{"id":4199,"date":"2024-11-07T09:20:08","date_gmt":"2024-11-07T14:20:08","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/chinademocrats.org\/?p=4199"},"modified":"2024-12-07T23:06:17","modified_gmt":"2024-12-08T04:06:17","slug":"%e5%bc%a0%e7%bb%b4%e8%bf%8e%ef%bc%9a%e4%b8%ba%e4%bb%80%e4%b9%88%e7%bb%9f%e6%b2%bb%e9%98%b6%e7%ba%a7%e4%bc%9a%e6%8e%a5%e5%8f%97%e6%b0%91%e4%b8%bb-%e8%af%ba%e5%a5%96%e5%be%97%e4%b8%bb%e9%98%bf","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/chinademocrats.org\/?p=4199","title":{"rendered":"\u5f20\u7ef4\u8fce\uff1a\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u7edf\u6cbb\u9636\u7ea7\u4f1a\u63a5\u53d7\u6c11\u4e3b | \u8bfa\u5956\u5f97\u4e3b\u963f\u897f\u83ab\u683c\u9c81\u548c\u7f57\u5bbe\u900a\u5bf9\u6c11\u4e3b\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u89e3\u91ca"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"post-body-4409361760276007814\" class=\"post-body entry-content\">\n<div dir=\"ltr\">\n<div>\n<p><em><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: large;\">\u9898\u8bb0\uff1a<\/span><span style=\"color: #0000ff; font-size: large;\">\u5317\u4eac\u65f6\u95f42024\u5e7410\u670814\u65e517\u65f645\u5206\uff0c2024\u5e74\u8bfa\u8d1d\u5c14\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5956\u83b7\u5956\u540d\u5355\u516c\u5e03\u3002\u745e\u5178\u7687\u5bb6\u79d1\u5b66\u9662\u51b3\u5b9a\u6388\u4e88\u8fbe\u9f99\u00b7\u963f\u897f\u83ab\u683c\u9c81\u3001\u897f\u8499\u00b7\u7ea6\u7ff0\u900a\u548c\u8a79\u59c6\u65af\u00b7A\u00b7\u7f57\u5bbe\u900a2024\u5e74\u745e\u5178\u592e\u884c\u7eaa\u5ff5\u963f\u5c14\u5f17\u96f7\u5fb7\u00b7\u8bfa\u8d1d\u5c14\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5956\uff0c\u4ee5\u8868\u5f70\u4ed6\u4eec\u5bf9&#8221;\u5236\u5ea6\u5982\u4f55\u5f62\u6210\u53ca\u5176\u5bf9\u7e41\u8363\u7684\u5f71\u54cd&#8221;\u7684\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u672c\u6587\u8282\u9009\u81ea\u5317\u5927\u56fd\u53d1\u9662\u5f20\u7ef4\u8fce\u6559\u6388\u6240\u8457\u7684\u300a\u535a\u5f08\u4e0e\u793e\u4f1a\u300b\u7b2c4\u7ae0\u7b2c4\u8282\uff0c\u4ecb\u7ecd\u963f\u897f\u83ab\u683c\u9c81\u548c\u7f57\u5bbe\u900a\u5173\u4e8e\u6c11\u4e3b\u5236\u5ea6\u5982\u4f55\u5f62\u6210\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u3002<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: large;\">\u6cd5\u6cbb\u548c\u6c11\u4e3b\uff0c\u662f\u73b0\u4ee3\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u4e24\u5927\u57fa\u77f3\u3002\u5982\u540c\u6cd5\u6cbb\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u7406\u89e3\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u627f\u8bfa(commitment)\u3002\u6c11\u4e3b\u5236\u5ea6\u5305\u62ec\u591a\u4e2a\u7ef4\u5ea6\u3002\u8fd9\u91cc\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u96c6\u4e2d\u8ba8\u8bba\u6c11\u4e3b\u5236\u5ea6\u6700\u6838\u5fc3\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\uff1a\u9009\u4e3e\u5236\u5ea6\u3002\u5728\u300a\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e0e\u6c11\u4e3b\u300b\u4e00\u4e66\u4e2d\uff0c\u718a\u5f7c\u7279\u5c06\u6c11\u4e3b\u5236\u5ea6\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e3a\u516c\u6c11\u5b9a\u671f\u6295\u7968\u9009\u4e3e\u653f\u6cbb\u9886\u5bfc\u4eba\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