{"id":2822,"date":"2024-02-22T17:32:24","date_gmt":"2024-02-22T22:32:24","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/chinademocrats.org\/?p=2822"},"modified":"2024-02-22T17:32:24","modified_gmt":"2024-02-22T22:32:24","slug":"%e6%9d%8e%e9%85%89%e6%bd%ad%ef%bc%9a%e5%8f%83%e8%80%83%e5%ad%ab%e4%b8%ad%e5%b1%b1%e6%80%9d%e6%83%b3%ef%bc%8c%e6%8e%a8%e5%8b%95%e4%b8%ad%e5%9c%8b%e6%b0%91%e4%b8%bb%e5%8c%96","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/chinademocrats.org\/?p=2822","title":{"rendered":"\u674e\u9149\u6f6d\uff1a\u53c3\u8003\u5b6b\u4e2d\u5c71\u601d\u60f3\uff0c\u63a8\u52d5\u4e2d\u570b\u6c11\u4e3b\u5316"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u524d\u8a00<\/strong><\/p>\n

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\u4e09\u6c11\u4e3b\u7fa9\u5177\u6709\u9023\u74b0\u6027<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u4e2d\u570b\u8fd1\u5e74\u4f86\u5c0d\u81fa\u7063\u7684\u7d71\u6230\u7a4d\u6975\u8a34\u6c42\u5c31\u662f\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u7fa9\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u63f4\u5f15\u5b6b\u4e2d\u5c71\u7576\u5e74\u7684\u4e3b\u5f35\uff0c\u8a8d\u70ba\u4e2d\u570b\u975e\u7d71\u4e00\u4e0d\u53ef\u3002\u7136\u800c\u8aa0\u5982\u4f59\u82f1\u6642\u5c0d\u4e2d\u5171\u5ba3\u63da\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u6279\u8a55\uff0c\u5373\u90a3\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u7fa8\u618e\u4ea4\u7e54\uff08ressentiment\uff09\u7684\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u7fa9\u3002[1]<\/a><\/p>\n

\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u4e2d\u5171\u8fd1\u5e74\u4f86\u7684\u6240\u8b02\u6539\u9769\u958b\u653e\uff0c\u6240\u5f9e\u4e8b\u7684\u50c5\u662f\u7d93\u6fdf\u767c\u5c55\uff0c\u653f\u6cbb\u9ad4\u5236\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u6539\u9769\u4e00\u7121\u662f\u8655\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u5ba3\u63da\u4e03\u4e0d\u8b1b\uff0c[2]<\/a>\u5df2\u7d93\u65ac\u65b7\u4e86\u4e2d\u570b\u5f80\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u6c11\u4e3b(liberal democracy)\u8207\u61b2\u653f\u6c11\u4e3b(constitutional democracy)\u6539\u9769\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n

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\u5efa\u570b\u4e09\u7a0b\u5e8f<\/strong><\/p>\n

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\u4e3b\u6b0a\u5728\u6c11<\/strong><\/p>\n

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\u81fa\u7063\u900f\u904e\u6c11\u4e3b\u5316\u65bc1996\u5e74\u78ba\u7acb\u70ba\u4e3b\u6b0a\u5728\u6c11\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u6c11\u4e3b\u570b\u5bb6\uff0c\u81fa\u7063\u4eba\u6c11\u64c1\u6709\u4e3b\u6b0a\uff0c\u624d\u80fd\u5920\u634d\u885b\u61b2\u653f\u6c11\u4e3b\u5236\u5ea6\u8207\u81ea\u7531\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002\u800c\u672a\u4f86\u4e2d\u570b\u555f\u52d5\u6c11\u4e3b\u5316\uff0c\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u7cbe\u795e\u5c31\u5728\u65bc\u843d\u5be6\u4e3b\u6b0a\u5728\u6c11\uff01<\/p>\n

\u6c11\u6b0a\u521d\u6b65<\/strong><\/p>\n

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\u653f\u9ee8\u653f\u6cbb<\/strong><\/p>\n

