{"id":5548,"date":"2025-08-25T09:12:49","date_gmt":"2025-08-25T13:12:49","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/chinademocrats.org\/?p=5548"},"modified":"2025-08-25T09:12:49","modified_gmt":"2025-08-25T13:12:49","slug":"%e5%b4%94%e5%8d%ab%e5%b9%b3-%e5%b9%b3%e8%a1%8c%e5%9f%8e%e9%82%a6%ef%bc%9a%e6%8d%b7%e5%85%8b%e6%96%af%e6%b4%9b%e4%bc%90%e5%85%8b%e5%8f%8d%e5%af%b9%e8%bf%90%e5%8a%a8%e7%9a%84","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/chinademocrats.org\/?p=5548","title":{"rendered":"\u5d14\u536b\u5e73 | \u201c\u5e73\u884c\u57ce\u90a6\u201d\uff1a\u6377\u514b\u65af\u6d1b\u4f10\u514b\u53cd\u5bf9\u8fd0\u52a8\u7684\u7ecf\u9a8c"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"post-header\" role=\"region\" aria-label=\"Post header\">\n<div class=\"pencraft pc-display-flex pc-flexDirection-column pc-paddingBottom-16 pc-reset\" role=\"region\" aria-label=\"Post UFI\">\n<div class=\"pencraft pc-display-flex pc-flexDirection-column pc-paddingTop-16 pc-paddingBottom-16 pc-reset\">\n<div class=\"pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-12 pc-alignItems-center pc-reset byline-wrapper\">\n<div class=\"pencraft pc-display-flex pc-reset\">\n<div class=\"pencraft pc-display-flex pc-flexDirection-row pc-gap-8 pc-alignItems-center pc-justifyContent-flex-start pc-reset\">\n<div class=\"pencraft pc-display-flex pc-flexDirection-row pc-alignItems-center pc-justifyContent-flex-start pc-reset ltr-qDBmby\">\n<div class=\"profile-hover-card-target profileHoverCardTarget-PBxvGm\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"pencraft pc-display-flex pc-flexDirection-column pc-reset\">\n<div class=\"pencraft pc-reset color-pub-primary-text-NyXPlw line-height-20-t4M0El font-meta-MWBumP size-11-NuY2Zx weight-medium-fw81nC transform-uppercase-yKDgcq reset-IxiVJZ meta-EgzBVA\">\n<div class=\"profile-hover-card-target profileHoverCardTarget-PBxvGm\"><a class=\"pencraft pc-reset decoration-hover-underline-ClDVRM reset-IxiVJZ\" href=\"https:\/\/substack.com\/@bostonreviewofbooks\">\u6587\u7ae0\u6765\u6e90\uff1a\u6ce2\u58eb\u9813\u66f8\u8a55 Boston Review of Books<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-4 pc-reset\">\n<div class=\"pencraft pc-reset color-pub-secondary-text-hGQ02T line-height-20-t4M0El font-meta-MWBumP size-11-NuY2Zx weight-medium-fw81nC transform-uppercase-yKDgcq reset-IxiVJZ meta-EgzBVA\">Aug 19, 2025<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-16 pc-paddingTop-16 pc-paddingBottom-16 pc-justifyContent-space-between pc-alignItems-center pc-reset flex-grow-rzmknG border-top-detail-themed-k9TZAY border-bottom-detail-themed-Ua9186 post-ufi\">\n<div class=\"pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset\">\n<div><\/div>\n<div class=\"like-button-container post-ufi-button style-button\"><strong style=\"font-family: NonBreakingSpaceOverride, 'Hoefler Text', 'Noto Serif', Garamond, 'Times New Roman', serif; letter-spacing: normal;\">\u7de8\u8005\u6309\uff1a<\/strong><span style=\"font-family: NonBreakingSpaceOverride, 'Hoefler Text', 'Noto Serif', Garamond, 'Times New Roman', serif; letter-spacing: normal;\">1978\u5e746\u6708\uff0c\u74e6\u8328\u62c9\u592b\u00b7\u672c\u8fbe\u53d1\u8868\u300a\u5e73\u884c\u57ce\u90a6\u300b\uff08\u201cThe Parallel Polis\u201d\uff09\uff0c\u610f\u4e3a\u5e73\u884c\u4e8e\u5b98\u65b9\u6743\u529b\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u7ed3\u6784\uff0c\u6db5\u76d6\u6587\u5316\u3001\u6559\u80b2\u3001\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7b49\u9886\u57df\uff0c\u6ee1\u8db3\u793e\u4f1a\u9700\u6c42\u3002\u540c\u5e74\u665a\u4e9b\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u54c8\u7ef4\u5c14\u5199\u4e0b\u8457\u540d\u7684\u300a\u65e0\u6743\u8005\u7684\u6743\u529b\u300b\uff0c\u63d0\u51fa\u201c\u6d3b\u5728\u771f\u76f8\u4e2d\u201d\uff08living in truth\uff09\u7684\u53cd\u6297\u7b56\u7565\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u7bc7\u957f\u6587\u4e2d\uff0c\u54c8\u7ef4\u5c14\u7279\u522b\u7528\u4e00\u5c0f\u8282\u6765\u8ba8\u8bba\u672c\u8fbe\u201c\u5e73\u884c\u57ce\u90a6\u201d\u7ed9\u4e0e\u4e86\u70ed\u70c8\u7684\u652f\u6301\uff0c\u79f0\u672c\u8fbe\u6240\u79f0\u53d1\u5c55\u201c\u5e73\u884c\u7ed3\u6784\u201d\u662f\u201c\u4e0b\u4e00\u9636\u6bb5\u7684\u4efb\u52a1\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u8fc4\u4eca\u4e3a\u6b62\u6700\u4e3a\u6210\u719f\u7684\u9636\u6bb5\u201d\u3002\u5728\u4e1c\u6b27\u601d\u60f3\u7814\u7a76\u5b66\u8005\u5d14\u536b\u5e73\u6559\u6388\u770b\u6765\uff0c\u4e03\u4e03\u5baa\u7ae0\u300b\u662f\u201c\u5e73\u884c\u57ce\u90a6\u201d\u548c\u201c\u6d3b\u5728\u771f\u76f8\u4e2d\u201d\u4e24\u4e2a\u7406\u5ff5\u4e92\u76f8\u4ea4\u7ec7\u7684\u5b9e\u8df5\u5e73\u53f0\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u300a\u5baa\u7ae0\u901a\u8baf\u300b\u3001VONS\u7b49\u7ec4\u7ec7\uff0c\u5173\u6ce8\u4eba\u6743\u3001\u73af\u5883\u7b49\u8bae\u9898\uff0c\u50ac\u5316\u4e861988-1989\u5e74\u516c\u6c11\u56e2\u4f53\u7684\u6d8c\u73b0\uff0c\u6700\u7ec8\u63a8\u52a8\u5929\u9e45\u7ed2\u9769\u547d\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u201c\u5e73\u884c\u57ce\u90a6\u201d\u4e0d\u4ec5\u662f\u53cd\u6297\u6781\u6743\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u66f4\u4e3a\u6c11\u4e3b\u8f6c\u578b\u63d0\u4f9b\u7f51\u7edc\u4e0e\u4ef7\u503c\u57fa\u7840\u3002\u5728\u4eca\u5929\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u88ab\u6280\u672f\u4e0e\u6d88\u8d39\u4e3b\u4e49\u64cd\u63a7\u7684\u897f\u65b9\u793e\u4f1a\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u53cd\u5bf9\u5ddd\u666e\u8fd0\u52a8\uff0c\u4f3c\u4e4e\u4e5f\u4e0d\u65e0\u542f\u53d1\u3002<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<div class=\"available-content\">\n<div class=\"body markup\" dir=\"auto\">\n<p>\u672c\u6587\u4e3a\u5d14\u536b\u5e73\u8bd1\u6587\u96c6\u300a\u5e73\u884c\u57ce\u90a6\u300b\u5e8f\uff0c\u4f5c\u8005\u6388\u6743\u520a\u53d1\u3002<\/p>\n<div class=\"subscribe-widget\" data-component-name=\"SubscribeWidget\">\n<div class=\"pencraft pc-display-flex pc-justifyContent-center pc-reset\">\n<div class=\"container-IpPqBD\">\n<div class=\"animationWrapper-QRL6aQ\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"captioned-image-container\">\n<figure>\n<div class=\"image2-inset\"><picture><source srcset=\"https:\/\/substackcdn.com\/image\/fetch\/$s_!z4M-!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep\/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F946e95a0-182c-4575-9393-cecf31657d50_1034x1558.heic 424w, https:\/\/substackcdn.com\/image\/fetch\/$s_!z4M-!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep\/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F946e95a0-182c-4575-9393-cecf31657d50_1034x1558.heic 848w, https:\/\/substackcdn.com\/image\/fetch\/$s_!z4M-!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep\/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F946e95a0-182c-4575-9393-cecf31657d50_1034x1558.heic 1272w, https:\/\/substackcdn.com\/image\/fetch\/$s_!z4M-!