u5236\u5ea6\u5b89\u6392\u3002\u5728\u975e\u6c11\u4e3b\u5236\u5ea6\u4e0b\uff0c\u653f\u6cbb\u6743\u529b\u638c\u63e1\u5728\u5c11\u6570\u4eba\u7ec4\u6210\u7684\u7279\u6743\u9636\u7ea7\u624b\u4e2d\uff0c\u83b7\u5f97\u7edf\u6cbb\u6743\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u6216\u8005\u662f\u7ee7\u627f\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u662f\u66b4\u529b\u9769\u547d\u3002\u5728\u6c11\u4e3b\u5236\u5ea6\u4e0b\uff0c\u653f\u6cbb\u6743\u529b\u662f\u591a\u6570\u4eba\u901a\u8fc7\u6295\u7968\u8d4b\u4e88\u7684\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u53d7\u5230\u4e25\u683c\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7ea6\u675f\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6cd5\u5f8b\u672c\u8eab\u4e5f\u662f\u5f97\u5230\u591a\u6570\u4eba\u8ba4\u53ef\u7684\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u8fd9\u4e2a\u539f\u56e0\uff0c\u6c11\u4e3b\u5236\u5ea6\u503e\u5411\u4e8e\u7167\u987e\u666e\u901a\u5927\u4f17\u7684\u5229\u76ca\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u6c11\u4e3b\u5236\u5ea6\u66f4\u503e\u5411\u4e8e\u7ef4\u62a4\u5c11\u6570\u7279\u6743\u9636\u5c42\u7684\u5229\u76ca\u3002\u81ea\u7136\uff0c\u666e\u901a\u5927\u4f17\u6bd4\u7279\u6743\u7cbe\u82f1\u66f4\u613f\u610f\u9009\u62e9\u6c11\u4e3b\u5236\u5ea6\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5fc5\u987b\u627f\u8ba4\uff0c\u975e\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u653f\u5e9c\u6709\u65f6\u4e5f\u4f1a\u5173\u5fc3\u666e\u901a\u4eba\u7684\u5229\u76ca\u3002\u4efb\u4f55\u793e\u4f1a\uff0c\u666e\u901a\u8001\u767e\u59d3\u6700\u5173\u5fc3\u7684\u662f\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u3001\u5b89\u5168\u3001\u81ea\u7531\u3002\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\uff0c\u6709\u4e9b\u5f00\u660e\u541b\u4e3b&#8221;\u7231\u6c11\u5982\u5b50&#8221;\uff0c\u5728\u4e3a\u4eba\u6c11\u8c0b\u5e78\u798f\u65b9\u9762\u505a\u5f97\u751a\u81f3\u597d\u4e8e\u6c11\u4e3b\u5236\u5ea6\u3002\u4f46\u65e0\u8bba\u5982\u4f55\uff0c\u5728\u975e\u6c11\u4e3b\u5236\u5ea6\u4e0b\uff0c&#8221;\u4e3a\u4eba\u6c11\u670d\u52a1&#8221;\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e0d\u53ef\u4fe1\u7684\u8bb8\u8bfa\u3002\u53ea\u6709\u5728\u6c11\u4e3b\u5236\u5ea6\u4e0b, &#8220;\u4e3a\u4eba\u6c11\u670d\u52a1&#8221;\u624d\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u53ef\u4fe1\u7684\u627f\u8bfa\u3002<br \/>\n\u5f53\u4eca\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u56fd\u5bb6\u90fd\u662f\u4ece\u975e\u6c11\u4e3b\u56fd\u5bb6\u6f14\u53d8\u800c\u6765\u7684\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u6f14\u53d8\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u53d1\u751f\u7684\uff1f\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u5904\u4e8e\u88ab\u7edf\u6cbb\u5730\u4f4d\u7684\u591a\u6570\u4eba\u4e0d\u6ee1\u8db3\u4e8e\u5f00\u660e\u541b\u4e3b\uff0c\u800c\u8981\u9009\u62e9\u6c11\u4e3b\u5236\u5ea6\uff1f\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u7edf\u6cbb\u9636\u7ea7\u4f1a\u63a5\u53d7\u6c11\u4e3b\uff1f\u4e0b\u9762\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u7b80\u8981\u4ecb\u7ecd\u4e00\u4e0bAcemoglu\u548cRobinson\uff082006\uff09\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u5316\u7406\u8bba\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