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\u5b6b\u4e2d\u5c71\u5c07\u653f\u9ee8\u7af6\u722d\u7c21\u7a31\u4e4b\u70ba\u300c\u9ee8\u722d\u300d\uff0c\u4e26\u64ec\u5b9a\u5982\u4e0b\u7684\u4e00\u500b\u754c\u8aaa\uff1a\u300c\u8b00\u4ee5\u570b\u5bb6\u9032\u6b65\uff0c\u570b\u6c11\u5e78\u798f\u800c\u751f\u4e4b\u4e3b\u5f35\uff0c\u662f\u70ba\u9ee8\u898b\uff1b\u56e0\u6b64\u800c\u751f\u4e4b\u7af6\u722d\uff0c\u662f\u8b02\u9ee8\u722d\u3002\u300d\uff08\u5b6b\u4e2d\u5c71\uff0c1989d\uff1a574\uff09\u4ed6\u4e26\u8a8d\u70ba\u9ee8\u722d\u4e43\u4fc3\u4f7f\u653f\u6cbb\u9032\u6b65\u4e4b\u4e3b\u8981\u52d5\u529b\uff0c\u4ed6\u8aaa\uff1a\u300c\u4e00\u822c\u4eba\u4ee5\u9ee8\u722d\u70ba\u975e\uff0c\u5be6\u8aa4\u4ee5\u79c1\u722d\u70ba\u9ee8\u722d\u4e5f\u3002\u4e00\u570b\u4e4b\u653f\u6cbb\uff0c\u5fc5\u8cf4\u6709\u9ee8\u722d\uff0c\u59cb\u6709\u9032\u6b65\u3002\u300d\uff08\u5b6b\u4e2d\u5c71\uff0c1989c\uff1a135\uff09\u5b6b\u4e2d\u5c71\u4e14\u628a\u9ee8\u722d\u8b6c\u55bb\u70ba\u300c\u89aa\u611b\u4e4b\u53cb\uff0c\u76f8\u5c0d\u570d\u68cb\u300d\uff0c\u800c\u8a8d\u70ba\u662f\u7d55\u597d\u4e4b\u4e8b\uff0c\u4ed6\u8aaa\uff1a\u300c\u9ee8\u722d\u8005\uff0c\u7d55\u597d\u4e4b\u4e8b\u4e5f\u2026\u2026\u8b6c\u4e4b\u89aa\u611b\u4e4b\u53cb\uff0c\u76f8\u5c0d\u570d\u68cb\uff0c\u800c\u500b\u4eba\u5fc5\u6c42\u81ea\u5df1\u52dd\u5229\uff0c\u6b64\u4ea6\u722d\u4e5f\u3002\u570b\u5bb6\u6b32\u6c42\u653f\u6cbb\u767c\u9054\uff0c\u722d\u4e4b\u4e00\u5b57\uff0c\u8c48\u53ef\u5ffd\u8996\u4e4e\uff01\u300d\uff08\u5b6b\u4e2d\u5c71\uff0c1989c\uff1a135\uff09<\/p>\n

\u718a\u5f7c\u5fb7\uff08Joseph A. Schumpeter\uff09\u66fe\u63d0\u51fa\u6c11\u4e3b\u653f\u6cbb\u7684\u6b0a\u5a01\u6027\u5b9a\u7fa9\uff0c\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a\u300c\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u4e43\u662f\u9054\u6210\u653f\u6cbb\u6c7a\u5b9a\u7684\u5236\u5ea6\u5b89\u6392\uff0c\u5728\u6b64\u7a2e\u5b89\u6392\u4e0b\u67d0\u4e9b\u4eba\u76f8\u4e92\u7af6\u722d\u4eba\u6c11\u7684\u9078\u7968\u4ee5\u7372\u5f97\u6c7a\u7b56\u7684\u6b0a\u529b\u3002\u300d[5]<\/a>\u63db\u8a00\u4e4b\uff0c\u5728\u6c11\u4e3b\u653f\u6cbb\u7684\u904b\u4f5c\u908f\u8f2f\u4e4b\u4e0b\uff0c\u653f\u9ee8\u70ba\u4e86\u9078\u7968\u800c\u7af6\u722d\u4e43\u662f\u5929\u7d93\u5730\u7fa9\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\u3002\u81fa\u7063\u89e3\u56b4\u5f8c\uff0c\u96a8\u8457\u6c11\u4e3b\u5316\u7684\u9032\u7a0b\uff0c\u9010\u6f38\u5f9e\u4e00\u9ee8\u7368\u5927\u8f49\u8b8a\u6210\u653f\u9ee8\u5b8c\u5168\u7af6\u722d\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u9ad4\u5236\uff0c2000\u30012008\u30012016\u5df2\u7d93\u767c\u751f\u4e86\u4e09\u6b21\u653f\u9ee8\u8f2a\u66ff\uff0c\u5145\u5206\u5be6\u73fe\u4e86\u5b6b\u4e2d\u5c71\u4e3b\u5f35\u7684\u653f\u9ee8\u653f\u6cbb\u76ee\u6a19\u3002\u53cd\u89c0\u4e2d\u570b\uff0c\u7fd2\u8fd1\u5e73\u4e0a\u4efb\u5f8c\u63d0\u51fa\u6240\u8b02\u7684\u5168\u904e\u7a0b\u6c11\u4e3b\uff0c\u4f46\u9664\u4e86\u5171\u7522\u9ee8\u4e00\u9ee8\u5c08\u653f\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u96d6\u865f\u7a31\u9084\u6709\u6240\u8b02\u7684\u516b\u5927\u6c11\u4e3b\u9ee8\u6d3e\uff0c\u537b\u6c92\u6709\u7559\u7d66\u4efb\u4f55\u653f\u9ee8\u5f9e\u4e8b\u516c\u5e73\u7af6\u722d\u7684\u4e00\u9ede\u7a7a\u9593\u3002[6]<\/a><\/p>\n

