4ee3\u8868\u5927\u4f1a\u4e0a\u6ca1\u6709\u7ade\u4e89\u8005\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u5f53\u9009\u4e3a\u603b\u7edf\u3002[xi]<\/strong><\/a>
\u8054\u76df\u5171\u548c\u90a6\u5c42\u9762\u518d\u6b21\u8d70\u5728\u4e86\u8054\u76df\u524d\u9762\u3002\u53f6\u5229\u94a61991\u5e746\u6708\u4ee5\u7edd\u5bf9\u4f18\u52bf\u88ab\u76f4\u63a5\u9009\u4e3e\u4e3a\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u603b\u7edf\uff0c\u5bf9\u6208\u5c14\u5df4\u4e54\u592b\u8054\u76df\u653f\u6743\u6784\u6210\u4e86\u6700\u5f3a\u6709\u529b\u7684\u6311\u6218\u3002
\u53f6\u5229\u94a61991\u5e746\u6708\u88ab\u76f4\u63a5\u9009\u4e3e\u4e3a\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u603b\u7edf\uff0c\u5bf9\u6208\u5c14\u5df4\u4e54\u592b\u8054\u76df\u653f\u6743\u6784\u6210\u4e86\u6700\u5f3a\u6709\u529b\u7684\u6311\u6218\u3002

1991\u5e748\u670819\u65e5\uff0c\u4e00\u5c0f\u90e8\u5206\u5f3a\u786c\u5206\u5b50\u53d1\u52a8\u4e86\u77ed\u547d\u7684\u653f\u53d8\uff0c\u8bd5\u56fe\u63a7\u5236\u5c40\u52bf\u7279\u522b\u662f\u5b9e\u65bd\u5bf9\u7231\u6c99\u5c3c\u4e9a\u7b49\u4e09\u4e2a\u6ce2\u7f57\u7684\u6d77\u5171\u548c\u90a6\u7684\u519b\u4e8b\u7ba1\u5236\uff0c\u7ed9\u4e86\u5df2\u7ecf\u98ce\u96e8\u98d8\u6447\u7684\u8054\u76df\u653f\u6743\u6700\u540e\u81f4\u547d\u7684\u4e00\u51fb\u30021\u4e2a\u534a\u6708\u4e4b\u5185\uff0c\u7edd\u5927\u591a\u6570\u8054\u76df\u5171\u548c\u90a6\u5ba3\u5e03\u4e86\u72ec\u7acb\u3002\u6208\u5c14\u5df4\u4e54\u592b\u4e3a\u633d\u6551\u8054\u76df\u4f5c\u4e86\u6700\u540e\u52aa\u529b\uff0c\u5e0c\u5180\u4e0e\u8054\u76df\u5171\u548c\u90a6\u7b7e\u7f72\u4e00\u9879\u65b0\u8054\u76df\u534f\u8bae\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u8fd9\u4f4d\u975e\u6c11\u9009\u7684\u603b\u7edf\u3001\u6539\u9769\u7684\u4f1f\u5927\u542f\u52a8\u8005\uff0c\u5df2\u7ecf\u4e0d\u518d\u662f\u653f\u575b\u7684\u4e3b\u89d2\u4e86[xii]<\/strong><\/a>\u3002
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31.3 \u6e05\u671d\u7684\u5d29\u6e83<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

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\u987a\u4fbf\u8bf4\u4e00\u53e5\uff0c\u6709\u4e9b\u6c11\u8fd0\u6d3b\u52a8\u5206\u5b50\u3001\u81ea\u7531\u77e5\u8bc6\u5206\u5b50\u662f\u4e0d\u592a\u5728\u610f\u56fd\u5bb6\u7edf\u4e00\u7684\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u76f8\u4fe1\u4e00\u79cd\u542c\u8d77\u6765\u4f3c\u4e4e\u4e0d\u9519\u3001\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u8131\u79bb\u73b0\u5b9e\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u201c\u56fd\u5bb6\u5927\u5c0f\u65e0\u6240\u8c13\uff0c\u53ea\u8981\u4eba\u6c11\u751f\u6d3b\u5e78\u798f\u5c31\u884c\u201d\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u7ea0\u7f20\u4e8e\u201c\u65e2\u7136\u4f60\u4e3b\u5f20\u7684\u662f\u81ea\u7531\u3001\u6c11