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep\/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F946e95a0-182c-4575-9393-cecf31657d50_1034x1558.heic 1456w\" type=\"image\/webp\" sizes=\"100vw\" \/><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"sizing-normal\" src=\"https:\/\/substackcdn.com\/image\/fetch\/$s_!z4M-!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep\/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F946e95a0-182c-4575-9393-cecf31657d50_1034x1558.heic\" sizes=\"auto, 100vw\" srcset=\"https:\/\/substackcdn.com\/image\/fetch\/$s_!z4M-!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep\/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F946e95a0-182c-4575-9393-cecf31657d50_1034x1558.heic 424w, https:\/\/substackcdn.com\/image\/fetch\/$s_!z4M-!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep\/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F946e95a0-182c-4575-9393-cecf31657d50_1034x1558.heic 848w, https:\/\/substackcdn.com\/image\/fetch\/$s_!z4M-!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep\/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F946e95a0-182c-4575-9393-cecf31657d50_1034x1558.heic 1272w, https:\/\/substackcdn.com\/image\/fetch\/$s_!z4M-!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep\/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F946e95a0-182c-4575-9393-cecf31657d50_1034x1558.heic 1456w\" alt=\"\" width=\"1034\" height=\"1558\" data-attrs=\"{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https:\/\/substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com\/public\/images\/946e95a0-182c-4575-9393-cecf31657d50_1034x1558.heic&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1558,&quot;width&quot;:1034,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:58471,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image\/heic&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https:\/\/bostonreviewofbooks.substack.com\/i\/170549628?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F946e95a0-182c-4575-9393-cecf31657d50_1034x1558.heic&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}\" \/><\/picture>\n<div class=\"image-link-expand\">\n<div class=\"pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset\">\n<div class=\"pencraft pc-reset icon-container view-image\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"digestPostEmbed-flwiST\" data-component-name=\"DigestPostEmbed\">\n<div class=\"pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-16 pc-reset\">\n<div class=\"pencraft pc-display-flex pc-flexDirection-column pc-reset\">\n<h4 class=\"pencraft pc-reset color-pub-primary-text-NyXPlw line-height-24-jnGwiv font-display-nhmvtD size-20-P_cSRT weight-bold-DmI9lw reset-IxiVJZ\">\u66f8\u8a55\u77ed\u8a55 | \u4f7f\u6c11\u4e3b\u904b\u8f49Making Democracy Work<\/h4>\n<div class=\"pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-4 pc-alignItems-center pc-reset\">\n<div class=\"pencraft pc-reset color-pub-secondary-text-hGQ02T line-height-20-t4M0El font-meta-MWBumP size-11-NuY2Zx weight-medium-fw81nC transform-uppercase-yKDgcq reset-IxiVJZ meta-EgzBVA\"><a class=\"inheritColor-WetTGJ\" href=\"https:\/\/substack.com\/profile\/192152772-boston-review-of-books\">\u6ce2\u58eb\u9813\u66f8\u8a55 Boston Review of Books<\/a><\/div>\n<div class=\"pencraft pc-reset color-pub-secondary-text-hGQ02T reset-IxiVJZ\">\u00b7<\/div>\n<div class=\"pencraft pc-reset color-pub-secondary-text-hGQ02T line-height-20-t4M0El font-meta-MWBumP size-11-NuY2Zx weight-medium-fw81nC transform-uppercase-yKDgcq reset-IxiVJZ meta-EgzBVA\">8\u670818\u65e5<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h5 class=\"header-anchor-post\">\u5f15\u5b50<\/h5>\n<p>2017\u5e742\u67088\u65e5\uff0c\u300a\u7ebd\u7ea6\u5ba2\u300b\u53d1\u8868\u5370\u5ea6\u653f\u6cbb\u8bc4\u8bba\u5bb6\u548c\u5c0f\u8bf4\u5bb6\u6f58\u5361\u5409\u00b7\u7c73\u4ec0\u62c9\uff08Pankaj Mishra\uff09\u7684\u6587\u7ae0\u300a\u74e6\u8328\u62c9\u592b\u00b7\u54c8\u7ef4\u5c14\u5173\u4e8e\u5982\u4f55\u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a &#8220;\u5e73\u884c\u57ce\u90a6 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Patocka\uff0c1909\u2014\u20141977\uff09\u5f3a\u8c03\u300a\u4e03\u4e03\u5baa\u7ae0\u300b\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u9053\u5fb7\u884c\u4e3a\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u653f\u6cbb\u6d3b\u52a88\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u30021977\u5e74\u67081\u67088\u65e5\uff0c\u5728\u300a\u4e03\u4e03\u5baa\u7ae0\u300b\u516c\u5e03\u53ca\u54c8\u7ef4\u5c14\u4e00\u884c\u4eba\u88ab\u6355\u4e4b\u540e\u7684\u4e24\u5929\uff0c\u201c\u5baa\u7ae0\u201d\u7b2c\u4e00\u4efb\u53d1\u8a00\u4eba\u7684\u5e15\u6258\u5207\u514b\u5199\u4e86\u300a\u4e03\u4e03\u5baa\u7ae0\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\u548c\u4e0d\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\u300b\u6587\u7ae0\uff0c\u5960\u5b9a\u4e86\u5baa\u7ae0\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u57fa\u7840\u3002\u4e24\u4e2a\u6708\u4e4b\u540e\u5e15\u6258\u5207\u514b\u7684\u7a81\u7136\u53bb\u4e16\uff0c\u66f4\u662f\u7ed9\u5baa\u7ae0\u62b9\u4e0a\u4e00\u9053\u6b89\u9053\u8272\u5f69\u3002\u6d77\u8fbe\u5185\u514b\u5f00\u62d3\u4e86\u793e\u533a\/ \u57ce\u90a6\u7684\u9762\u5411\uff0c\u5176\u610f\u4e49\u5728\u4e8e\uff1a\u9053\u5fb7\u5173\u4e4e\u4e2a\u4eba\uff0c\u6210\u5c31\u5728\u4e2a\u4eba\uff0c\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u81ea\u6211\u8d85\u8d8a\u5c5e\u4e8e\u5782\u76f4\u65b9\u5411\u4e0a\u7684\uff1b\u201c\u57ce\u90a6\u201d\u5173\u4e4e\u4e0e\u4f60\u4e00\u9053\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u798f\u7949\u5728\u4ed6\u4eba\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\uff0c\u5c5e\u4e8e\u4e0e\u4ed6\u4eba\u5171\u5728\u7684\u6c34\u5e73\u65b9\u5411\u4e0a\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u672c\u8fbe\u7684\u8fd9\u7bc7\u300a\u5e73\u884c\u57ce\u90a6\u300b\uff08\u201cThe Parallel