\u7d50\u8a9e<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u5b6b\u4e2d\u5c71\u5f9e\u4e8b\u9769\u547d\u7684\u6700\u521d\u539f\u56e0\u8207\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u76ee\u7684\u5c31\u662f\u63a8\u7ffb\u7687\u6b0a\u5c08\u5236\uff0c\u5efa\u7acb\u4e3b\u6b0a\u5728\u6c11\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u5171\u548c\u570b\uff0c1925\u5e74\u4ed6\u5728\u907a\u56d1\u4e2d\u52c9\u52f5\u5927\u5bb6\uff1a\u3014\u9769\u547d\u5c1a\u672a\u6210\u529f\uff0c\u540c\u5fd7\u4ecd\u9808\u52aa\u529b\u3015\u3002\u4e2d\u83ef\u6c11\u570b\u5728\u81fa\u7063\u900f\u904e\u6c11\u4e3b\u5316\u65bc1996\u5e74\u78ba\u7acb\u70ba\u4e3b\u6b0a\u5728\u6c11\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u6c11\u4e3b\u653f\u6cbb\u9ad4\u5236\uff0c\u8c48\u4e0d\u662f\u9769\u547d\u7d42\u65bc\u6210\u529f\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n

\u81fa\u7063\uff0c\u505a\u70ba\u4e2d\u570b\u6587\u5316\u7684\u50b3\u627f\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u8fd1\u5e74\u4f86\u5df2\u7d93\u900f\u904e\u6c11\u4e3b\u5316\u800c\u8207\u897f\u65b9\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u6c11\u4e3b\u653f\u6cbb\u7684\u6587\u660e\u76f8\u63a5\u8ecc\u3002\u4f9d\u64da\u82f1\u570b\u300c\u7d93\u6fdf\u5b78\u4eba\u8cc7\u8a0a\u793e\u300d\uff08EIU\uff092023\u5e742\u67082\u65e5\u516c\u5e03\u4e4b\u6c11\u4e3b\u6307\u6578\u6392\u884c\uff0c\u81fa\u7063\u540d\u5217\u5168\u7403\u7b2c\u5341\u3002[7]<\/a>\u800c\u7f8e\u570b\u300c\u81ea\u7531\u4e4b\u5bb6\u300d\uff08Freedom House\uff092023\u5e743 \u6708 9 \u65e5\u516c\u5e03\u4e4b\u4e16\u754c\u5404\u570b\u81ea\u7531\u8abf\u67e5\u5831\u544a\u4e2d\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u81fa\u7063\u7684\u5206\u6578\u70ba 94 \u5206\uff0c\u8868\u73fe\u76f8\u7576\u7a81\u51fa\u3002[8]<\/a>\u540c\u6a23\u662f\u300c\u81ea\u7531\u4e4b\u5bb6\u300d\uff08Freedom House\uff09\uff0c2023\u5e7410\u67084\u65e5\u516c\u5e03\u4e4b\u7db2\u8def\u81ea\u7531\u5ea6\u5831\u544a\uff0c\u81fa\u7063\u70ba\u4e9e\u592a\u5730\u5340\u7b2c1\u3001\u4e16\u754c\u7b2c6\u3002[9]<\/a> 2023\u5e7412\u670819\u65e5\u7f8e\u570b\u667a\u5eab\u5361\u6258\u7814\u7a76\u6240(CATO Institute)\u53ca\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\u667a\u5eab\u5f17\u96f7\u6fa4\u7814\u7a76\u6240(Fraser Institute)\u5171\u540c\u767c\u5e03\u76842023\u5e74\u300c\u4eba\u985e\u81ea\u7531\u6307\u6578\u300d(Human Freedom Index, HFI) \u5831\u544a\uff0c\u81fa\u7063\u5247\u6392\u540d\u5168\u7403\u7b2c12\uff0c\u4e9e\u6d32\u6700\u9ad8\u3002[10]<\/a><\/p>\n