\u4e3b\uff0c\u4f60\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u4e0d\u5141\u8bb8\u72ec\u7acb\u3001\u4e0d\u652f\u6301\u81ea\u51b3\u6743\u201d\u8fd9\u6837\u6781\u7aef\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u4e0a[xxi]<\/strong><\/a>\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e0d\u613f\u610f\u6b63\u89c6\u5bf9\u4e8e\u56fd\u5bb6\u53ef\u80fd\u5206\u88c2\u7684\u62c5\u5fe7\u4e1a\u5df2\u6210\u4e3a\u542f\u52a8\u6c11\u4e3b\u8f6c\u578b\u7684\u91cd\u5927\u969c\u788d\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u4f3c\u4e4e\u4e0d\u61c2\u5f97\u5f53\u56fd\u5bb6\u9677\u5165\u5206\u5d29\u79bb\u6790\u3001\u4e0d\u5f97\u4e0d\u81f4\u529b\u4e8e\u91cd\u65b0\u5efa\u6784\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u5f53\u6fc0\u70c8\u7684\u65cf\u7fa4\u51b2\u7a81\u7206\u53d1\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u6c11\u4e3b\u8f6c\u578b\u5fc5\u5b9a\u4f1a\u590d\u6742\u5316\uff0c\u81ea\u7531\u3001\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u524d\u666f\u5c06\u4f1a\u8499\u4e0a\u9634\u5f71\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e0d\u613f\u610f\u9759\u4e0b\u5fc3\u6765\uff0c\u6df1\u5165\u601d\u8003\u63a2\u7d22\u5982\u4f55\u901a\u8fc7\u6c11\u4e3b\u8f6c\u578b\u548c\u9002\u5f53\u7684\u5236\u5ea6\u5b89\u6392\u907f\u514d\u65cf\u7fa4\u51b2\u7a81\u3001\u56fd\u5bb6\u89e3\u4f53\uff0c\u4e89\u53d6\u5b9e\u73b0\u591a\u65cf\u7fa4\u5728\u540c\u4e00\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e2d\u7684\u548c\u5e73\u5171\u5904\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u5fd8\u8bb0\u4e86\u67d0\u4e9b\u6839\u672c\u6027\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\uff0c\u8868\u73b0\u51fa\u7684\u662f\u6d45\u8584\u3001\u504f\u6fc0\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u5bf9\u751f\u547d\u3001\u4e2a\u4f53\u81ea\u7531\u3001\u6c11\u4e3b\u5efa\u6784\u3001\u548c\u5e73\u3001\u666e\u901a\u767e\u59d3\u7684\u5b89\u5b81\u4e0e\u798f\u7949\u7684\u8d23\u4efb\u5fc3\u3002

\u5ef6\u4f38\u9605\u8bfb\uff1a<\/strong>
\u80e1\u5b89\u00b7\u6797\u8328\u3001\u963f\u5c14\u5f17\u83b1\u5fb7\u00b7\u65af\u6cf0\u6f58\u8457\uff0c\u5b59\u9f99\u7b49\u8bd1\uff1a\u300a\u6c11\u4e3b\u8f6c\u578b\u4e0e\u5de9\u56fa\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff1a\u5357\u6b27\u3001\u5357\u7f8e\u548c\u540e\u5171\u4ea7\u4e3b\u4e49\u6b27\u6d32\u300b\uff0c\u7b2c\u516d\u7ae0\uff08\u897f\u73ed\u7259\uff0c103-111\u9875\uff09\uff0c\u7b2c\u5341\u4e5d\u7ae0\uff08\u82cf\u8054\u4e0e\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\uff0c366-417\u9875\uff09\uff1b