Polis\u201d\uff09\u53d1\u8868\u4e8e1978\u5e746\u6708\u4e0b\u65ec\u7684\u300a\u5baa\u7ae0\u901a\u8baf\u300b\u4e0a\u9762\uff0c\u8fd9\u4efdsamizdat\u520a\u7269\u6211\u4eec\u4e0b\u9762\u8fd8\u4f1a\u8c08\u5230\u5b83\u3002\u672c\u8fbe1946\u5e74\u751f\uff0c1970\u5e74\u83b7\u67e5\u7406\u5927\u5b66\u54f2\u5b66\u535a\u58eb\u5b66\u4f4d\u3002\u4ed6\u6821\u56ed\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u6700\u540e\u4e24\u5e74\u6b63\u503c\u201c\u5e03\u62c9\u683c\u4e4b\u6625\u201d\u3002\u4ed6\u7ec4\u5efa\u548c\u9886\u5bfc\u4e86\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u72ec\u7acb\u5b66\u751f\u534f\u4f1a\uff0c\u5e76\u6d3b\u8dc3\u4e8e\u4e00\u4e2a\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u9752\u5e74\u56e2\u4f53\u30021970\u5e74\u56e0\u5176\u653f\u6cbb\u548c\u5b97\u6559\u4fe1\u4ef0\u66fe\u88ab\u8d77\u8bc9\u30021976\u5e74\u4ed6\u4e5f\u53c2\u52a0\u4e86\u58f0\u63f4\u5730\u4e0b\u97f3\u4e50\u4eba\u7684\u6d3b\u52a8\u3002\u4f46\u4ed6\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u300a\u4e03\u4e03\u5baa\u7ae0\u300b\u7b2c\u4e00\u6279\u7b7e\u7f72\u8005\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4ed6\u5728\u5e03\u62c9\u683c\u5e02\u4e2d\u5fc3\u5e7f\u573a\u9644\u8fd1\u7684\u516c\u5bd3\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u7ecf\u5e38\u805a\u4f1a\u7684\u573a\u6240\uff0c\u6682\u65f6\u8fd8\u6ca1\u6709\u906d\u5230\u7834\u574f\u30021977\u5e741\u6708\u4e2d\u65ec\uff0c\u9488\u5bf9\u7b7e\u540d\u8005\u7684\u8feb\u5bb3\u94fa\u5929\u76d6\u5730\u800c\u6765\uff0c\u4ed6\u7acb\u5373\u7b7e\u4e0b\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u540d\u5b57\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u672c\u8fbe\u79f0\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u7bc7\u201c\u6025\u5c31\u7ae0\u201d\u7684\u6587\u7ae0\uff0c\u8d77\u56e0\u4e8e\u4ed6\u8981\u53c2\u52a0\u4e00\u6b21\u300a\u4e03\u4e03\u5baa\u7ae0\u300b\u201c\u667a\u56ca\u56e2\u201d\u7684\u5c0f\u578b\u4f1a\u8bae\uff0c\u4e0e\u4f1a\u8981\u6c42\u91cc\u6709\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e00\u4efd\u4e66\u9762\u53d1\u8a00\u62a5\u544a\uff0c\u5230\u73b0\u573a\u65f6\u672c\u8fbe\u53d1\u73b0\u53ea\u6709\u81ea\u5df1\u8fd9\u6837\u505a\u4e86\u3002\u672c\u8fbe\u56de\u5fc6\u8fd9\u6b21\u4f1a\u8bae\u53ec\u5f00\u65f6\uff0c\u300a\u4e03\u4e03\u5baa\u7ae0\u300b\u6b63\u5904\u4e8e\u67d0\u6b21\u5371\u673a\u4e4b\u4e2d\u3002\u81ea\u201c\u5baa\u7ae0\u201d\u8bde\u751f\u4e00\u5e74\u534a\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u5371\u673a\u7ecf\u5e38\u53d1\u751f\uff0c\u9664\u4e86\u5e15\u6258\u5207\u514b\u7684\u53bb\u4e16\uff0c\u8fd8\u6709\u7b7e\u7f72\u8005\u7684\u518d\u4e09\u88ab\u6355\u53ca\u6d41\u4ea1\u7b49\u3002\u5728\u672c\u8fbe\u770b\u6765\uff0c\u5371\u673a\u6e90\u81ea\u201c\u5baa\u7ae0\u201d\u672c\u8eab\u2014\u2014\u8bf4\u5b9e\u5728\u7684\u5b98\u65b9\u4e5f\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u62ff\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5f53\u6321\u7bad\u724c\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u5b83\u5df2\u7ecf\u7b7e\u7f72\u7684\u56fd\u9645\u4eba\u6743\u6761\u7ea6\uff0c\u800c\u201c\u5baa\u7ae0\u6d3e\u201d\u5374\u5047\u88c5\u76f8\u4fe1\u8fde\u5b98\u65b9\u90fd\u4e0d\u76f8\u4fe1\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u7cbe\u795e\u4e0a\u7684\u5206\u88c2\u3002\u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u81ea\u8eab\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u7acb\u573a\u548c\u4f26\u7406\u6001\u5ea6\uff0c\u5baa\u7ae0\u6d3e\u81f3\u5c11\u6682\u65f6\u5f25\u5408\u4e86\u67d0\u79cd\u5206\u88c2\uff0c\u53d6\u5f97\u4e86\u4e00\u5b9a\u7684\u6548\u679c\uff0c\u4f46\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\uff0c\u6700\u521d\u7b7e\u7f72\u5baa\u7ae0\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u5e26\u6765\u7684\u6b23\u559c\u82e5\u72c2\u7684\u89e3\u653e\u611f\uff0c\u9010\u6e10\u8ba9\u4f4d\u4e8e\u5e7b\u706d\u611f\u548c\u6df1\u6df1\u7684\u6000\u7591\uff0c\u4e00\u79cd\u51e0\u4e4e\u662f\u81ea\u6740\u6027\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u51b2\u52a8\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0d\u80fd\u5524\u8d77\u66f4\u591a\u666e\u901a\u4eba\u7684\u652f\u6301\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u672c\u8fbe\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u65b9\u6848\uff0c\u4ed6\u628a\u5728\u6d77\u8fbe\u5185\u514b\u90a3\u91cc\u5df2\u7ecf\u51fa\u73b0\u8fc7\u7684\u201c\u57ce\u90a6\u201d\u671d\u524d\u63a8\u8fdb\u4e86\uff0c\u4ed6\u4ee5\u201c\u5e73\u884c\u57ce\u90a6\u201d\u4f5c\u4e3a\u81ea\u5df1\u8fd9\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0\u7684\u6807\u9898\u3002\u5e0c\u814a\u8bed\u7684\u201cPolis\u201d\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8bcd\uff0c\u5f3a\u8c03\u6709\u7740\u81ea\u8eab\u8d77\u70b9\u7684\u516c\u6c11\u4e0e\u4ed6\u4eba\u7684\u5173\u8054\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u6709\u4e3b\u4f53\u8eab\u4efd\u7684\u516c\u6c11\u5bf9\u4e8e\u516c\u5171\u4e8b\u52a1\u7684\u53c2\u4e0e\u3002\u6240\u8c13\u201c\u5e73\u884c\u201d\uff0c\u5373\u5e73\u884c\u4e8e\u5b98\u65b9\u4e3b\u5bfc\u7684\u6743\u529b\u53ca\u793e\u4f1a\u673a\u6784\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u89c6\u91ce\u6240\u57cb\u85cf\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u57fa\u672c\u524d\u63d0\u662f\u2014\u2014\u4e0d\u6307\u671b\u80fd\u591f\u6539\u53d8\u5b98\u65b9\u7684\u73b0\u6709\u6743\u529b\u53ca\u5176\u638c\u63e1\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u673a\u6784\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u5b83\u4e4b\u5916\u521b\u9020\u51fa\u53e6\u5916\u4e00\u4e9b\u5fc5\u987b\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u529f\u80fd\uff0c\u4e0e\u4e4b\u76f8\u5e73\u884c\uff0c\u7528\u4ee5\u6ee1\u8db3\u4eba\u4eec\u7684\u9700\u8981\u3002\u672c\u8fbe\u7684\u539f\u8bdd\u662f\u8fd9\u6837\u8bf4\u7684\uff1a<\/p>\n<blockquote><p><em>\u201c<\/em>\u6211\u5efa\u8bae\u6211\u4eec\u8054\u5408\u8d77\u6765\uff0c\u7f13\u6162\u800c\u575a\u5b9a\u5730\u521b\u5efa\u5e73\u884c\u7ed3\u6784\uff08<em>parallel structures<\/em>\uff09\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7ed3\u6784\u81f3\u5c11\u5728\u6709\u9650\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u80fd\u591f\u8865\u5145\u73b0\u6709\u7ed3\u6784\u4e2d\u7f3a\u5c11\u7684\u666e\u904d\u6709\u76ca\u548c\u5fc5\u8981\u7684\u529f\u80fd\uff0c\u5e76\u5728\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u5229\u7528\u8fd9\u4e9b\u73b0\u6709\u7ed3\u6784\uff0c\u4f7f\u5176\u4eba\u6027\u5316\u3002\u201d9<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>\u672c\u8fbe\u8fc5\u901f\u5730\u7528\u201c\u5e73\u884c\u7ed3\u6784\u201d\uff08parallel structures\uff09\u6765\u9610\u91ca\u201c\u5e73\u884c\u57ce\u90a6\u201d\uff0c\u89c9\u5f97\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u5b57\u4e4b\u95f4\u662f\u53ef\u4ee5\u66ff\u6362\u7684\uff0c\u5728\u6587\u7ae0\u7684\u4e3b\u4f53\u884c\u6587\u4e2d\u4e5f\u662f\u5982\u6b64\u3002\u66f4\u591a\u51fa\u73b0\u7684\u3001\u8d77\u4e3b\u5bfc\u4f5c\u7528\u7684\u662f\u201c\u5e73\u884c\u7ed3\u6784\u201d\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8bcd\u3002\u8fd9\u66f4\u53ef\u4ee5\u5e2e\u52a9\u6211\u4eec\u638c\u63e1\u201c\u5e73\u884c\u57ce\u90a6\u201d\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8bcd\u7684\u542b\u4e49\uff0c\u5373\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u7406\u89e3\u4e3a\u201c\u5e73\u884c\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u7ed3\u6784\u201d\u6216\u201c\u5e73\u884c\u793e\u4f1a\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u672c\u8fbe\u5217\u4e3e\u4e86\u7740\u773c\u4e8e\u201c\u5e73\u884c\u7ed3\u6784\u201d\u53ef\u4ee5\u62d3\u5c55\u7684\u8303\u56f4\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\uff1a\u6cd5\u5f8b\u3001\u6587\u5316\u3001\u6559\u80b2\u3001\u5b66\u672f\u3001\u4fe1\u606f\u7f51\u7edc\u3001\u7ecf\u6d4e\u3001\u653f\u6cbb\u3001\u5916\u4ea4\u4ee5\u53ca\u5b97\u6559\u3002\u5176\u4e2d\u201c\u6587\u5316\u201d\u3001\u201c\u6559\u80b2\u201d\u548c\u201c\u4fe1\u606f\u201d\u6700\u5bb9\u6613\u7406\u89e3\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\u5df2\u7ecf\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u5730\u4e0b\u97f3\u4e50\u7684\u53d1\u8a00\u4eba\u4f0a\u4e07\u00b7\u5e0c\u7f57\u65af\uff08Ivan 