\u53cd\u89c0\u4e2d\u570b\uff0c\u5728\u524d\u8ff0\u5404\u7a2e\u5168\u7403\u8a55\u6bd4\u8abf\u67e5\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e0d\u50c5\u90fd\u540d\u5217\u5728\u5f8c\u6bb5\u73ed\uff0c\u81ea\u7531\u7a0b\u5ea6\u88ab\u8a55\u70ba\u5168\u4e16\u754c\u6700\u58de\u4e2d\u7684\u6700\u58de\u570b\u5bb6\uff08Worst of the Worst\uff09\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u7db2\u7d61\u81ea\u7531\u5ea6\u751a\u81f3\u65bc\u662f\u5168\u7403\u588a\u5e95\u3002\u5728\u9019\u7a2e\u60c5\u6cc1\u4e0b\uff0c\u4e2d\u570b\u70ba\u4f55\u9084\u6709\u984f\u9762\u4e00\u76f4\u7528\u5b6b\u4e2d\u5c71\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u3001\u89c0\u9ede\u4f86\u5c0d\u81fa\u7063\u7d71\u6230\u5462\uff1f[11]<\/a>\u4e0d\u904e\uff0c\u66f4\u5927\u7684\u554f\u984c\u5728\u65bc\u8a31\u591a\u81fa\u7063\u7684\u5b78\u8005\uff0c\u5e7e\u4e4e\u96a8\u8457\u4e2d\u5171\u7684\u9b54\u68d2\u8d77\u821e\uff0c\u5df2\u7d93\u55aa\u5931\u4e86\u5b6b\u4e2d\u5c71\u539f\u4f86\u7684\u7406\u60f3\uff0c\u914d\u5408\u7d71\u6230\u7121\u6240\u4e0d\u7528\u5176\u6975\u5730\u5531\u8870\u81fa\u7063\uff0c\u9019\u624d\u662f\u6700\u4ee4\u4eba\u627c\u8155\u7684\u5730\u65b9\uff01\u7576\u4e0b\u543e\u4eba\u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u5168\u7403\u83ef\u4eba\u6709\u5fd7\u4e4b\u58eb\uff0c\u53cd\u800c\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f9e\u5b6b\u4e2d\u5c71\u601d\u60f3\u4e2d\u53d6\u7cbe\u7528\u5b8f\uff0c\u4f86\u5c0d\u4e2d\u570b\u5171\u7522\u9ee8\u5f9e\u4e8b\u53cd\u7d71\u6230\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u9032\u800c\u4fc3\u9032\u4e2d\u570b\u6c11\u4e3b\u5316\uff0c\u65e9\u65e5\u5be6\u73fe\u4e3b\u6b0a\u5728\u6c11\u7684\u76ee\u6a19\u3002<\/p>\n

\u53c3\u8003\u6587\u737b\uff1a<\/p>\n

George Sorensen \u8457\uff0c\u674e\u9149\u6f6d\u3001\u9673\u5fd7\u744b\u8b6f\uff082003\uff09\uff0c\u300a\u6700\u65b0\u6c11\u4e3b\u8207\u6c11\u4e3b\u5316\u300b\uff0c\u81fa\u5317\uff1a\u97cb\u4f2f\u6587\u5316\u3002<\/p>\n

\u6c5f\u70b3\u502b\uff081981\uff09\uff0c\u3008\u570b\u7236\u601d\u60f3\u8207\u653f\u6cbb\u767c\u5c55\u6bd4\u8f03\u3009\uff0c\u300a\u6771\u65b9\u96dc\u8a8c\u300b\uff0c\u7b2c15\u5377\u7b2c1\u671f\uff0c\u00a0 \u98015-10\u3002<\/p>\n

\u6731\u5805\u7ae0\uff081981\uff09\uff0c\u3008\u6c11\u6b0a\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8207\u7576\u4ee3\u61b2\u653f\u601d\u6f6e\u3009\uff0c\u300a\u61b2\u653f\u601d\u6f6e\u300b\uff0c56\u671f\uff0c\u81fa\u5317\uff1a\u61b2\u653f\u601d\u6f6e\u3002<\/p>\n

\u674e\u9149\u6f6d\uff081997\uff09\uff0c\u3008\u5f9e\u6c11\u4e3b\u5316\u76f8\u95dc\u6982\u5ff5\u63a2\u8a0e\u81fa\u7063\u6c11\u4e3b\u8f49\u578b\u7684\u6b77\u7a0b\u2500\u2500\u517c\u8ad6\u5b6b\u4e2d\u5c71\u5efa\u570b\u4e09\u7a0b\u5e8f\u7684\u610f\u7fa9\u8207\u4f5c\u7528\u3009\uff0c\u300a\u653f\u6cbb\u5b78\u5831\u300b\uff0c\u7b2c29\u671f\uff0c\u9801141-192\u3002<\/p>\n