J. Linz and A. Stepan, Political Identities and Electoral Sequences: Spain, Soviet Union, and Yugoslavia \uff08Daedalus, Spring 1992 , pp.. 123-39\uff09<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[i]<\/a> \u53c2\u89c1Lenard J. Cohen \uff1aBroken Bonds: Yugoslavia\u2019s Disintegration And Balkan Politics in Transition\uff0cSecond Edition \uff0cpp45-73\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[ii]<\/a> \u540c\u4e0a\u4e66\uff0cp102\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[iii]<\/a>\u540c\u4e0a\u4e66\uff0cpp.102-101\uff0cpp.159-160\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[iv]<\/a> J. Linz and A. Stepan\uff1aProblems of Democratic Transition and Consolidation, p368\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[v]<\/a> Union Republics \u8fc7\u53bb\u901a\u5e38\u8bd1\u4e3a\u201c\u52a0\u76df\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u201d\u3002\u8fd9\u6837\u7ffb\u8bd1\u662f\u5f88\u4e0d\u51c6\u786e\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4ed6\u4eec\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u72ec\u7acb\u56fd\u5bb6\u3002\u5728\u53e4\u4ee3\u6c49\u8bed\u4e2d\uff0c\u201c\u56fd\u201d\u6700\u521d\u53ea\u6307\u5929\u5b50\u5206\u5c01\u7ed9\u8bf8\u4faf\u7684\u9886\u5730\uff0c\u6574\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u5219\u662f\u201c\u5929\u4e0b\u201d\uff1b\u5982\u679c\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u610f\u4e49\u4f7f\u7528\u201c\u56fd\u201d\u4e00\u8bcd\uff0c\u8bd1\u6210\u201c\u52a0\u76df\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u201d\u4e5f\u672a\u5c1d\u4e0d\u53ef\u3002\u201c\u56fd\u201d\u7684\u8fd9\u4e00\u542b\u4e49\u5230\u540e\u6765\u5b8c\u5168\u4e27\u5931\u4e86\uff0c\u800c\u6307\u6574\u4e2a\u56fd\u5bb6\u3002\u6545\u6b64\uff0c\u8fd9\u91cc\u8bd1\u6210\u201c\u8054\u76df\u5171\u548c\u90a6\u201d\u3002\u201c\u90a6\u201d\u5728\u53e4\u4ee3\u6c49\u8bed\u4e2d\u4e5f\u6307\u8bf8\u4faf\u7684\u5c01\u56fd\uff0c\u542b\u6709\u201c\u8f85\u4f50\u6cbb\u7406\u201d\u7684\u610f\u601d\uff0c\u4eca\u5929\u5e76\u4e0d\u5e38\u7528\uff0c\u4e0d\u7528\u6765\u6cdb\u6307\u72ec\u7acb\u56fd\u5bb6\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\uff0c\u8bd1\u6210\u201c\u8054\u76df\u5171\u548c\u90a6\u201d\uff0c\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u66f4\u63a5\u8fd1\u4e00\u4e9b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[vi]<\/a> \u8054\u90a6\u5236\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u4e0d\u540c\u4e8e\u4e2d\u592e\u96c6\u6743\uff08\u5355\u4e00\u5236\uff09\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u7ed3\u6784\uff0c\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u56fd\u5bb6\u7ed3\u6784\u4e2d\uff0c\u5baa\u6cd5\u5212\u5206\u4e86\u5168\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u4e0e\u5404\u6784\u6210\u533a\u57df\u653f\u5e9c\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u6743\u529b\uff0c\u4e24\u8005\u5404\u6709\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u6743\u529b\u8303\u56f4\uff0c\u76f8