8bbe\u60f3\u4eba\u4eec\u73b0\u5728\u751f\u6d3b\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u975e\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u793e\u4f1a\u7531\u5904\u4e8e\u7edf\u6cbb\u5730\u4f4d\u7684\u5c11\u6570\u4eba\u548c\u5904\u4e8e\u88ab\u7edf\u6cbb\u5730\u4f4d\u7684\u591a\u6570\u4eba\u7ec4\u6210\uff0c\u524d\u8005\u62e5\u6709\u7279\u6743\uff0c\u76f8\u5bf9\u5bcc\u6709\uff0c\u540e\u8005\u7f3a\u5c11\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u6743\u529b\uff0c\u76f8\u5bf9\u8d2b\u7a77\u3002\u8fd9\u4e24\u7c7b\u4eba\u90fd\u4e0d\u4ec5\u5173\u5fc3\u4eca\u5929\uff0c\u4e5f\u5173\u5fc3\u660e\u5929\u3002\u5047\u5b9a\u7531\u4e8e\u67d0\u79cd\u539f\u56e0\uff0c\u88ab\u7edf\u6cbb\u8005\u73b0\u5728\u62e5\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u6743\u529b\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u6743\u529b\u8feb\u4f7f\u7edf\u6cbb\u8005\u505a\u51fa\u8ba9\u6b65\uff0c\u5982\u5236\u5b9a\u4e00\u4e9b\u6539\u5584\u6c11\u751f\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u653f\u7b56\uff0c\u7ed9\u4e88\u88ab\u7edf\u6cbb\u8005\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u548c\u751f\u6d3b\u4fdd\u969c\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u4f7f\u5f97\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u5e78\u798f\u6307\u6570\u5f97\u4ee5\u63d0\u9ad8\u3002\u5728\u975e\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u51fa\u73b0\uff0c\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u88ab\u7edf\u6cbb\u8005\u4eba\u6570\u4f17\u591a\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u53d1\u51fa\u62b1\u6028\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u6d88\u6781\u62b5\u6297\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u5236\u9020\u7fa4\u4f53\u6027\u4e8b\u4ef6\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u4ee5\u9769\u547d\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u5a01\u80c1\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u7a33\u5b9a\u548c\u7edf\u6cbb\u8005\u7684\u5229\u76ca\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u7edf\u6cbb\u8005\u7edd\u5bf9\u4e0d\u80fd\u5ffd\u89c6\u7684\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u88ab\u7edf\u6cbb\u8005\u7684\u8fd9\u79cd\u653f\u6cbb\u6743\u529b\u53ea\u662f\u6682\u65f6\u7684\uff0c\u662f\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\u7684\u800c\u975e\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4e0a\u7684\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u4eca\u5929\u5f97\u5230\u7684\u798f\u5229\u548c\u81ea\u7531\u662f\u7edf\u6cbb\u8005\u7684&#8221;\u6069\u8d50&#8221;\u3002\u7ed9\u4e88\u7684\u53ef\u4ee5\u62ff\u8d70\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u5236\u5ea6\u6027\u7684\u529b\u91cf\u53ef\u4ee5\u963b\u6b62\u7edf\u6cbb\u8005\u660e\u5929\u5b9e\u884c\u76f8\u53cd\u7684\u653f\u7b56\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u4f7f\u4ed6\u4eec\u9677\u5165\u66f4\u60b2\u60e8\u7684\u5883\u5730\u3002\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u5728\u8fc7\u53bb\u7ecf\u5e38\u53d1\u751f\u3002\u8ba4\u8bc6\u5230\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5c31\u4f1a\u8981\u6c42\u5c06\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u6743\u529b\u8f6c\u5316\u6210\u5236\u5ea6\u5316\