\u674e\u9149\u6f6d\uff081999\uff09\uff0c\u300a\u81ea\u7531\u3001\u5e73\u7b49\u8207\u6c11\u4e3b\uff1a\u7d04\u7ff0\u5f4c\u52d2\u8207\u5b6b\u4e2d\u5c71\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u601d\u60f3\u300b\uff0c\u81fa\u5317\uff1a\u570b\u7acb\u7de8\u8b6f\u9928\u3002<\/p>\n

\u674e\u9149\u6f6d\uff082004\uff09\uff0c\u3008\u5b6b\u4e2d\u5c71\u7684\u653f\u9ee8\u653f\u6cbb\u601d\u60f3\u3009\uff0c\u300a\u570b\u7236\u7d00\u5ff5\u9928\u520a\u300b\uff0c\u7b2c43\u5377\u7b2c4\u671f\uff0c\u98011-34\u3002<\/p>\n

\u674e\u9149\u6f6d\uff082011\uff09\uff0c\u300a\u81ea\u7531\u4eba\u6b0a\u8207\u6c11\u4e3b\u548c\u5e73\uff1a\u81fa\u7063\u6c11\u4e3b\u5316\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u50f9\u503c\u300b\uff0c\u81fa\u5317\uff1a\u4e94\u5357\u51fa\u7248\u793e\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4f59\u82f1\u6642\uff082022\uff09\uff0c\u300a\u4f59\u82f1\u6642\u8a55\u653f\u6cbb\u73fe\u5be6\u300b\u81fa\u5317\uff1a\u5370\u523b\u3002<\/p>\n

\u80e1\u6f22\u6c11\uff081965\uff09\uff0c\u3008\u4e09\u6c11\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u9023\u74b0\u6027\u3009\uff0c\u300a\u9769\u547d\u5148\u70c8\u5148\u9032\u95e1\u63da\u570b\u7236\u601d\u60f3\u8ad6\u6587\u96c6\u300b\u7b2c\u4e00\u518a\uff0c\u53f0\u5317\uff1a\u4e2d\u83ef\u6c11\u570b\u5404\u754c\u7d00\u5ff5\u570b\u7236\u767e\u5e74\u8a95\u8fb0\u7c4c\u5099\u59d4\u54e1\u6703\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5b6b\u6587\u8457\u3001\u79e6\u5b5d\u5100\u4e3b\u7de8\uff081989a\uff09\uff0c\u300a\u570b\u7236\u5168\u96c6\u300b\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e00\u518a\uff0c\u81fa\u5317\uff1a\u8fd1\u4ee3\u4e2d\u570b\u51fa\u7248\u793e\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5b6b\u6587\u8457\u3001\u79e6\u5b5d\u5100\u4e3b\u7de8\uff081989b\uff09\uff0c\u300a\u570b\u7236\u5168\u96c6\u300b\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e8c\u518a\uff0c\u81fa\u5317\uff1a\u8fd1\u4ee3\u4e2d\u570b\u51fa\u7248\u793e\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5b6b\u6587\u8457\u3001\u79e6\u5b5d\u5100\u4e3b\u7de8\uff081989c\uff09\uff0c\u300a\u570b\u7236\u5168\u96c6\u300b\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e09\u518a\uff0c\u81fa\u5317\uff1a\u8fd1\u4ee3\u4e2d\u570b\u51fa\u7248\u793e\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5b6b\u6587\u8457\u3001\u79e6\u5b5d\u5100\u4e3b\u7de8\uff081989d\uff09\uff0c\u300a\u570b\u7236\u5168\u96c6\u300b\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e5d\u518a\uff0c\u81fa\u5317\uff1a\u8fd1\u4ee3\u4e2d\u570b\u51fa\u7248\u793e\u3002<\/p>\n

\u90ed\u4ec1\u5b5a\uff081984\uff09\uff0c\u3008\u6c11\u6b0a\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u7a0b\u5ea6\u3009\uff0c\u300a\u4e2d\u83ef\u6c11\u570b\u4e2d\u5c71\u5b78\u8853\u6703\u8b70\u8ad6\u6587\u7814\u8a0e\u96c6\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e09\u518a\uff1a\u6c11\u6b0a\u7d44\u300b\uff0c\u81fa\u5317\uff1a\u4e2d\u592e\u6587\u7269\u4f9b\u61c9\u793e\u3002<\/p>\n