\u4e92\u534f\u8c03\u3001\u5f7c\u6b64\u72ec\u7acb\u3002\u5217\u5b81\u672c\u6765\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e2d\u592e\u96c6\u6743\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\uff0c\u575a\u51b3\u53cd\u5bf9\u8054\u90a6\u5236\u7684\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c10\u6708\u9769\u547d\u540e\uff0c\u9762\u4e34\u7740\u653f\u6cbb\u89e3\u4f53\u7684\u7eb7\u4e71\u5c40\u9762\uff0c\u5217\u5b81\u4e3a\u4e86\u4e89\u53d6\u8fb9\u7586\u5730\u533a\u7684\u652f\u6301\uff0c\u4e0d\u4ec5\u8bb8\u8bfa\u4e86\u4ee5\u8054\u90a6\u5236\u4fdd\u8bc1\u533a\u57df\u81ea\u6cbb\uff0c\u8fd8\u8bb8\u8bfa\u4e86\u6c11\u65cf\u81ea\u51b3\u6743\u3002\u4e0e\u8054\u90a6\u5236\u56fd\u5bb6\u5baa\u6cd5\u7684\u901a\u4f8b\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u82cf\u8054\u5baa\u6cd5\u89c4\u5b9a\u5404\u8054\u76df\u5171\u548c\u90a6\u6709\u9000\u51fa\u7684\u6743\u5229\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u89c4\u5b9a\u4f7f\u82cf\u8054\u8d85\u51fa\u4e86\u8054\u90a6\u5236\uff0c\u800c\u5177\u6709\u90a6\u8054\u5236\u7684\u7279\u70b9\uff08\u5173\u4e8e\u8054\u90a6\u5236\u4e0e\u90a6\u8054\u5236\uff0c\u6211\u540e\u9762\u8fd8\u4f1a\u6d89\u53ca\uff09\u3002\u5728\u82cf\u5171\u4e13\u5236\u7edf\u6cbb\u4e4b\u4e0b\uff0c\u82cf\u8054\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u662f\u4e2d\u592e\u96c6\u6743\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u8054\u90a6\u5236\u56fd\u5bb6\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u5728\u6208\u5c14\u5df4\u4e54\u592b\u8fdb\u884c\u653f\u6cbb\u6539\u9769\u3001\u8054\u76df\u63a7\u5236\u51fa\u73b0\u677e\u52a8\u7684\u7279\u6b8a\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u5baa\u6cd5\u4e2d\u4e00\u4e9b\u89c4\u5b9a\u5f00\u59cb\u201c\u5f04\u5047\u6210\u771f\u201d\uff0c\u4e3a\u8054\u76df\u5171\u548c\u90a6\u9886\u5bfc\u4eba\u6311\u6218\u8054\u76df\u653f\u6743\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4f9d\u636e\u3002\u53c2\u89c1Gregory Gleason \uff1aThe Federal Formula and the Collapse of the USSR \uff08 Publius, Vol. 22, No. 3\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[vii]<\/a> Vladimir Brovkin\uff1aThe Making of Elections to the Congress of People’s Deputies (CPD) in March 1989\uff08The Russian Review, vol. 49, 1990, pp. 417-42\uff09;<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[viii]<\/a> \u53c2\u89c1J. Linz and A. Stepan,\uff1aPolitical Identities and Electoral Sequences: Spain, Soviet Union, and Yugoslavia \u4ee5\u53caKaren Dawisha and Bruce Parrott: Conflict, Cleavage, and Change in Central Asia and the Caucasus<\/a>\uff1bDemocratic Changes and Authoritarian Reactions in Russia, Ukraine, Belarus and Moldova (Democratization and Authoritarianism in Post-Communist