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u6743\u5229\uff0c\u5c06\u6682\u65f6\u6027\u7684\u6743\u529b\u53d8\u6210\u6c38\u4e45\u6027\u7684\u6743\u5229\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e0d\u4ec5\u5e0c\u671b\u4eca\u5929\u6709\u9762\u5305\u3001\u623f\u5b50\u548c\u81ea\u7531\uff0c\u4e5f\u5e0c\u671b\u660e\u5929\u4ecd\u7136\u6709\u9762\u5305\u3001\u623f\u5b50\u548c\u81ea\u7531\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u76ee\u7684\u53ea\u6709\u5728\u4ed6\u4eec\u6709\u6743\u5229\u9009\u4e3e\u653f\u6cbb\u9886\u5bfc\u4eba\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u624d\u80fd\u8fbe\u5230\u3002\u8fd9\u5c31\u4ea7\u751f\u4e86\u5bf9\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u9700\u6c42\u3002<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: large;\">\u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u653f\u6cbb\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u6539\u53d8\u5e76\u4e0d\u4f1a\u53ea\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u8001\u767e\u59d3\u7684\u8981\u6c42\u5c31\u81ea\u7136\u53d1\u751f\u3002\u8f6c\u5411\u6c11\u4e3b\u610f\u5473\u7740\u653f\u6cbb\u6743\u529b\u5411\u591a\u6570\u4eba\u7684\u6269\u5c55\uff0c\u610f\u5473\u7740\u7edf\u6cbb\u7cbe\u82f1\u7684\u7279\u6743\u7684\u6d88\u5931\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u7edf\u6cbb\u8005\u603b\u662f\u60f3\u8bbe\u6cd5\u963b\u6b62\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\u3002\u9762\u4e34\u88ab\u7edf\u6cbb\u9636\u7ea7\u7684\u5f3a\u5927\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u538b\u529b\u65f6\uff0c\u7edf\u6cbb\u8005\u901a\u5e38\u7684\u505a\u6cd5\u662f\u7ed9\u88ab\u7edf\u6cbb\u8005\u4eca\u5929\u60f3\u8981\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\uff0c\u5e73\u606f\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u6028\u6c14\u3002\u5982\u679c\u8001\u767e\u59d3\u4ecd\u7136\u4e0d\u6ee1\u8db3\uff0c\u7edf\u6cbb\u8005\u4e5f\u8bb8\u4f1a\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u5ba3\u5e03\u660e\u5929\u4f1a\u7ee7\u7eed\u8fd9\u6837\u7684&#8221;\u4eb2\u6c11&#8221;\u653f\u7b56\u3002\u4f46\u8fd9\u79cd\u8bb8\u8bfa\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u4fe1\u7684\uff0c\u4e00\u65e6\u653f\u6cbb\u538b\u529b\u6d88\u5931\uff0c\u7edf\u6cbb\u8005\u4f1a\u6545\u4f0e\u91cd\u6f14\u3002\u5f53\u8001\u767e\u59d3\u4e0d\u80fd\u88ab\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7a7a\u5934\u8bb8\u8bfa\u8bf4\u670d\u65f6\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5c31\u53ef\u80fd\u8d77\u6765\u9769\u547d\uff0c\u63a8\u7ffb\u653f\u6743\u3002\u8fd9\u5f53\u7136\u662f\u7edf\u6cbb\u8005\u6700\u4e0d\u613f\u610f\u770b\u5230\u7684\u3002\u4e3a\u4e86\u963b\u6b62\u9769\u547d\u7684\u53d1\u751f\uff0c\u7edf\u6cbb\u8005\u5c31\u5fc5\u987b\u505a\u51fa\u4e00\u4e2a\u53ef\u4fe1\u7684\u627f\u8bfa\u3002\u4e3a\u6b64\u5c31\u5fc5\u987b\u6539\u53d8\u653f\u6cbb\u6743\u529b\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\uff0c\u5c06\u653f\u6cbb\u6743\u529b\u4ea4\u5230\u8001\u767e\u59d3\u624b\u4e2d\u3002\u8fd9\u5c31\u662f\u6c11\u4e3b\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u5efa\u7acb\u3002\u8fd9\u6837\uff0c\u6c11\u4e3b\u5c31\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u4fdd\u62a4\u516c\u6c11\u957f\u8fdc\u5229\u76ca\u7684\u627f\u8bfa\u800c\u51fa\u73b0\u4e86\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: large;\">\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6a21\u578b\u5c3d\u7ba1\u7b80\u5355\uff0c\u4f46\u5927\u81f4\u4e0a\u53ef\u4ee5\u89e3\u91ca\u5305\u62ec\u82f1\u56fd\u5728\u5185\u7684\u8bb8\u591a\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u5316\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff08\u53c2\u9605Acemoglu\u548cRobinson (2006)\u7b2c1\u7ae0\u3002\uff09\u82f1\u56fd\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u5316\u5f00\u59cb\u4e8e14\u4e16\u7eaa\u521d\u8bae\u4f1a\u7684\u5efa\u7acb\u3002\u8bae\u4f1a\u6700\u521d\u53ea\u662f\u8d35\u65cf\u4e0e\u56fd\u738b\u534f\u5546\u7a0e\u6536\u548c\u8ba8\u8bba\u516c\u5171\u653f\u7b56\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u8bba\u575b\uff0c\u53ea\u662f\u57281688\u5e74\u7684\u5149\u8363\u9769\u547d\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u8bae\u4f1a\u624d\u5b9a\u671f\u5f00\u4f1a\u3002\u4f46\u516c\u6c11\u6743\u53d7\u5230\u4e25\u683c\u9650\u5236\uff0c\u7531\u8d35\u65cf\u548c\u5927\u4e3b\u6559\u7ec4\u6210\u7684\u4e0a\u9662\u8d77\u4e3b\u5bfc\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c\u4e0b\u9662\u7531\u5e73\u6c11\u4ee3\u8868\u7ec4\u6210\uff0c\u5176\u8bae\u5458\u539f\u5219\u4e0a\u7531\u9009\u4e3e\u4ea7\u751f\uff0c\u4f46\u76f4\u523019\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e2d\u671f\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u9009\u62e9\u53ea\u662f\u4e2a\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u7531\u5927\u5730\u4e3b\u6216\u8d35\u65cf\u63d0\u540d\u7684\u5019\u9009\u4eba\u5f88\u5c11\u53d7\u5230\u6311\u6218\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u6295\u7968\u662f\u516c\u5f00\u7684\uff0c\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u6295\u7968\u4eba\u5e76\u4e0d\u6562\u8fdd\u80cc\u63d0\u540d\u4eba\u7684\u610f\u613f\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u82f1\u56fd\u8fc8\u5411\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u6b65\u9aa4\u662f1832\u5e74\u901a\u8fc7\u7684\u300a\u7b2c\u4e00\u6539\u9769\u6cd5\u6848\u300b(the First Reform Act)\uff0c\u5e9f\u9664\u4e86\u8001\u7684\u9009\u4e3e\u5236\u5ea6\u4e2d\u7684\u8bb8\u591a\u4e0d\u516c\u5e73\u89c4\u5b9a\uff0c\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u57fa\u4e8e\u7edf\u4e00\u7684\u8d22\u4ea7\u548c\u6536\u5165\u6807\u51c6\u7684\u6295\u7968\u6743\u5236\u5ea6\uff0c\u5c06\u603b\u9009\u6c11\u4eba\u6570\u7531\u539f\u6765\u7684\u4e0d\u523050\u4e07\u6269\u5927\u523080\u591a\u4e07\uff08\u5360\u5168\u4f53\u6210\u5e74\u7537\u6027\u4eba\u53e3\u768414.5%\uff09\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6539\u9769\u6cd5\u6848\u6b63\u662f\u5728\u9762\u4e34\u5927\u4f17\u5bf9\u73b0\u5b58\u653f\u6cbb\u4f53\u5236\u65e5\u76ca\u589e\u957f\u7684\u4e0d\u6ee1\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u901a\u8fc7\u7684\u30021832\u5e74\u524d\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u7206\u53d1\u4e86\u6301\u7eed\u7684\u66b4\u4e71\u548c\u7fa4\u4f53\u6027\u4e8b\u4ef6\uff08\u5982\u8457\u540d\u7684\u5362\u5fb7\u8fd0\u52a8\uff09\u3002\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u4e00\u81f4\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c1832\u5e74\u6539\u9769\u6cd5\u6848\u7684\u52a8\u673a\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u907f\u514d\u5927\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u52a8\u8361\u3002<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: large;\">\u6b63\u56e0\u4e3a\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6539\u9769\u6cd5\u6848\u53ea\u662f\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u7b56\u7565\u6027\u8ba9\u6b65\uff0c\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u5efa\u7acb\u5927\u4f17\u6c11\u4e3b\u3002\u6539\u9769\u540e\uff0c\u7edd\u5927\u591a\u6570\u4eba\u82f1\u56fd\u4eba\u4ecd\u7136\u6ca1\u6709\u9009\u4e3e\u6743\uff0c\u8d35\u65cf\u548c\u5927\u5730\u4e3b\u4ecd\u7136\u53ef\u4ee5\u64cd\u7eb5\u9009\u4e3e\uff0c\u9009\u4e3e\u4e2d\u7684\u8150\u8d25\u548c\u6050\u5413\u73b0\u8c61\u975e\u5e38\u4e25\u91cd\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: large;\">1832\u5e74\u7684\u6539\u9769\u663e\u7136\u4e0d\u80fd\u6ee1\u8db3\u5927\u4f17\u5bf9\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u8981\u6c42\u30021838\u5e74\uff0c\u5de5\u4eba\u7fa4\u4f17\u5c31\u53d1\u8d77\u4e86\u6539\u9769\u8bae\u4f1a\u7684&#8221;\u5baa\u7ae0\u8fd0\u52a8&#8221;\uff0c\u63d0\u51fa\u7537\u6027\u666e\u9009\u6743\u3001\u5e9f\u9664\u9009\u4e3e\u6743\u7684\u8d22\u4ea7\u9650\u5236\u3001\u5b9e\u884c\u8bae\u5458\u85aa\u916c\u5236\uff08\u8bae\u5458\u4e0d\u62ff\u85aa\u916c\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u4f4e\u6536\u5165\u8005\u5c31\u5f53\u4e0d\u8d77\u8bae\u5458\uff09\u7b49\u8981\u6c42\u3002\u5baa\u7ae0\u8fd0\u52a8\u4e00\u76f4\u6301\u7eed\u52301848\u5e74\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u6ca1\u6709\u6210\u529f\uff0c\u4f46\u5bf9\u4e4b\u540e\u7684\u6539\u9769\u4ea7\u751f\u4e86\u91cd\u8981\u5f71\u54cd\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u968f\u7740\u6539\u9769\u7684\u538b\u529b\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u5927\uff0c1867\u5e74\uff0c\u8bae\u4f1a\u7ec8\u4e8e\u901a\u8fc7\u4e86\u300a\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6539\u9769\u6cd5\u6848\u300b\uff0c\u5c06\u9009\u6c11\u4eba\u6570\u4ece136\u4e07\u6269\u5927\u5230248\u4e07\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u4f7f\u5f97\u5de5\u4eba\u5927\u4f17\u6210\u4e3a\u57ce\u5e02\u9009\u533a\u7684\u4e3b\u4f53\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u65b0\u7684\u6539\u9769\u6cd5\u6848\u662f\u591a\u79cd\u56e0\u7d20\u4f5c\u7528\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u662f\u4e25\u91cd\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u8427\u6761\u589e\u52a0\u4e86\u66b4\u4e71\u7684\u5a01\u80c1\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca1864\u5e74&#8221;\u5168\u56fd\u6539\u9769\u8054\u76df&#8221;\uff08the National Reform Union\uff09\u7684\u6210\u7acb\u548c1865\u5e74&#8221;\u6539\u9769\u8054\u5408\u4f1a&#8221;(the Reform League)\u7684\u6210\u7acb\uff0c\u4f7f\u5f97\u653f\u5e9c\u8ba4\u8bc6\u5230\u6539\u9769\u5df2\u662f\u523b\u4e0d\u5bb9\u7f13\uff0c\u4e0d\u6539\u9769\u5c06\u662f\u6b7b\u8def\u4e00\u6761\u3002<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: large;\">1884\u5e74\u901a\u8fc7\u7684\u300a\u7b2c\u4e09\u6539\u9769\u6cd5\u6848\u300b\u5c06\u539f\u6765\u53ea\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u57ce\u5e02\u9009\u533a\u7684\u6295\u7968\u89c4\u5219\u540c\u6837\u6269\u5927\u5230\u4e61\u6751\u9009\u533a\uff0c\u4f7f\u5f97\u9009\u6c11\u4eba\u6570\u589e\u52a0\u4e86\u4e00\u500d\u3002\u4ece\u6b64\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u5927\u7ea660%\u7684\u6210\u5e74\u7537\u6027\u6709\u4e86\u666e\u9009\u6743\u3002\u5bfc\u81f4\u8fd9\u4e00\u6cd5\u6848\u51fa\u53f0\u7684\u80cc\u540e\u56e0\u7d20\u4ecd\u7136\u662f\u793e\u4f1a\u52a8\u4e71\u7684\u5a01\u80c1\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: large;\">\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u4e16\u754c\u5927\u6218\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u4e8e1918\u5e74\u901a\u8fc7\u4e86\u300a\u4eba\u6c11\u4ee3\u8868\u6cd5\u6848\u300b(the Representation of the People Act)\uff0c\u5c06\u6295\u7968\u6743\u6269\u5927\u5230\u6240\u6709\u5e74\u6ee121\u5c81\u7684\u7537\u6027\u548c\u5e74\u6ee130\u5c81\u7684\u5973\u6027\u7eb3\u7a0e\u4eba(\u6216\u914d\u5076\u662f\u7eb3\u7a0e\u4eba)\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u6cd5\u6848\u662f\u5728\u5927\u6218\u671f\u95f4\u534f\u5546\u7684\uff0c\u5728\u4e00\u5b9a\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u53cd\u6620\u4e86\u653f\u5e9c\u8c03\u52a8\u5de5\u4eba\u53c2\u6218\u548c\u751f\u4ea7\u79ef\u6781\u6027\u7684\u9700\u8981\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u80fd\u90e8\u5206\u53d7\u5230\u4fc4\u56fd\u5341\u6708\u9769\u547d\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u30021928\u5e74\uff0c\u5987\u5973\u83b7\u5f97\u4e86\u4e0e\u7537\u6027\u540c\u7b49\u7684\u9009\u4e3e\u6743\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u57c3\u7c73\u7433\u00b7\u6f58\u514b\u8d6b\u65af\u7279\uff08Emmeline Pankhurst\uff0c1858\u5e747\u670815\u65e5\uff0d1928\u5e746\u670814\u65e5\uff09\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u5973\u6743\u8fd0\u52a8\u4ee3\u8868\u4eba\u7269\u3001\u653f\u6cbb\u6d3b\u52a8\u5bb6\uff0c\u662f\u82f1\u56fd\u5987\u5973\u53c2\u653f\u6743\u8fd0\u52a8\u7684\u5960\u57fa\u8005\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: large;\">\u7eb5\u89c2\u82f1\u56fd\u6c11\u4e3b\u5316\u7684\u5386\u53f2\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u6709\u4e9b\u5176\u4ed6\u7684\u56e0\u7d20\u4e5f\u5728\u8d77\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c\u4f46\u793e\u4f1a\u52a8\u4e71\u7684\u5a01\u80c1\u662f\u82f1\u56fd\u5efa\u7acb\u6c11\u4e3b\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u9a71\u52a8\u529b\u3002\u4e5f\u6b63\u56e0\u4e3a\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u82f1\u56fd\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u5316\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u6e10\u8fdb\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e00\u6b21\u7684\u8ba9\u6b65\u53ea\u662f\u6ee1\u8db3\u5f53\u65f6\u7684&#8221;\u5a01\u80c1\u8005&#8221;\u7684\u8981\u6c42\u2014\u2014\u59821832\u5e74\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u53ea\u8981&#8221;\u4e70\u901a&#8221;\u4e2d\u4ea7\u9636\u7ea7\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u6362\u5f97\u548c\u5e73\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u6295\u7968\u6743\u53ea\u6269\u5927\u5230\u4e2d\u4ea7\u9636\u7ea7\uff1b\u5f85\u65b0\u7684\u5a01\u80c1\u8005\u51fa\u73b0\u540e\uff0c\u518d\u505a\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u7684\u8ba9\u6b65\uff0c\u76f4\u5230\u5168\u9762\u666e\u9009\u6743\u7684\u5b9e\u73b0\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: large;\">\u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u6240\u6709\u975e\u6c11\u4e3b\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u653f\u5e9c\u90fd\u50cf\u82f1\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u90a3\u6837\u8bc6\u65f6\u52a1\u5e76\u80fd\u4e0e\u65f6\u4ff1\u8fdb\u3002\u6709\u4e9b\u975e\u6c11\u4e3b\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u653f\u5e9c\u4e60\u60ef\u4e8e\u7528\u6b66\u529b\u9547\u538b\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u5e94\u5bf9\u8001\u767e\u59d3\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u5316\u8981\u6c42\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u4e00\u5f00\u59cb\u5f97\u8fc7\u4e14\u8fc7\uff0c\u6577\u884d\u4e86\u4e8b\uff0c\u6700\u540e\u5b9e\u5728\u6ca1\u6709\u529e\u6cd5\u65f6\uff0c\u624d\u5f00\u59cb\u6539\u9769\uff08\u5982\u6e05\u671d\u653f\u5e9c\uff09\uff0c\u4f46\u5f80\u5f80\u4e3a\u65f6\u5df2\u665a\uff0c\u7b49\u5f85\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u53ea\u80fd\u662f\u9769\u547d\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u6587\u7ae0\u6765\u6e90\uff1a\u65b0\u4e16\u754c\u7f51\u7ad9<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u9898\u8bb0\uff1a\u5317\u4eac\u65f6\u95f42024\u5e7410\u670814\u65e517\u65f645\u5206\uff0c2024\u5e74\u8bfa\u8d1d\u5c14\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5956\u83b7\u5956\u540d\u5355\u516c\u5e03\u3002\u745e\u5178\u7687\u5bb6\u79d1\u5b66\u9662\u51b3\u5b9a\u6388\u4e88 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":4200,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[6,14],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-4199","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-6","category-light"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/chinademocrats.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4199","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/chinademocrats.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/chinademocrats.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/chinademocrats.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/6"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/chinademocrats.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=4199"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/chinademocrats.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4199\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4201,"href":"https:\/\/chinademocrats.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4199\/revisions\/4201"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/chinademocrats.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/4200"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/chinademocrats.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=4199"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/chinademocrats.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=4199"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/chinademocrats.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=4199"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}