\u9673\u5100\u6df1\uff081980\uff09\uff0c\u300a\u4e2d\u5c71\u5148\u751f\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u7406\u8ad6\u300b\uff0c\u81fa\u5317\uff1a\u81fa\u7063\u5546\u52d9\u5370\u66f8\u9928\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5f35\u4e9e\u6f90\uff081965\uff09\uff0c\u3008\u570b\u7236\u653f\u9ee8\u601d\u60f3\u4e4b\u7814\u7a76\u3009\uff0c\u570b\u7236\u767e\u5e74\u8a95\u8fb0\u7d00\u5ff5\u8ad6\u6587\u96c6\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e94\u518a\uff0c\u81fa\u5317\uff1a\u4e2d\u83ef\u6c11\u570b\u5404\u754c\u7d00\u5ff5\u570b\u7236\u767e\u5e74\u8a95\u8fb0\u7c4c\u5099\u59d4\u54e1\u6703\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5f35\u4f5b\u6cc9\uff081984\uff09\uff0c\u300a\u6c11\u6b0a\u521d\u6b65\u91cb\u7fa9\u300b\uff0c\u56db\u7248\uff0c\u81fa\u5317\uff1a\u4e2d\u592e\u6587\u7269\u4f9b\u61c9\u793e\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5d14\u66f8\u7434\uff081979\uff09\uff0c\u300a\u4e09\u6c11\u4e3b\u7fa9\u65b0\u8ad6\uff08\u4fee\u8a02\u7b2c13\u7248\uff09\u300b\uff0c\u81fa\u5317\uff1a\u81fa\u7063\u5546\u52d9\u5370\u66f8\u9928\u3002<\/p>\n

\uff08\u672c\u8ad6\u658720240114\u65bc\u81fa\u5317\u30142024\u5c0b\u627e\u5171\u540c\u9ede\u897f\u85cf\u7814\u8a0e\u6703\u3015\u4e0a\u767c\u8868\uff09<\/p>\n

[1]<\/a> \u300c\u7fa1\u618e\u4ea4\u7e54\u300d\uff0c\u610f\u6307\u4f01\u7fa1\u548c\u618e\u6068\u7684\u5fc3\u7406\u4ea4\u7e54\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\u800c\u53c8\u9577\u671f\u53d7\u5230\u58d3\u5236\uff0c\u4e0d\u80fd\u75db\u5feb\u5730\u8868\u9054\u51fa\u4f86\u3002\u800c\u300c\u4e2d\u570b\u4eba\u4e00\u5411\u4ee5\u300e\u5929\u671d\u300f\u81ea\u5c45\uff0c\u4f46\u767e\u9918\u5e74\u4f86\u537b\u53d7\u76e1\u5404\u300e\u5148\u9032\u570b\u5bb6\u300f\u7684\u6b3a\u58d3\u3002\u2026\u300e\u7fa1\u618e\u4ea4\u7e54\u300f\u7684\u6c11\u65cf\u60c5\u7dd2\u4f7f\u4e0d\u5c11\u4e2d\u570b\u4eba\u671f\u5f85\u4e2d\u570b\u8b8a\u6210\u5e1d\u570b\u4e3b\u7fa9\u5f0f\u7684\u5f37\u570b\uff0c\u5728\u570b\u969b\u4e0a\u8000\u6b66\u63da\u5a01\uff0c\u70ba\u81ea\u5df1\u5410\u4e00\u53e3\u6c23\uff0c\u9019\u662f\u300e\u7fa1\u300f\u7684\u60c5\u7dd2\u7684\u8868\u73fe\u3002\u4ed6\u5011\u66f4\u9858\u610f\u770b\u898b\u4e2d\u570b\u7528\u6b66\u529b\u6253\u6557\u897f\u65b9\u5f37\u570b\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\u4e2d\u5171\u53c3\u52a0\u97d3\u6230\uff0c\u548c\u7f8e\u570b\u5c55\u7136\u6253\u5f97\u76f8\u6301\u4e0d\u4e0b\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u5f15\u4ee5\u70ba\u9a55\u50b2\u7684\uff0c\u4e26\u4ee5\u70ba\u4e2d\u570b\u7684\u5f37\u5927\u5df2\u5f97\u5230\u4e86\u8b49\u660e\u3002\u9019\u662f\u300e\u618e\u300f\u7684\u767c\u6d29\u3002\u300d\uff08\u4f59\u82f1\u6642\uff0c2022\uff1a125-6\uff09<\/p>\n

[2]<\/a> \u666e\u4e16\u50f9\u503c\u4e0d\u8981\u8b1b\u3001\u65b0\u805e\u81ea\u7531\u4e0d\u8981\u8b1b\u3001\u516c\u6c11\u793e\u6703\u4e0d\u8981\u8b1b\u3001\u516c\u6c11\u6b0a\u5229\u4e0d\u8981\u8b1b\u3001\u4e2d\u570b\u5171\u7522\u9ee8\u7684\u6b77\u53f2\u932f\u8aa4\u4e0d\u8981\u8b1b\u3001\u6b0a\u8cb4\u8cc7\u7522\u968e\u7d1a\u4e0d\u8981\u8b1b\u3001\u53f8\u6cd5\u7368\u7acb\u4e0d\u8981\u8b1b\u3002<\/p>\n

