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\u5ef6\u4f38\u9605\u8bfb\uff1a<\/strong>
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Antoinette Handley\uff1aGhana\u2019s transition to democracy in the 1990s\uff08Paper presented at the annual meeting of the APSA 2008 Annual Meeting\uff09
Giuseppe Di Palma :To Craft Democracies\uff0epp.77\uff0d86(University of California Press,1990)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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[i]<\/a> \u53c2\u89c1J. Linz and A. Stepan\uff1aPolitical Identities and Electoral Sequences: Spain, Soviet Union, and Yugoslavia\uff0cendnote 16. \u57281990\u5e741\u6708\u5927\u9009\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u65af\u6d1b\u4f10\u514b\u201c\u516c\u4f17\u6297\u66b4\u201d\u9886\u5bfc\u4eba\u627e\u5230\u54c8\u7ef4\u5c14\u5e0c\u671b\u5c06\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4e0e\u6377\u514b\u7684\u201c\u516c\u6c11\u8bba\u575b\u201d\u5408\u5e76\u6210\u4e00\u4e2a\u5168\u56fd\u6027\u653f\u515a\u3002\u54c8\u7ef4\u5c14\u66fe\u9886\u5bfc\u201c\u516c\u6c11\u8bba\u575b\u201d\u4e0e\u201c\u516c\u4f17\u6297\u66b4\u201d\u5171\u540c\u6307\u5bfc\u4e86\u5bfc\u81f4\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u653f\u6743\u5d29\u6e83\u7684\u5929\u9e45\u7ed2\u9769\u547d\u3002\u54c8\u7ef4\u5c14\u5e76\u4e0d\u61c2\u5f97\u653f\u515a\u5728\u73b0\u4ee3\u653f\u6cbb\u4e2d\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\uff0c\u4ed6\u5b81\u613f\u505a\u4e00\u4e2a\u8d85\u8d8a\u515a\u6d3e\u7684\u9886\u5bfc\u4eba\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u62d2\u7edd\u4e86\u201c\u516c\u4f17\u6297\u66b4\u201d\u9886\u5bfc\u4eba\u7684\u5efa\u8bae\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[ii]<\/a>\u6e05\u672b\u5173\u4e8e\u5730\u65b9\u81ea\u6cbb\u4e0e\u7acb\u5baa\u7684\u601d\u60f3\uff0c\u53c2\u89c1\u5f20\u670b\u56ed\u300a\u7acb\u5baa\u6d3e\u4e0e\u8f9b\u4ea5\u9769\u547d\u300b35-42\u9875\uff1b\u9a6c\u5c0f\u6cc9\u300a\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e0e\u793e\u4f1a\uff1a\u6e05\u672b\u5730\u65b9\u81ea\u6cbb\u4e0e\u5baa\u653f\u6539\u9769\u300b45-51\u9875\uff08\u6cb3\u5357\u5927\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u793e\uff0c2001\u5e74\uff09\u3002\u5f53\u4ee3\u7684\u76f8\u5173\u4e89\u8bba\uff0c\u53c2\u89c1\u9648\u5b50\u660e\u300a\u5dde\u653f\u4e2d\u56fd\uff1a\u5927\u56fd\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e2d\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u81ea\u6cbb\u300b\uff08http:\/\/is.gd\/eM18B\uff09\uff1b\u5434\u56fd\u5149\u300a\u6784\u9020\u201c\u6c11\u4e3b\u5de5\u7a0b\u5b66\u201d\uff1a\u518d\u8bba\u201c\u53bf\u653f\u4e2d\u56fd\u201d\u300b\uff08http:\/\/www.xschina.org\/show.php?id=9157\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[iii]<\/a> \u5728\u6211\u56fd\u653f\u6cbb\u601d\u60f3\u53f2\u4e2d\uff0c\u6700\u65e9\u8ba4\u8bc6\u5230\u653f\u515a\u5bf9\u4e8e\u8bad\u7ec3\u516c\u6c11\u53c2\u653f\u3001\u63d0\u5347\u56fd\u6c11\u7a0b\u5ea6\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u7684\u662f\u6881\u542f\u8d85\u3002\u6881\u542f\u8d85\u8d77\u521d\u66fe\u4e3b\u5f20\u4ece\u5148\u4e3e\u529e\u5730\u65b9\u81ea\u6cbb\u5165\u624b\u4f5c\u4e3a\u7acb\u5baa\u7684\u9884\u5907\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u540e\u6765\u8ba4\u8bc6\u5230\u4e86\u653f\u515a\u901a\u8fc7\u5176\u81ea\u8eab\u6d3b\u52a8\u53ef\u4ee5\u4ece\u5404\u4e2a\u65b9\u9762\u8bad\u7ec3\u56fd\u6c11\u540e\uff0c\u8