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\u54c8\u7ef4\u5c14\u4e5f\u662f\u4ea4\u66ff\u4f7f\u7528\u201c\u5e73\u884c\u57ce\u90a6\u201d\u548c\u201c\u5e73\u884c\u7ed3\u6784\u201d\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u4e5f\u8fd0\u7528\u201c\u72ec\u7acb\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u751f\u6d3b\u201d\uff08 independent life of society\uff09\u548c\u201c\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u81ea\u6211\u7ec4\u7ec7\u201d \uff08social self-organization\uff09\u6765\u79f0\u547c\u5b83\u4eec\u3002\u7136\u800c\u54c8\u7ef4\u5c14\u4ecd\u7136\u5f3a\u8c03\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u201c\u975e\u653f\u6cbb\u201d\u6027\u8d28\uff0c\u6307\u51fa\u5176\u201c\u539f\u672c\u8d77\u6e90\u4e8e\u653f\u6cbb\u4e4b\u524d\u7684\u9886\u57df\u3002\u2026\u2026\u5e76\u975e\u5148\u9a8c\u5730\u4ea7\u751f\u4e8e\u9769\u65b0\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u5f53\u4e2d\uff0c\u800c\u6765\u81ea\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u76ee\u6807\u548c\u771f\u5b9e\u7684\u4eba\u4eec\u3001\u771f\u5b9e\u7684\u9700\u8981\u201d\u300211 \u6b64\u65f6\u7684\u54c8\u7ef4\u5c14\uff0c\u4eff\u4f5b\u5bf9\u4e8e\u201c\u653f\u6cbb\u201d\u6709\u7740\u67d0\u79cd\u907f\u800c\u8fdc\u4e4b\u7684\u6d01\u7656\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u4ed4\u7ec6\u9605\u8bfb\u54c8\u7ef4\u5c14\u7684\u884c\u6587\uff0c\u4ed6\u4e5f\u5e76\u975e\u4ec5\u4ec5\u5f3a\u8c03\u4e2a\u4eba\u9053\u5fb7\u53ca\u727a\u7272\uff0c\u800c\u540c\u6837\u662f\u7740\u773c\u4e8e\u793e\u4f1a\u751f\u6d3b\uff0c\u7740\u773c\u4e8e\u4e2a\u4eba\u5728\u201c\u57ce\u90a6\u201d\uff08Polis\uff09\u751f\u6d3b\u4e2d\u7684\u89d2\u8272\u3001\u610f\u4e49\uff0c\u4ed6\u63d0\u5021\u4eba\u4eec\u201c\u751f\u6d3b\u5728\u57ce\u90a6\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u771f\u5b9e\u4e2d\u201d\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u57ce\u90a6\u751f\u6d3b\u627f\u62c5\u4e2a\u4eba\u4e0d\u53ef\u63a8\u5378\u7684\u8d23\u4efb\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7136\u800c\u54c8\u7ef4\u5c14\u53c8\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u610f\u8bc6\u5230\u5e73\u884c\u57ce\u90a6\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0d\u610f\u5473\u7740\u5f7b\u5e95\u6446\u8131\u4e3b\u6d41\u793e\u4f1a\uff0c\u64a4\u56de\u5230\u4e00\u4e2a\u9694\u7edd\u7684\u548c\u5c01\u95ed\u7684\u72b6\u6001\uff08a retreat into a ghetto and an act of isolation\uff09\u3002\u5982\u679c\u8bf4\u5e73\u884c\u57ce\u90a6\u9020\u6210\u4e00\u4e2a\u5c0f\u793e\u4f1a\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\uff0c\u8fd9\u5e76\u4e0d\u610f\u5473\u7740\u4e0e\u5927\u793e\u4f1a\u8131\u94a9\u3002\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u8fd9\u79cd\u8131\u94a9\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u3002\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u4f1a\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\u6216\u54ea\u91cc\u4e0e\u5b98\u65b9\u7ed3\u6784\u53d1\u751f\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u6b63\u50cf\u54c8\u7ef4\u5c14\u6240\u4e3e\u4f8b\u7684\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u603b\u8981\u5728\u56fd\u8425\u5546\u5e97\u8d2d\u7269\u3001\u4f7f\u7528\u5b98\u65b9\u8d27\u5e01\u548c\u9075\u5b88\u5b98\u65b9\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u3002\u4ed6\u4e0d\u65e0\u8ba5\u8bbd\u5730\u8bf4\u9053\uff1a\u201c\u4eba\u4eec\u81ea\u7136\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u57fa\u5c42\u7684\u5e73\u884c\u57ce\u90a6\u8fc7\u4e00\u79cd\u6709\u58f0\u6709\u8272\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u8fd9\u79cd\u751f\u6d3b\u5982\u679c\u523b\u610f\u4e3a\u4e4b\uff0c\u4ee5\u6b64\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e13\u9879\uff0c\u90a3\u5c82\u4e0d\u662f\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u7248\u672c\u7684\u7cbe\u795e\u5206\u88c2\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u5728\u8c0e\u8a00\u4e2d\uff1f\u201d12 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class=\"header-anchor-post\">\u4e09<\/h5>\n<div class=\"pencraft pc-display-flex pc-alignItems-center pc-position-absolute pc-reset header-anchor-parent\">\n<div><\/div>\n<div class=\"pencraft pc-display-contents pc-reset pubTheme-yiXxQA\"><span style=\"font-family: NonBreakingSpaceOverride, 'Hoefler Text', 'Noto Serif', Garamond, 'Times New Roman', serif; letter-spacing: normal;\">\u4e0e\u672c\u8fbe\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u54c8\u7ef4\u5c14\u4e5f\u8fd0\u7528\u4e86\u201cghetto\u201d\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8bcd\u3002\u672c\u8fbe\u62c5\u5fc3\u53cd\u5bf9\u6d3e\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u7406\u7531\uff08\u6b89\u9053\uff09\u800c\u9677\u5165\u4e0e\u4e16\u9694\u79bb\u7684\u72b6\u6001\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u63d0\u5021\u4e0e\u6743\u529b\u76f8\u5e73\u884c\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u5de5\u4f5c\uff1b\u54c8\u7ef4\u5c14\u62c5\u5fc3\u5373\u4f7f\u662f\u201c\u5e73\u884c\u57ce\u90a6\u201d\u672c\u8eab\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u80fd\u56e0\u4e3a\u201c\u201c\u53e6\u4f5c\u4e00\u5904\u201d\u800c\u9020\u6210\u65b0\u7684\u5c01\u95ed\u548c\u9694\u7edd\uff0c\u53d8\u6210\u4e00\u79cd\u81ea\u4f5c\u81ea\u5212\u3001\u753b\u5730\u4e3a\u7262\u7684\u533a\u57df\uff0c\u9664\u975e\u201c\u5e73\u884c\u57ce\u90a6\u201d\u4e5f\u80fd\u591f\u201c\u4e3a\u4e86\u6574\u4f53\u201d\uff08for the whole\uff09\u800c\u8d85\u8d8a\u81ea\u8eab\u89c6\u91ce\u3002\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bf4\uff0c\u662f\u54c8\u7ef4\u5c14\u6700\u5148\u63ed\u793a\u4e86\u201c\u5e73\u884c\u57ce\u90a6\u201c\u4e2d\u6240\u5305\u542b\u7684\u5f20\u529b\uff0c\u628a\u5b83\u53d8\u6210\u4e00\u4e2a\u53ef\u4ee5\u8fa8\u6790\u548c\u751f\u957f\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u3002\u65e0\u8bba\u5982\u4f55\uff0c\u201c\u5e73\u884c\u57ce\u90a6\u201d\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u5728\u5f53\u65f6\u6377\u514b\u65af\u6d1b\u4f10\u514b\u53cd\u5bf9\u6d3e\u8fd0\u52a8\u4e2d\uff0c\u5982\u540c\u201c\u751f\u6d3b\u5728\u771f\u5b9e\u4e2d\u201d\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u662f\u624e\u4e86\u6839\u7684\u4e24\u68f5\u5927\u6811\uff0c\u4ece\u4e2d\u751f\u957f\u51fa\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u58ee\u4e3d\u98ce\u666f\u3002<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>\u672c\u8fbe\u540e\u6765\u8bf4\u4ed6\u4ece\u672a\u60f3\u8fc7\u81ea\u5df1\u8fd9\u4e48\u4e00\u4e2a\u6025\u5c31\u7ae0\u7684\u63d0\u6cd5\uff0c\u5f15\u8d77\u591a\u5e74\u4e89\u8bae\u4e0d\u65ad\u3002\u4e0b\u9762\u6211\u5c06\u63d0\u4f9b\u56f4\u7ed5\u7740\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8bae\u9898\u4e89\u8bae\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u7247\u6bb5\uff0c\u5c31\u8fd1\u89c2\u770b\u7531\u6b64\u800c\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u751f\u957f\u53d8\u5316\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u8bed\u5883\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u8ba8\u8bba\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u7565\u6709\u53d8\u5316\uff0c\u4f46\u4ecd\u7136\u6307\u5411\u540c\u6837\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002<\/p>\n<p>1986\u5e74\u52301987\u5e74\u95f4\uff0c\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u65af\u57fa\u6797\uff08H.Gordon