[3]<\/a> \u6240\u8b02\u4e09\u6c11\u4e3b\u7fa9\u5177\u6709\u9023\u74b0\u6027\uff0c\u4ea6\u5373\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u7fa9\u662f\u6c11\u6b0a\u4e3b\u7fa9\u548c\u6c11\u751f\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u7fa9\uff1b\u6c11\u6b0a\u4e3b\u7fa9\u662f\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u7fa9\u548c\u6c11\u751f\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u6c11\u6b0a\u4e3b\u7fa9\uff1b\u6c11\u751f\u4e3b\u7fa9\u662f\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u7fa9\u548c\u6c11\u6b0a\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u6c11\u751f\u4e3b\u7fa9\u3002<\/p>\n

\u53c3\u898b\u674e\u9149\u6f6d\uff0c\u5f35\u4e9e\u4e2d\u771f\u662f\u5b6b\u4e2d\u5c71\u4fe1\u5f92\uff1f\u7368\u5bb6\u5831\u5c0e<\/strong>\uff0c2021 \u5e74 9 \u6708 13 \u65e5<\/p>\n

https:\/\/www.scooptw.com\/thinktank\/butterfly_whispers\/62046\/%E5%BC%B5%E4%BA%9E%E4%B8%AD%E7%9C%9F%E6%98%AF%E5%AD%AB%E4%B8%AD%E5%B1%B1%E4%BF%A1%E5%BE%92%EF%BC%9F\/<\/a><\/p>\n

[4]<\/a> \u806f\u5408\u570b\u65bc\u4e00\u4e5d\u516d\u516d\u5e74\u901a\u904e\u7684\u5169\u500b\u4eba\u6b0a\u516c\u7d04\uff0c\u5373\u300e\u516c\u6c11\u8207\u653f\u6cbb\u6b0a\u5229\u570b\u969b\u516c\u7d04\u300f\u548c\u300e\u7d93\u6fdf\u3001\u793e\u6703\u8207\u6587\u5316\u6b0a\u5229\u570b\u969b\u516c\u7d04\u300f\uff0c\u5176\u5171\u540c\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u689d\u5747\u898f\u5b9a\uff1a\u300c\u6240\u6709\u4eba\u6c11\u90fd\u64c1\u6709\u81ea\u6c7a\u6b0a\uff0c\u6191\u6b64\u6b0a\u5229\u81ea\u7531\u6c7a\u5b9a\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u5730\u4f4d\uff0c\u4e26\u81ea\u7531\u5730\u8b00\u6c42\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u7d93\u6fdf\u3001\u793e\u6703\u548c\u6587\u5316\u7684\u767c\u5c55\u300d(All peoples have the right of self-determination. By virtue of that right they freely determine their political status and freely pursue their economic, social and cultural development)\u3002<\/p>\n

[5]<\/a> \u53c3\u8003George Sorensen \u8457\uff0c\u674e\u9149\u6f6d\u3001\u9673\u5fd7\u744b\u8b6f\uff082003\uff09\uff0c\u300a\u6700\u65b0\u6c11\u4e3b\u8207\u6c11\u4e3b\u5316\u300b\uff0c\u81fa\u5317\uff1a\u97cb\u4f2f\u6587\u5316\uff0c\u980112\u3002<\/p>\n

[6]<\/a> \u674e\u9149\u6f6d\uff0c\u4e2d\u5171\u300c\u5168\u904e\u7a0b\u4eba\u6c11\u6c11\u4e3b\u300d\u5230\u5e95\u662f\u4ec0\u9ebc\uff1f\u7368\u5bb6\u5831\u5c0e<\/strong> 2021 \u5e74 12 \u6708 13 \u65e5<\/p>\n