f6c\u800c\u4e3b\u5f20\u5c3d\u65e9\u5f00\u56fd\u4f1a\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5f00\u4e86\u56fd\u4f1a\u5c31\u5fc5\u7136\u4f1a\u4ea7\u751f\u653f\u515a\u3002\u53c2\u89c1\u6881\u542f\u8d85\u300a\u8bba\u653f\u5e9c\u963b\u6320\u56fd\u4f1a\u4e4b\u975e\u300b\uff08\u300a\u56fd\u98ce\u62a5\u300b\u7b2c1\u5e74\u7b2c17\u671f\uff09\uff1b\u5f20\u670b\u56ed\u300a\u7acb\u5baa\u6d3e\u4e0e\u8f9b\u4ea5\u9769\u547d\u300b39\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[iv]<\/a> \u7f8e\u56fd\u8457\u540d\u8f6c\u578b\u653f\u6cbb\u5b66\u5bb6Giuseppe Di Palma\u5199\u9053\uff1a\u201c\u65e9\u65e5\u4e3e\u884c\u9009\u4e3e\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u653f\u6cbb\u6d3b\u52a8\u8005\u4eec\u5c06\u7cbe\u529b\u96c6\u4e2d\u4e8e\u8d62\u5f97\u5e2d\u4f4d\u2014\u2014\u4e00\u9879\u6709\u5177\u4f53\u56de\u62a5\u7684\u5177\u4f53\u5de5\u4f5c\u3002\u201d \u53c2\u89c1Giuseppe Di Palma :To Craft Democracies\uff0epp.83\uff0d84. (University of California Press, 1990)\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[v]<\/a> \u53c2\u89c1\u672c\u8bb2\u5ea7\u524d\u9762\u5173\u4e8e\u201c\u5e38\u5e8f\u6027\u8f6c\u578b\u201d\u4e0e\u201c\u7a81\u53d1\u6027\u8f6c\u578b\u201d\u7684\u754c\u5b9a\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[vi]<\/a> \u6e05\u671d\u672b\u5e74\u76843\u6b21\u8981\u6c42\u901f\u5f00\u56fd\u4f1a\u7684\u8bf7\u613f\u8fd0\u52a8\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u6539\u9769\u8fdb\u7a0b\u843d\u540e\u4e8e\u4eba\u4eec\u671f\u671b\u5f15\u8d77\u7684\u6297\u8bae\uff0c\u53ea\u662f\u65b9\u5f0f\u6bd4\u8f83\u6e29\u548c\u3002\u5df4\u897f\u7684\u8f6c\u578b\u975e\u5e38\u7f13\u6162\uff0c1985\u300186\u5e74\u66fe\u7206\u53d1\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u7684\u8981\u6c42\u76f4\u9009\u603b\u7edf\u7684\u6297\u8bae\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[vii]<\/a> \u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u6208\u5c14\u5df4\u4e54\u592b\u5728\u540e\u671f\u4e5f\u66fe\u4e00\u5ea6\u8f6c\u5411\u4fdd\u5b88\uff0c\u8bd5\u56fe\u8bc9\u8bf8\u519b\u961f\u3001\u8b66\u5bdf\u7684\u529b\u91cf\u5f3a\u5316\u63a7\u5236\uff1b\u63a5\u4e0b\u6765\u4fdd\u5b88\u6d3e\u53d1\u52a8\u201c819\u201d\u653f\u53d8\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u5bf9\u5f53\u65f6\u5931\u63a7\u7684\u5c40\u52bf\u7684\u53cd\u5e94\u3002\u53c2\u89c1\u5c0f\u6770\u514b\u00b7F\u00b7\u9a6c\u7279\u6d1b\u514b\u8457\u3001\u5434\u4e43\u534e\u7b49\u8bd1\u300a\u82cf\u8054\u89e3\u4f53\u4eb2\u5386\u8bb0\u300b\uff0c490-522\u9875\u3001676-706\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[viii]<\/a>  \u53c2\u89c1Antoinette Handley\uff1aGhana\u2019s transition to democracy in the 1990s\uff08Paper presented at the annual meeting of the APSA 2008 Annual Meeting<\/em>\uff09\uff1bUS Department of State<\/a>\uff1aA Brief History of Ghana (http:\/\/is.gd\/eQs4Y) \u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[ix]<\/a> \u53c2\u89c1Ghana\uff1athe Transition from Military Rule to Democratic Government(CIA World Factbook,  http:\/\/is.gd\/eQsZp) \u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[x]<\/a> \u53c2\u89c1Giuseppe Di Palma :To Craft Democracies\uff0epp.81-86\uff1bYossi Shain and Juan J. Linz\uff1aBetween States: Interim Governments in Democratic Transitions\uff0e\uff50\uff50\uff0e76-83\uff0e\uff08Cambridge University Press, 1995\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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