Skilling\uff09\u4e3a\u4e86\u5199\u4f5c\u4ed6\u7684\u300aSamzdat\u548c\u4e2d\u4e1c\u6b27\u7684\u72ec\u7acb\u793e\u4f1a\u300b\u4e00\u4e66\uff081989\uff09\uff0c\u4ee5\u201c\u72ec\u7acb\u793e\u4f1a\u201d\u7684\u540d\u4e49\uff0c\u5411\u591a\u4f4d\u6377\u514b\u65af\u6d1b\u4f10\u514b\u5f02\u89c1\u8005\u53d1\u8d77\u4e86\u95ee\u8be2\uff0c\u4e00\u4efd\u95ee\u5377\u56db\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\uff1a<\/p>\n<blockquote><p><em>I.\u00a0<\/em>\u4f60\u8ba4\u4e3a<em>\u00a0&#8220;<\/em>\u72ec\u7acb\u793e\u4f1a<em>&#8220;<\/em>\u4e00\u8bcd\u5728\u8d35\u56fd\u76ee\u524d\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\u4e0b\u662f\u5426\u5177\u6709\u76f8\u5173\u6027\u548c\u610f\u4e49\uff1f<\/p>\n<p><em>2<\/em>\u3001\u5982\u679c\u662f\u7684\u8bdd\uff0c\u4f60\u8ba4\u4e3a<em>\u00a0&#8220;<\/em>\u72ec\u7acb\u793e\u4f1a<em>\u00a0&#8220;<\/em>\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u7279\u5f81\u5305\u62ec\u54ea\u4e9b\uff1f<\/p>\n<p><em>3<\/em>\u3001\u5982\u6b64\u6784\u60f3\u72ec\u7acb\u6d3b\u52a8\u548c\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5176\u76f4\u63a5\u76ee\u6807\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\uff1f<\/p>\n<p><em>4<\/em>\u3001<em>\u00a0<\/em>\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u4e2a\u72ec\u7acb\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u957f\u671f\u5f71\u54cd\u548c\u53ef\u80fd\u7ed3\u679c\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\uff1f13<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>\u65af\u57fa\u6797\u5148\u662f\u5c06\u5176\u4e2d\u4e03\u4eba\u7684\u56de\u590d\u53d1\u8868\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u300a\u793e\u4f1a\u7814\u7a76\u300b\u6742\u5fd7\u4e0a\u9762\uff081988\uff09\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u6709\u5e0c\u7f57\u65af\u3001\u672c\u8fbe\u3001\u54c8\u7ef4\u5c14\u3001\u62c9\u8fea\u65af\u62c9\u592b\u00b7\u6d77\u8fbe\u5185\u514b\u548c\u4f0a\u65e5\u00b7\u8fea\u6069\u65af\u7279\u6bd4\u5c14\uff08Ji\u0159\u00ed Dienstbier\uff0c1937\u2014\u20142011\uff09\uff09\u7b49\u4eba\uff0c\u53d6\u6807\u9898\u4e3a\u300a\u5e73\u884c\u57ce\u90a6\u6216\u4e2d\u4e1c\u6b27\u7684\u72ec\u7acb\u793e\u4f1a\uff1a\u4e00\u9879\u8c03\u67e5\u300b\uff08\u201cParallel Polis, or An Independent Society in Central and Eastern Europe: An 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\u0160ormov\u00e1\uff09\uff0c\u5979\u6709\u53c2\u52a0\u6559\u4f1a\u6d3b\u52a8\u7684\u7ecf\u5386\u5e76\u53d1\u5c55\u51fa\u81ea\u5df1\u72ec\u7acb\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u7406\u5ff5\uff0c1988\u5e744\u6708\u5979\u4e0e\u540c\u9f84\u4eba\u4e00\u9053\u4e8e\u521b\u7acb\u4e86\u53eb\u505a\u201c\u72ec\u7acb\u548c\u5e73\u534f\u4f1a\u201d\u7684\u516c\u6c11\u56e2\u4f53(IPA)\uff0c\u4ee5\u6c11\u95f4\u7684\u540d\u4e49\u5021\u5bfc\u548c\u5e73\u30021988\u5e748\u670821\u65e5\u82cf\u519b\u5165\u4fb5\u7eaa\u5ff5\u65e5\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4ee5\u5e74\u8f7b\u4eba\u4e3a\u4e3b\u7684\u5c0f\u516c\u6c11\u56e2\u4f53\u4e0e\u300a\u4e03\u4e03\u5baa\u7ae0\u300b\u5e76\u80a9\u53d1\u8d77\u4e86\u6e38\u884c\uff0c\u5927\u7ea6\u670910000\u4eba\u53c2\u52a0\u4e86\u8fd9\u6b21\u5927\u6e38\u884c\u3002\u518d\u8005\uff0c1988\u5e7412\u670810\u65e5\u4e16\u754c\u4eba\u6743\u65e5\u5728\u5e03\u62c9\u683c\u7206\u53d1\u4e86\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u516c\u4f17\u96c6\u4f1a\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u201c\u4e03\u4e03\u5baa\u7ae0\u201d\u4e0e\u4e00\u4e2a\u53eb\u505a &#8220;\u6ce2\u897f\u7c73\u4e9a\u7684\u5b69\u5b50 &#8221; \uff08Children of Bohemia\uff09\u7684\u516c\u6c11\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5171\u540c\u53d1\u52a8\uff0c\u53c2\u4e0e\u53d1\u52a8\u8005\u4e5f\u5305\u62ec\u5df4\u6cf0\u514b\u7684HOS\u548c\u201c\u72ec\u7acb\u548c\u5e73\u534f\u4f1a\u201c\u3002\u201c\u6ce2\u897f\u7c73\u4e9a\u7684\u5b69\u5b50\u201d\u8fd9\u4e2a\u602a\u540d\u7684\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4e8e1988\u5e74\u6210\u7acb\uff0c\u7531\u5e74\u8f7b\u7684\u53cd\u5171\u53cd\u5bf9\u6d3e\u4eba\u58eb\u7ec4\u6210\uff0c\u5b83\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u534a\u8bbd\u523a\u6027\u76ee\u6807\uff0c\u8bf4\u662f\u8981\u5728\u6ce2\u897f\u7c73\u4e9a\u738b\u56fd\u6062\u590d\u56fd\u738b\uff0c\u6765\u4fdd\u969c\u5f31\u8005\u7684\u6743\u5229\uff0c\u5bf9\u6297\u5f3a\u8005\u548c\u5bcc\u4eba\uff0c\u5e76\u4fdd\u62a4\u81ea\u7136\u53ca\u5168\u9762\u91cd\u5efa\u7ecf\u6d4e\u3002\u4e0d\u7ba1\u600e\u4e48\u8bf4\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u572888\u5e74\u5e95\u548c89\u5e74\u7ec4\u7ec7\u548c\u53c2\u4e0e\u4e86\u8bb8\u591a\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u793a\u5a01\u6d3b\u52a8\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8fd9\u91cc\u4e0d\u59a8\u518d\u4e3e\u51fa\u4e00\u4e9b\u5f53\u65f6\u9887\u5177\u5f71\u54cd\u7684\u516c\u6c11\u7ec4\u7ec731\u2014\u2014<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u6377\u514b\u65af\u6d1b\u4f10\u514b\u97f3\u4e50\u5bb6\u8054\u76df\u7235\u58eb\u4e50\u90e8<\/strong>\uff08Jazz Section of the Czechoslovak Union of Musicians\uff09\u6210\u7acb\u4e8e1971\u5e74\u3002\u65e8\u5728\u4fc3\u8fdb\u7235\u58eb\u4e50\u548c\u6d41\u884c\u97f3\u4e50\uff0c\u51fa\u7248\u6709\u5173\u6587\u5316\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u671f\u520a\u548c\u4e66\u7c4d\uff0c\u96b6\u5c5e\u4e8e\u8054\u5408\u56fd\u6559\u79d1\u6587\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u56fd\u9645\u7235\u58eb\u4e50\u8054\u5408\u4f1a\u30021984\u5e74\u8be5\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u6d3b\u52a8\u88ab\u7981\u6b62\uff0c\u5176\u9886\u5bfc\u4eba\u88ab\u76d1\u7981\u30021988\u5e74\uff0c\u5b83\u4ee5<strong>\u827a\u672f\u8bba\u575b<\/strong>\uff08Art Forum\uff09\u7684\u540d\u4e49\u91cd\u65b0\u51fa\u73b0\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u6ce2\u5170-\u6377\u514b\u65af\u6d1b\u4f10\u514b\u56e2\u7ed3\u4f1a<\/strong>\uff08Polish-Czechoslovak