https:\/\/www.scooptw.com\/thinktank\/butterfly_whispers\/66164\/<\/a><\/p>\n

[7]<\/a> https:\/\/www.eiu.com\/n\/campaigns\/democracy-index-2022\/<\/a><\/p>\n

\u81fa\u7063\u4e0d\u50c5\u70ba\u4e9e\u6d32\u8207\u7b2c\u4e09\u6ce2\u65b0\u8208\u6c11\u4e3b\u570b\u5bb6\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u540d\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u975e\u767d\u4eba\u70ba\u4e3b\u7684\u570b\u5bb6\u5168\u7403\u7b2c\u4e00\u540d\uff0c\u5168\u7403\u5169\u5343\u842c\u4eba\u53e3\u4ee5\u4e0a\u570b\u5bb6\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u540d\uff01\u5176\u4e2d\uff0c\u9078\u8209\u904e\u7a0b\u8207\u591a\u5143\u4e3b\u7fa9\u4ee5\u53ca\u653f\u5e9c\u529f\u80fd\u904b\u4f5c\u5169\u500b\u90e8\u5206\u7684\u9805\u76ee\u8a55\u6bd4\u81fa\u7063\u7686\u8207\u632a\u5a01\u7b49\u5c11\u6578\u5e7e\u500b\u570b\u5bb6\u4e26\u5217\u5168\u7403\u7b2c\u4e00\u540d\u3002\u503c\u5f97\u5168\u7403\u611b\u597d\u81ea\u7531\u6c11\u4e3b\u4eba\u58eb\u4e00\u8d77\u4f86\u5b88\u8b77\uff01<\/p>\n

[8]<\/a> https:\/\/freedomhouse.org\/countries\/freedom-world\/scores<\/a><\/p>\n

\u81fa\u7063\u7684\u5206\u6578\u4e0d\u50c5\u8207\u5fb7\u570b\u76f8\u540c\uff0894\uff09\uff0c\u4e14\u9ad8\u65bc\u6cd5\u570b\uff0889\uff09\u8207\u7f8e\u570b\uff0883\uff09\u7b49\u5148\u9032\u6c11\u4e3b\u570b\u5bb6\uff0c\u4e5f\u9ad8\u65bc\u6377\u514b\uff0892\uff09\u3001\u897f\u73ed\u7259\uff0890\uff09\u3001\u963f\u6839\u5ef7\uff0885\uff09\u3001\u97d3\u570b\uff0883\uff09\u6ce2\u862d\uff0881\uff09\u8207\u5357\u975e\uff0879\uff09\u7b49\u7b2c\u4e09\u6ce2\u6c11\u4e3b\u5316\u570b\u5bb6\u4e2d\u88ab\u8a55\u70ba\u8f49\u578b\u6b63\u7fa9\u8f03\u5177\u6210\u6548\u7684\u6848\u4f8b\u3002<\/p>\n

[9]<\/a> https:\/\/news.pts.org.tw\/article\/660408<\/a><\/p>\n

[10]<\/a>https:\/\/www.voachinese.com\/a\/new-human-freedom-index-taiwan-ranking-way-ahead-of-hongkong-and-china-20231221\/7407907.html<\/a><\/p>\n

[11]<\/a> \u986f\u5f97\u76f8\u7576\u8352\u8b2c\u7684\u5c31\u662f\u4f9d\u64da\u300a\u7d93\u6fdf\u5b78\u4eba\u8cc7\u8a0a\u793e\u300b\u8207\u300a\u81ea\u7531\u4e4b\u5bb6\u300b\u7684\u6e2c\u91cf\u8a55\u6bd4\uff0c\u5168\u7403\u6c11\u4e3b\u6392\u540d\u5012\u6578\u7b2c11\uff0c\u81ea\u7531\u5206\u6578\u53ea\u67099\u5206\u7684\u4e2d\u570b\uff0c\u537b\u4e00\u76f4\u60f3\u8981\u7d71\u4e00\u5168\u7403\u6c11\u4e3b\u6392\u540d\u7b2c10\uff0c\u81ea\u7531\u5206\u6578\u9ad8\u905494\u5206\u7684\u81fa\u7063\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4f5c\u8005\uff1a\u674e\u9149\u6f6d\uff08\u653f\u5927\u570b\u5bb6\u767c\u5c55\u7814\u7a76\u6240\u517c\u4efb\u6559\u6388\uff09<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u524d\u8a00 1980\u5e74\u4ee3\u958b\u59cb\uff0c\u96a8\u8457\u81fa\u7063\u6c11\u4e3b\u5316\u9032\u7a0b\u8207\u4e2d\u570b\u6539\u9769\u958b\u653e\u7684\u9032\u5c55\uff0c\u5728\u5169\u5cb8\u4ea4\u6d41\u904e\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u543e\u4eba\u767c\u73fe\uff0c\u4e2d\u570b\u5927\u91cf\u5229\u7528\u5b6b\u4e2d\u5c71 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":2823,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[6,14],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2822","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-6","category-light"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/chinademocrats.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2822","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/chinademocrats.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/chinademocrats.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/chinademocrats.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/6"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/chinademocrats.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=2822"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/chinademocrats.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2822\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2824,"href":"https:\/\/chinademocrats.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2822\/revisions\/2824"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/chinademocrats.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/2823"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/chinademocrats.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=2822"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/chinademocrats.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=2822"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/chinademocrats.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=2822"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}