Societies)\u3002\u5404\u8054\u76df\u5171\u548c\u90a6\u8bae\u4f1a\u9009\u4e3e\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u7a0b\u5ea6\u5e76\u4e0d\u4e00\u81f4\u3002\u4f4d\u4e8e\u4e2d\u4e9a\u7684\u8981\u4f4e\u4e00\u4e9b\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u6208\u5c14\u5df4\u4e54\u592b\u6539\u9769\u6301\u62b5\u5236\u6001\u5ea6\u7684\u5982\u5e93\u66fc\u65af\u5766\uff0c\u5176\u9009\u4e3e\u6bd4\u8fc7\u53bb\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u591a\u5c11\u6539\u8fdb\u3002\u5728\u897f\u90e8\u548c\u7231\u6c99\u5c3c\u4e9a\u7b49\u4e09\u4e2a\u6ce2\u7f57\u7684\u6d77\u5171\u548c\u56fd\uff0c\u9009\u4e3e\u5374\u76f8\u5f53\u81ea\u7531\u548c\u5177\u6709\u7ade\u4e89\u6027\u3002\u603b\u4f53\u4e0a\u770b\uff0c\u8054\u76df\u5171\u548c\u90a6\u8bae\u4f1a\u9009\u4e3e\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u7a0b\u5ea6\u8981\u663e\u8457\u9ad8\u4e8e\u8054\u76df\u4eba\u5927\u9009\u4e3e\u3002\u5728\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u5730\u65b9\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u5bf9\u4e8e\u8054\u76df\u9009\u4e3e\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u8868\u73b0\u51fa\u5f88\u9ad8\u7684\u70ed\u60c5\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u5728\u8054\u76df\u5171\u548c\u90a6\u9009\u4e3e\u65f6\u5c31\u4e0d\u4e00\u6837\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[ix]<\/a> \u8fd9\u91cc\u6ca1\u6709\u63d0\u5230\u62c9\u8131\u7ef4\u4e9a\u3001\u7231\u6c99\u5c3c\u4e9a\u3001\u7acb\u9676\u5b9b\u4e09\u4e2a\u6ce2\u7f57\u7684\u6d77\u8054\u76df\u5171\u548c\u90a6\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u4e09\u4e2a\u8054\u76df\u5171\u548c\u90a6\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u4e3b\u5f20\u72ec\u7acb\u7684\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u8d62\u5f97\u4e86\u80dc\u5229\u3002\u4e0e\u5176\u4ed6\u8054\u76df\u5171\u548c\u90a6\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e09\u4e2a\u8054\u76df\u5171\u548c\u90a6\u662f\u82cf\u8054\u6839\u636e\u5176\u4e0e\u7eb3\u7cb9\u5fb7\u56fd1939\u5e74\u7b7e\u8ba2\u7684\u300a\u83ab\u6d1b\u6258\u592b-\u91cc\u5bbe\u7279\u6d1b\u666e\u79d8\u5bc6\u6761\u7ea6\u300b\u975e\u6cd5\u5360\u9886\u3001\u517c\u5e76\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[x]<\/a> \u53c2\u89c1 Gregory Gleason \uff1aThe Federal Formula and the Collapse of the USSR \uff08 Publius, Vol. 22, No. 3\uff09<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[xi]<\/a> \u5c0f\u6770\u514b\u00b7F\u00b7\u9a6c\u7279\u6d1b\u514b\u8457\u3001\u5434\u4e43\u534e\u7b49\u8bd1\u300a\u82cf\u8054\u89e3\u4f53\u4eb2\u5386\u8bb0\u300b\uff0c\u7b2c389-391\u9875\uff08\u4e16\u754c\u77e5\u8bc6\u51fa\u7248\u793e\uff0c1996\u5e74\uff09\u3002\u9a6c\u7279\u6d1b\u514b\u5f53\u65f6\u662f\u7f8e\u56fd\u9a7b\u82cf\u5927\u4f7f\uff0c\u6839\u636e\u4ed6\u7684\u4e86\u89e3\uff0