Solidarity\uff091978\u5e74\u975e\u6b63\u5f0f\u6210\u7acb\uff0c1981\u5e74\u6b63\u5f0f\u6210\u7acb\u3002\u901a\u8fc7\u5b9a\u671f\u4f1a\u8bae\u548c\u6ce2\u5170\u8bed\u548c\u6377\u514b\u8bed\u7684\u8054\u5408\u516c\u62a5\uff0c\u65e8\u5728\u4fc3\u8fdb\u6ce2\u5170\u548c\u6377\u514b\u65af\u6d1b\u4f10\u514b\u7684\u72ec\u7acb\u8fd0\u52a8\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5408\u4f5c\u30021987\u5e74\uff0c\u8be5\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7531\u00a0<strong>&#8220;\u6ce2\u5170-\u6377\u514b\u53cb\u8c0a\u5708<\/strong>\u00a0&#8220;\uff08 Circles of Friends of Polish-Czechoslovak Friendship\uff09\u5f97\u5230\u8865\u5145\u548c\u58ee\u5927\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u6c11\u4e3b\u5021\u8bae\uff08<\/strong>The Democratic Initiative\uff0c1987\u5e74\u79cb\u5b63\uff09\u672c\u7740\u6377\u514b\u65af\u6d1b\u4f10\u514b\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u4f20\u7edf\u548c\u4e1c\u6b27\u7684\u5f53\u4ee3\u6539\u9769\u7cbe\u795e\u5f00\u5c55\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u5bf9\u7ecf\u6d4e\u3001\u653f\u6cbb\u548c\u6587\u5316\u751f\u6d3b\u8fdb\u884c\u5e7f\u6cdb\u7684\u6539\u9769\u6765\u5b9e\u73b0\u6c11\u4e3b\u5316\u30021989\u5e749\u6708\uff0c\u5b83\u5ba3\u5e03\u81ea\u5df1\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u653f\u515a\uff0c\u5e76\u901a\u8fc7\u4e86\u4e00\u9879\u5173\u4e8e\u5efa\u7acb\u4e00\u4e2a\u591a\u5143\u5316\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u65b9\u6848\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u7f8e\u56fd\u4e4b\u53cb\u534f\u4f1a\uff08<\/strong>Association of Friends of the USA\uff0c1988\u5e743\u6708\uff09\uff0c\u65e8\u5728\u4fc3\u8fdb\u548c\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u53cb\u8c0a\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u9a6c\u8428\u91cc\u514b\u534f\u4f1a<\/strong>\uff08Masaryk Society \uff0c1988\u5e74\u521d\uff09,\u65e8\u5728\u8ba9\u516c\u4f17\u719f\u6089\u7b2c\u4e00\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u603b\u7edf\u9a6c\u8428\u91cc\u514b\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u548c\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u5e76\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5173\u4e8e\u9a6c\u8428\u91cc\u514b\u7684\u5b66\u672f\u7814\u7a76\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u4e16\u754c\u548c\u5e73<\/strong>\uff08Peace on Earth,1988\u5e7410\u6708\uff09\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u6765\u81ea\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u7684\u56e2\u4f53\uff0c\u65e8\u5728\u63a8\u8fdb\u5baa\u6cd5\u89c4\u5b9a\u7684\u5b97\u6559\u81ea\u7531\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u4e1c\u6b27\u65b0\u95fb\u793e<\/strong>\uff08East European Information Agency\uff0c1988\u5e7412\u6708\uff09\uff0c\u65e8\u5728\u4f20\u64ad\u548c\u5206\u4eab\u4f20\u64ad\u6709\u5173\u82cf\u8054\u3001\u6377\u514b\u65af\u6d1b\u4f10\u514b\u3001\u5308\u7259\u5229\u548c\u6ce2\u5170\u4e8b\u4ef6\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u7ea6\u7ff0\u00b7\u5217\u4fac\u548c\u5e73\u4ff1\u4e50\u90e8<\/strong>\uff08John Lennon Peace Club\uff0c1988\u5e7412\u6708\uff09\uff0c\u5728\u5176\u4e3a\u548c\u5e73\u800c\u6218\u7684\u603b\u53e3\u53f7\u4e4b\u4e0b\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u53d1\u5c55\u53e6\u7c7b\u6587\u5316\u548c\u4e0e\u5176\u4ed6\u72ec\u7acb\u5021\u8bae\u7684\u5408\u4f5c\uff0c\u5e76\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4e86\u8bb8\u591a\u53cd\u5bf9\u6d3b\u52a8\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u793a\u5a01\u6216\u91ca\u653e\u653f\u6cbb\u72af\u7684\u8fd0\u52a8\u30021989\u5e746\u6708\uff0c\u8be5\u56e2\u4f53\u6210\u5458\u5728\u67e5\u7406\u5927\u6865\u4e0a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u8bba\u575b\uff0c\u4e3e\u529e\u7eaa\u5ff5\u4e2d\u56fd1989\u5e74\u5929\u5b89\u95e8\u548c\u5e73\u6297\u8bae\u8fd0\u52a8\u53d7\u5bb3\u8005\u7684\u8ffd\u60bc\u4f1a\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u516c\u5f00\u5bf9\u8bdd\u8bba\u575b<\/strong>\uff08 Open Dialogue\uff0c1988\u5e748\u6708\uff09\uff0c\u65e8\u5728\u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u827a\u672f\u5bb6\u4e4b\u95f4\u81ea\u7531\u4ea4\u6d41\u7684\u5e73\u53f0\uff0c\u6253\u7834\u5b98\u65b9\u548c\u975e\u5b98\u65b9\u827a\u672f\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u969c\u788d\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u793e\u4f1a\u9632\u536b\u5021\u8bae<\/strong>\uff08Initiative for Social Defence\uff0c1988\u5e7410\u6708\uff09\uff0c\u65e8\u5728\u4e3a\u90a3\u4e9b\u906d\u53d7\u6b67\u89c6\u6216\u5728\u5176\u4ed6\u65b9\u9762\u53d7\u5230\u4f24\u5bb3\u7684\u4eba\u63d0\u4f9b\u63f4\u52a9\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u6cd5\u5f8b\u63f4\u52a9\u4ff1\u4e50\u90e8<\/strong>\uff08Club for Legal Assistance\uff0c1989\u5e742\u6708\uff09\u65e8\u5728\u516c\u5e03\u8fdd\u53cd\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7684\u8d77\u8bc9\u6848\u4ef6\u5e76\u652f\u6301\u53d7\u5f71\u54cd\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u9010\u6b65\u5efa\u7acb\u4e00\u4e2a\u516c\u5171\u76d1\u7763\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u4ee5\u7ef4\u62a4\u5408\u6cd5\u6027\u548c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u79e9\u5e8f\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u6b27\u6d32\u4e4b\u5bb6<\/strong>\uff08For a European House\uff0c1989\u5e743\u6708\uff09\u65e8\u5728\u4fc3\u8fdb\u6b27\u6d32\u5171\u540c\u5bb6\u56ed\u7684\u7406\u5ff5\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e5f\u662f\u5728\u300a\u4e03\u4e03\u5baa\u7ae0\u300b\u7ecf\u5e38\u6d89\u53ca\u7684\u672a\u6765\u7684\u6377\u514b\u65af\u6d1b\u4f10\u514b\u5f80\u54ea\u91cc\u53bb\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u5e03\u5c14\u8bfa\u8bba\u575b<\/strong>\uff08Brno Forum\uff0c1989\u5e741\u6708\uff09\uff0c\u65e8\u5728\u5524\u9192\u516c\u6c11\u751f\u6d3b\uff0c\u6253\u7834\u5f02\u89c1\u8fd0\u52a8\u4e0e\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u9694\u9602\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u53cd\u5bf9\u7834\u574f\u73af\u5883\u7684\u9ad8\u901f\u53d1\u5c55\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u5e78\u798f\u751f\u6d3b\u534f\u4f1a<\/strong>\uff08Society for a Happier Present\uff0c1989\u5e745\u6708\uff09\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u5177\u4f53\u884c\u4e3a\uff08\u6bd4\u5982\u6bcf\u5468\u4e00\u6b21\u4e3a\u5728\u62bc\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u72af\u8dd1\u6b65\uff09\uff0c\u5f15\u8d77\u4eba\u4eec\u5bf9\u5ba1\u5224\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u538b\u8feb\u7684\u5173\u6ce8\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u72ec\u7acb\u751f\u6001\u56e2\u4f53<\/strong>\uff08Independent Ecological Group\uff0c1989\u5e745\u6708\uff09\uff0c\u65e8\u5728\u5f15\u8d77\u4eba\u4eec\u5bf9\u4e8e\u73af\u5883\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u5173\u6ce8\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u52b3\u5de5\u56e2\u7ed3\u56e2\u4f53<\/strong>\uff08Group