c\u6208\u5c14\u5df4\u4e54\u592b\u907f\u514d\u76f4\u63a5\u9009\u4e3e\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u539f\u56e0\u662f\uff0c\u5728\u8054\u76df\u5171\u548c\u90a6\u4e00\u7ea7\u9009\u4e3e\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u7231\u6c99\u5c3c\u4e9a\u3001\u7acb\u9676\u5b9b\u3001\u62c9\u8131\u7ef4\u4e9a\u3001\u4e9a\u7f8e\u5c3c\u4e9a\u3001\u963f\u585e\u62dc\u7586\u3001\u683c\u9c81\u5409\u4e9a\u3001\u6469\u5c14\u591a\u74e67\u4e2a\u8054\u76df\u5171\u548c\u90a6\u5df2\u7ecf\u4e0e\u82cf\u8054\u758f\u8fdc\uff0c\u6208\u5c14\u5df4\u4e54\u592b\u62c5\u5fc3\u8981\u5728\u8fd97\u4e2a\u8054\u76df\u5171\u548c\u90a6\u8d62\u5f97\u652f\u6301\u4f1a\u56f0\u6781\u5176\u96be\u3002\u8fd9\u610f\u5473\u7740\u4ed6\u5fc5\u987b\u5728\u5176\u4ed68\u4e2a\u8054\u76df\u5171\u548c\u90a6\u90fd\u83b7\u80dc\uff0c\u624d\u80fd\u5f53\u9009\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u6208\u5c14\u5df4\u4e54\u592b\u6ca1\u6709\u5c06\u5168\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u5316\u7f6e\u4e8e\u4f18\u5148\u8003\u8651\uff0c\u4ed6\u4e27\u5931\u4e86\u603b\u7edf\u76f4\u9009\u7684\u826f\u673a\u3002\u5173\u4e8e\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\uff0c\u672c\u7ae0\u540e\u9762\u8fd8\u4f1a\u8ba8\u8bba\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[xii]<\/a>\u53c2\u89c1\u5c0f\u6770\u514b\u00b7F\u00b7\u9a6c\u7279\u6d1b\u514b\u8457\u3001\u5434\u4e43\u534e\u7b49\u8bd1\u300a\u82cf\u8054\u89e3\u4f53\u4eb2\u5386\u8bb0\u300b\uff0c\u7b2c737-756\u9875\uff1bGregory Gleason \uff1aThe Federal Formula and the Collapse of the USSR \u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[xiii]<\/a> J. Linz and A. Stepan\uff1aProblems of Democratic Transition and Consolidation\uff0cp367.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[xiv]<\/a> \u53c2\u89c1Linz and A. Stepan\uff1aProblems of Democratic Transition and Consolidation\uff0cp374,p378; Political Identities and Electoral Sequences: Spain, Soviet Union, and Yugoslavia\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[xv]<\/a> \u300a\u5ba3\u5e03\u9884\u5907\u7acb\u5baa\u5148\u884c\u5398\u5b9a\u5b98\u5236\u8c15\u300b\uff0c\u300a\u5baa\u653f\u7f16\u64b0\u9986\u8d44\u653f\u9662\u4f1a\u594f\u5baa\u6cd5\u5927\u7eb2\u66a8\u8bae\u9662\u6cd5\u9009\u4e3e\u6cd5\u8981\u9886\u53ca\u9010\u5e74\u7b79\u5907\u4e8b\u5b9c\u6298\u300b\uff0c\u8f7d\u6545\u5bab\u535a\u7269\u9662\u660e\u6e05\u6321\u6848\u90e8\u7f16\u300a\u6e05\u672b\u7b79\u5907\u7acb\u5baa\u6863\u6848\u53f2\u6599\u300b\u7b2c43-44\u9875\u3001\u7b2c54-67\u9875\uff08\u4e2d\u534e\u4e66\u5c40\uff0c1979\u5e74\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[xvi]<\/a>\u53c2\u89c1\u5f20\u670b\u56ed\u300a\u7acb\u5baa\u6d3e\u4e0e\u8f9b\u4ea5\u9769\u547d\u300b\u7b2c13-14\u9875\uff08\u5409\u6797\u51fa\u7248\u96c6\u56e2\u6709\u9650\u8d23\u4efb\u516c\u53f8\uff0c2007\u5e74\uff09\u3002\u5168\u56fd\u670921\u4e2a\u7701\u8bbe\u7acb\u4e86\u54a8\u8bae\u5c40\u3002\u65b0\u7586\u5b98\u5458\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5f53\u5730\u4eba\u6c11\u6559\u80b2\u7a0b\u5ea6\u843d\u540e\uff0c\u8bf7\u6c42\u6682\u7f13\u529e\u7406\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[xvii]<\/a>\u53c2\u89c1\u5f20\u670b\u56ed\u300a\u4e2d\u56fd\u6c11\u4e3b\u653f\u6cbb\u7684\u56f0\u5883\uff1a1909-1949\uff0c\u665a\u6e05\u4ee5\u6765\u5386\u5c4a\u8bae\u4f1a\u9009\u4e3e\u8ff0\u8bba\u300b\u7b2c61\u9875\uff08\u5409\u6797\u51fa\u7248\u96c6\u56e2\u6709\u9650\u8d23\u4efb\u516c\u53f8\uff0c2007\u5e74\uff09\u3002\u8d44\u653f\u9662\u8bae\u5458\u5b9a\u989d\u4e3a200\u4eba\uff0c\u94a6\u9009\u3001\u6c11\u9009\u5404\u4e00\u534a\uff0c\u6700\u540e\u5b9e\u9645\u7684\u8bae\u5458\u6570\u94a6\u9009\u3001\u6c11\u9009\u540498\u4eba\u3002\u603b\u88c1\u3001\u526f\u603b\u88c1\uff08\u6b63\u526f\u8bae\u957f\uff09\u4e5f\u7531\u7687\u5e1d\u6307\u5b9a\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u6bd4\u4f8b\u548c\u5b89\u6392\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u4fdd\u8bc1\u652f\u6301\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u8bae\u5458\u5360\u591a\u6570\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u51fa\u4eba\u610f\u5916\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u5f00\u9662\u4ee5\u540e\uff0c\u4f1a\u573a\u5374\u7531\u6c11\u9009\u8bae\u5458\u4e3b\u5bfc\u4e86\u3002\u5173\u4e8e\u8fd9\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u4ecb\u7ecd\u4ea6\u8bf7\u53c2\u89c1\u53f0\u6e7e\u5b66\u8005\u5f20\u670b\u56ed\u300a\u7acb\u5baa\u6d3e\u4e0e\u8f9b\u4ea5\u9769\u547d\u300b\u4e00\u4e66\u3002\u8be5\u4e66\u662f\u8fc4\u4eca\u5173\u4e8e\u7acb\u5baa\u6d3e\u7684\u6e90\u6d41\u3001\u6784\u6210\u3001\u7ec4\u7ec7\u3001\u6d3b\u52a8\u53ca\u5bf9\u8f9b\u4ea5\u9769\u547d\u6210\u8d25\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u7684\u6700\u6e05\u6670\u7ec6\u81f4\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u3002\u8be5\u4e66\u5b8c\u6210\u4e8e1969\u5e74\uff0c2007\u5e74\u5409\u6797\u51fa\u7248\u96c6\u56e2\u5c06\u5176\u5f15\u8fdb\u5230\u5927\u9646\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[xviii]<\/a>\u53c2\u89c1\u5f20\u670b\u56ed\u300a\u7acb\u5baa\u6d3e\u4e0e\u8f9b\u4ea5\u9769\u547d\u300b\u7b2c61-67\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[xix]<\/a>\u53c2\u89c1\u5f20\u670b\u56ed\u300a\u7acb\u5baa\u6d3e\u4e0e\u8f9b\u4ea5\u9769\u547d\u300b\u7b2c106-186\u9875\uff1b\u848b\u5ef7\u9efb\u300a\u4e2d\u56fd\u8fd1\u4ee3\u53f2\u5927\u7eb2\u300b\u7b2c91-95\u9875 \uff08\u4e1c\u65b9\u51fa\u7248\u793e1996\u5e74\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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