for Labour Solidarity\uff0c1989\u5e745\u6708\uff09\uff0c\u65e8\u5728\u5f15\u8d77\u4eba\u4eec\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5de5\u4eba\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u5173\u6ce8\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u4eba\u6743\u8054\u76df<\/strong>\uff08Christian Union for Human Rights\uff0c1989\u5e745\u6708\uff09\uff0c\u57fa\u7763\u5f92\u8054\u5408\u56e2\u4f53\uff0c\u65e8\u5728\u652f\u6301\u88ab\u5176\u4ed6\u56e2\u4f53\u5ffd\u89c6\u7684\u4eba\u6743\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u672a\u51fa\u751f\u5a74\u513f\u7684\u6743\u5229\uff0c\u53cd\u5bf9\u8272\u60c5\u548c\u6027\u8650\u5f85\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u6377\u514b\u65af\u6d1b\u4f10\u514b-\u5308\u7259\u5229\u6c11\u4e3b\u5408\u4f5c\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\uff08<\/strong>Committee for Czechoslovak-Hungarian Democratic Cooperation\uff0c1989\u5e748\u6708\uff09\u65e8\u5728\u9610\u660e\u4e24\u56fd\u7684\u771f\u6b63\u5229\u76ca\uff0c\u5e76\u514b\u670d\u4e24\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u6682\u65f6\u5206\u6b67\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u91ca\u653e\u65af\u6d1b\u4f10\u514b\u6c11\u4e3b\u4eba\u58eb\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a<\/strong>\u00a0\uff08Committee for the Release of Slovak Democrats\uff0c1989\u5e748\u6708\uff09\uff0c\u65e8\u5728\u4e3a\u65af\u6d1b\u4f10\u514b\u56da\u72af\u8fa9\u62a4\uff0c\u6297\u8bae\u65b0\u7684\u5ba1\u5224\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u72ec\u7acb\u77e5\u8bc6\u5206\u5b50\u5708<\/strong>(Circle of Independent lntelectuals,1989\u5e749\u6708)\uff0c\u65e8\u5728\u6062\u590d\u6b27\u6d32\u6587\u5316\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\uff0c\u652f\u6301\u793e\u4f1a\u5404\u9636\u5c42\u7684\u5bf9\u8bdd\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u6377\u514b\u65af\u6d1b\u4f10\u514b\u65e0\u653f\u5e9c\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u534f\u4f1a\uff08<\/strong>The Czechoslovak Association of Anarchists\uff0c1989\u5e7410\u6708\uff09\uff0c\u65e8\u5728\u7ee7\u7eed\u5f00\u5c5585\u5e74\u524d\u6210\u7acb\u7684\u6377\u514b\u65e0\u653f\u5e9c\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u8054\u5408\u4f1a\u7684\u6d3b\u52a8\uff0c\u5e76\u4ee3\u8868\u56fd\u9645\u65e0\u653f\u5e9c\u4e3b\u4e49\u8fd0\u52a8\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u5206\u652f\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u7eff\u8272\u4ff1\u4e50\u90e8<\/strong>\uff08The Green Club\uff0c1989\u5e749\u6708\uff09\uff0c\u76ee\u6807\u662f\u5bfb\u6c42\u9650\u5236\u5bf9\u73af\u5883\u7684\u7834\u574f\uff0c\u652f\u6301\u5065\u5eb7\u548c\u751f\u547d\u7684\u6743\u5229\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u9752\u5e74\u72ec\u7acb\u534f\u4f1a\u00a0<\/strong>\uff08Independent Association of Young People\uff0c1989\u5e7410\u6708\uff09\uff0c\u65e8\u5728\u7ef4\u62a4\u5e74\u8f7b\u4eba\u7684\u6743\u5229\u548c\u5229\u76ca\uff0c\u5bfb\u6c42\u5efa\u7acb\u4e00\u4e2a\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u9752\u5e74\u7ec4\u7ec7\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u5728\u6240\u6709\u8fd9\u4e9b\u516c\u6c11\u56e2\u4f53\u4e2d\u6700\u8457\u540d\u7684\u3001\u53d1\u6325\u5173\u952e\u6027\u4f5c\u7528\u7684\u662f<strong>\u516c\u6c11\u8bba\u575b\u00a0<\/strong>\uff08Civic Forum\uff0c\u7b80\u79f0OF\uff09\uff0c1989\u5e7411\u670819\u65e5\u6210\u7acb\uff0c\u54c8\u7ef4\u5c14\u662f\u5176\u521b\u59cb\u4eba\u548c\u9886\u5bfc\u8005\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u8bb8\u591a\u56e2\u4f53\u548c\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u8054\u76df\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u300a\u4e03\u4e03\u5baa\u7ae0\u300b\u3001\u6377\u514b\u65af\u6d1b\u4f10\u514b\u8d6b\u5c14\u8f9b\u57fa\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u3001VONS\u3001\u516c\u6c11\u81ea\u7531\u8fd0\u52a8\u3001\u72ec\u7acb\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u56e2\u4f53\u3001\u72ec\u7acb\u7684\u5b66\u751f\u534f\u4f1a\u3001\u516c\u5f00\u5bf9\u8bdd\u8bba\u575b\u3001\u6377\u514b\u65af\u6d1b\u4f10\u514b\u6c11\u4e3b\u5021\u8bae\u3001\u72ec\u7acb\u7684\u548c\u5e73\u56e2\u4f53\u3001\u6377\u514b\u65af\u6d1b\u4f10\u514b\u7b14\u4f1a\u4e2d\u5fc3\u3001\u6377\u514b\u65af\u6d1b\u4f10\u514b\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u515a\u3001\u6377\u514b\u65af\u6d1b\u4f10\u514b\u4eba\u6c11\u515a\uff0c\u6559\u4f1a\u4ee3\u8868\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u8fd8\u6709\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u7684\u4e2a\u4eba\u6210\u5458\u3002\u6210\u7acb\u5f53\u5929\uff0cOF\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u76ee\u6807\u662f\u2014\u2014\u4e0e\u56fd\u5bb6\u5f53\u5c40\u8c08\u5224\uff0c\u8981\u6c42\u4e0e1968\u5e74\u82cf\u8054\u5e72\u9884\u53ca\u8b66\u5bdf\u5bf9\u793a\u5a01\u516c\u6c11\u91c7\u53d6\u884c\u52a8\u6709\u5173\u7684\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u9886\u5bfc\u4eba\u8f9e\u804c\uff0c\u5e76\u5efa\u7acb\u4e00\u4e2a\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u6765\u8c03\u67e5\u8fd9\u4e9b\u884c\u52a8\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u7acb\u5373\u91ca\u653e\u6240\u6709\u826f\u5fc3\u72af\u3002\u8bba\u575b\u8fd8\u53d1\u8868\u4e86\u4e00\u4efd\u8be6\u7ec6\u7684\u539f\u5219\uff0c\u4ee5\u514b\u670d\u8be5\u56fd\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u3001\u7cbe\u795e\u3001\u751f\u6001\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u3001\u7ecf\u6d4e\u548c\u653f\u6cbb\u5371\u673a\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5f88\u5feb\uff0c<strong>\u516c\u6c11\u8bba\u575b<\/strong>\u6210\u4e3a\u9886\u5bfc\u5929\u9e45\u7ed2\u9769\u547d\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u3002\u4e0e<strong>\u516c\u6c11\u8bba\u575b<\/strong>\u5e76\u80a9\u4f5c\u6218\u7684\u662f<strong>\u516c\u4f17\u53cd\u5bf9\u66b4\u529b<\/strong>\uff08The Public Against Violence \uff09\uff0c1989\u5e7411\u670820\u65e5\u6210\u7acb\u4e8e\u5e03\u62c9\u8fea\u65af\u62c9\u53d1\uff0c\u4e0e<strong>\u516c\u6c11\u8bba\u575b<\/strong>\u76f8\u4f3c\uff0c\u662f\u65af\u6d1b\u4f10\u514b\u6700\u5927\u7684\u53cd\u5bf9\u6d3e\u7ec4\u7ec7\u3002<\/p>\n<p>2023\u5e742\u670810\u65e5<\/p>\n<p>\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u672c\u6587\u6ce8\u91cb<\/strong>\uff1a<\/p>\n<p>\ufffc1 Pankaj Mishra\u201cV\u00e1clav Havel\u2019s Lessons on How to Create a \u2018Parallel Polis\u2019\u201dhttps:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/books\/page-turner\/vaclav-havels-lessons-on-how-to-create-a-parallel-polis.\u672c\u6587\u76f8\u5173\u5f15\u6587\u7686\u51fa\u81ea\u8be5\u6587\u3002<\/p>\n<p>2 Vaclav Havel, \u201cPolitics and Conscience,\u201d \u89c1 Open Letters: Selected Writings, 1965\u20131990 (London:<\/p>\n<p>3 Faber &amp; Faber, 1991)\uff0c259-260. Daniel Brennan \uff1a\u201dReading V\u00e1clav Havel in the Age of Trump \u201c\uff0cCritical Horizons\uff0cA Journal of Philosophy and Social Theory Volume 20, 2019 &#8211; Issue 1, Pages 54-70 | Published online: 17 Jan 2019, https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/14409917.2019.1563997?journalCode=ycrh20 \u672c\u6587\u76f8\u5173\u5f15\u6587\u7686\u51fa\u81ea\u8be5\u6587\u3002<\/p>\n<p>4\u8be5\u8bbf\u8c081986\u5e74\u4ee5\u6377\u514b\u6587\u5728\u4f26\u6566\u51fa\u7248\uff0c\u4e66\u540d\u4e3a\u300a\u8fdc\u7a0b\u5ba1\u8baf\u300b\uff08D\u00e1lkov\u00fd v\u00fdslech\uff09\u3002\u82f1\u6587\u7248\u4e3a \u201cDisturbing the Peace\u201d\uff0cNew York : Alfred A. Knopf,1990\uff0c\u4e2d\u6587\u7248\u300a\u54c8\u97e6\u5c14\u81ea\u4f20\u300b\uff0c\u674e\u4e49\u5e9a\u3001\u5468\u8354\u7ea2\u8bd1\uff0c\u4e1c\u65b9\u51fa\u7248\u793e1992\u5e74\u3002<\/p>\n<p>5 Vaclav Havel\u201dDisturbing the Peace\u201d, Translated by Paul Wilson, London:Faber &amp; Faber,1990,133.<\/p>\n<p>6 \u6d77\u8fbe\u5185\u514b\u7b2c\u516d\u5c01\u4fe1\uff081977\u5e743\u670819\u65e5\uff09\uff0c https:\/\/www.hejdanek.eu\/Archive\/Detail\/884<\/p>\n<p>7 \u540c\u4e0a<\/p>\n<p>8 Jan Patocka\u201c What Charter 77 is and what is not\u201d : \u201cThese relationships between the moral area and the state might point to the fact that Charter 77 is not a political act, that it is not in competition with or seeking to interfere in the sphere of any political function. Charter 77 is not a club or an organization &#8211; its base is only the individual; moral obligations, ensuing from this association have the same character\u201d. \u89c1Human Rights in Czechoslovakia The Documents ofCharter&#8217;77https:\/\/www.csce.gov\/sites\/helsinkicommission.house.gov\/files\/Human%20Rights%20in%20Czechoslovakia%20The%20Documents%20of%20Charter%20%2777.pdf<\/p>\n<p>9\ufffc H.Gordon Skilling and Paul Wilson edited \u201cCivic Freedom in Centry Europe:Voices from Czechoslovakia \u201c, Palgrave Macmillan ,1991.35\u201441\uff0c\u4e0b\u6587\u4e2d\u76f8\u5173\u5f15\u6587\u7686\u51fa\u81ea\u8be5\u5904\u3002<\/p>\n<p>10\ufffc Vaclav Havel, \u201cThe power of Powerlsee,\u201d \u89c1 Open Letters: Selected Writings, 1965\u20131990 (London:Faber &amp; Faber, 1991)\uff0c192.<\/p>\n<p>11 \u540c\u4e0a194<\/p>\n<p>12\ufffc \u540c\u4e0a195<\/p>\n<p>13\ufffc H.Gordon Skilling and Paul Wilson edited \u201cCivic Freedom in Centry Europe:Voices from Czechoslovakia \u201c, Palgrave Macmillan ,1991\uff0c\u201cPreface\u201d,10.<\/p>\n<p>14\ufffc\u540c\u4e0a\uff0c57\u3002<\/p>\n<p>15\ufffc \u540c\u4e0a\uff0c44<\/p>\n<p>16\ufffc \u540c\u4e0a\uff0c52<\/p>\n<p>17\ufffc \u540c\u4e0a\uff0c64<\/p>\n<p>18\ufffc \u540c\u4e0a\uff0c50<\/p>\n<p>19\ufffc \u540c\u4e0a\uff0c100<\/p>\n<p>20\ufffc \u540c\u4e0a\uff0c111<\/p>\n<p>21\ufffc \u540c\u4e0a\uff0c65<\/p>\n<p>22\ufffc \u540c\u4e0a\uff0c57<\/p>\n<p>23\ufffc \u540c\u4e0a\uff0c 92\u3002<\/p>\n<p>24\ufffc\u201c KOR\u201d1976\u5e749\u6708\u521b\u7acb,\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u6ce2\u5170\u4e43\u81f3\u4e1c\u6b27\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u53cd\u5bf9\u6d3e\u6c11\u95f4\u7ec4\u7ec7\uff0c\u5b83\u7684\u539f\u540d\u662f\u201c\u4fdd\u536b\u5de5\u4eba\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u201d\uff0c\u6700\u521d\u65e8\u5728\u4e3a\u5f53\u5e74\u5728\u62c9\u591a\u59c6\u548c\u534e\u6c99\u7684\u6297\u8bae\u906d\u5230\u62a5\u590d\u800c\u88ab\u6355\u7684\u56da\u72af\u53ca\u5bb6\u4eba\u63d0\u4f9b\u6cd5\u5f8b\u548c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u63f4\u52a9\u3002\u867d\u7136KOR\u7684\u6210\u5458\u5148\u540e\u906d\u5230\u5b98\u65b9\u5404\u79cd\u62a5\u590d\uff0c\u7136\u800c\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u52aa\u529b\u5728\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5e74\u6625\u5929\u5f97\u5230\u4e86\u56de\u62a5\u2014\u20141977\u5e74\u6625\u5929\uff0c\u5b98\u65b9\u88ab\u8feb\u5927\u8d66\u7f62\u5de5\u7684\u76d1\u7981\u8005\uff0c\u4fdd\u536b\u5de5\u4eba\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u4e5f\u7531\u6b64\u66f4\u540d\u4e3a\u201c\u793e\u4f1a\u81ea\u536b\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n<p>25\ufffc\u540c\u4e0a\uff0c 62\u201463\u3002<\/p>\n<p>26\ufffc Michael Zantovsky\u201cHavel:A Life\u201d,Grove Press\uff0cNew York,2014\uff0c288<\/p>\n<p>27\ufffc H.Gordon Skilling and Paul Wilson edited \u201cCivic Freedom in Centry Europe:Voices from Czechoslovakia \u201c, Palgrave Macmillan ,1991\uff0c76\u3002<\/p>\n<p>28\ufffc H.Gordon Skilling\u201cSamizdat and an Independent Society in Central and Eastern Europe\u201d\uff0cOhio State University Press\uff0cColumbus,1989,46<\/p>\n<p>29\ufffc http:\/\/scriptum.cz\/cs\/periodika\/informace-o-charte-77<\/p>\n<p>30\ufffc http:\/\/www.csds.cz\/cs\/g6\/4806-DS.html<\/p>\n<p>31\ufffc \u8fd9\u4efd\u72ec\u7acb\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u540d\u5355\u6765\u81eaH.Gordon Skilling and Paul Wilson edited \u201cCivic Freedom in Centry Europe:Voices from Czechoslovakia \u201c, Palgrave Macmillan ,1991\uff0c114\u2014118<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"visibility-check\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u6587\u7ae0\u6765\u6e90\uff1a\u6ce2\u58eb\u9813\u66f8\u8a55 Boston Review of Books Aug 19, 2025 \u7de8\u8005\u6309\uff1a1978 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":5549,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[6,14],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-5548","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-6","category-light"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/chinademocrats.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5548","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/chinademocrats.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/chinademocrats.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/chinademocrats.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/6"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/chinademocrats.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=5548"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/chinademocrats.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5548\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":5550,"href":"https:\/\/chinademocrats.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5548\/revisions\/5550"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/chinademocrats.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/5549"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/chinademocrats.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=5548"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/chinademocrats.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=5548"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/chinademocrats.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=5548"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}