{"id":5858,"date":"2025-11-03T09:26:27","date_gmt":"2025-11-03T14:26:27","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/chinademocrats.org\/?p=5858"},"modified":"2025-11-03T09:26:27","modified_gmt":"2025-11-03T14:26:27","slug":"%e7%a7%a6%e6%99%96-%e4%bb%8e%e9%a9%ac%e5%85%8b%e6%80%9d%e5%88%b0%e9%ad%8f%e7%89%b9%e5%a4%ab%ef%bc%9a%e5%8f%8d%e5%af%b9%e6%9e%81%e6%9d%83%e4%b8%bb%e4%b9%89%e7%9a%84%e5%b7%a6%e6%b4%be%e6%80%9d","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/chinademocrats.org\/?p=5858","title":{"rendered":"\u79e6\u6656 | \u4ece\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u5230\u9b4f\u7279\u592b\uff1a\u53cd\u5bf9\u6781\u6743\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u5de6\u6d3e\u601d\u60f3\u8d44\u6e90&#8211;\u8bc4\u77f3\u4e95\u77e5\u7ae0\uff1a\u300a\u4e1c\u65b9\u4e13\u5236\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e0e\u4e1c\u65b9\u793e\u4f1a\u300b1"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>\u6587\u7ae0\u6765\u6e90\uff1a<a href=\"https:\/\/substack.com\/@bostonreviewofbooks\">\u6ce2\u58eb\u9813\u66f8\u8a55 Boston Review of Books<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Oct 28, 2025<\/p>\n<p>\u7f16\u8005\u6309\uff1a\u77f3\u4e95\u77e5\u7ae0\uff0c\u65e5\u672c\u660e\u6cbb\u5927\u5b66\u653f\u6cbb\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u9662\u6559\u6388\uff081960\u5e74\u751f\uff09\uff0c\u4e13\u653b\u4e2d\u56fd\u653f\u6cbb\u4e0e\u52b3\u5de5\u8fd0\u52a8\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u65e9\u7a3b\u7530\u5927\u5b66\u653f\u6cbb\u5b66\u535a\u58eb\u3002\u5176\u4ee3\u8868\u4f5c\u5305\u62ec\u300a\u4e2d\u570b\u793e\u6703\u4e3b\u7fa9\u570b\u5bb6\u3068\u52de\u5de5\u7d44\u5408\u300b\uff082006\uff09\uff0c\u5e76\u8bd1\u4ecb\u5085\u9ad8\u4e49\u300a\u9093\u5c0f\u5e73\u65f6\u4ee3\u300b\uff0c\u4ee5\u6279\u5224\u6027\u89c6\u89d2\u5256\u6790\u4e2d\u56fd\u201c\u534f\u5546\u5f0f\u4e13\u5236\u201d\u4e0e\u52b3\u5de5\u63a7\u5236\u673a\u5236\uff0c\u5f71\u54cd\u4e2d\u65e5\u5b66\u672f\u754c\u3002\u300a\u4e1c\u65b9\u4e13\u5236\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e0e\u4e1c\u65b9\u793e\u4f1a\u300b\u4e3a\u5176\u91cd\u8981\u8457\u4f5c\uff0c\u65e5\u6587\u539f\u7248\u300aK\u30fbA\u30fb\u30a6\u30a3\u30c3\u30c8\u30d5\u30a9\u30fc\u30b2\u30eb\u306e\u6771\u6d0b\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u8ad6\u300b\u4e8e2008\u5e74\u7531\u793e\u4f1a\u8bc4\u8bba\u793e\uff08Shakai Hyoronsha\uff09\u51fa\u7248\uff0c2024\u5e74\u4e2d\u6587\u7248\u7531\u7ebd\u7ea6Bowden Books\u53d1\u884c\uff0c\u79e6\u6656\u4f5c\u4e2d\u6587\u5e8f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u300a\u4e1c\u65b9\u4e13\u5236\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e0e\u4e1c\u65b9\u793e\u4f1a\u300b\uff0c\u6865\u63a5\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u4e3b\u4e49\u4f20\u7edf\u4e0e\u5f53\u4ee3\u6279\u5224\uff0c\u805a\u7126\u4ece\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u5230\u9b4f\u7279\u592b\u7684\u5de6\u6d3e\u601d\u60f3\u8d44\u6e90\uff0c\u53cd\u5bf9\u6781\u6743\u4e3b\u4e49\u3002\u5185\u5bb9\u4e0a\uff0c\u77f3\u4e95\u8ffd\u6eaf\u65e9\u671f\u5de6\u6d3e\uff08\u5982\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u3001\u666e\u5217\u6c49\u8bfa\u592b\uff09\u5bf9\u4e1c\u65b9\u4e13\u5236\u7684\u6279\u5224\uff1a\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u201c\u4e9a\u7ec6\u4e9a\u751f\u4ea7\u65b9\u5f0f\u201d\u89c6\u56fd\u5bb6\u6240\u6709\u5236\u4e3a\u201c\u666e\u904d\u5974\u5f79\u201d\u6839\u6e90\uff0c\u516c\u793e\u571f\u5730\u7f3a\u4e4f\u81ea\u6cbb\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e13\u5236\uff1b\u9b4f\u7279\u592b\u201c\u6c34\u5229\u4e13\u5236\u4e3b\u4e49\u201d\u7406\u8bba\u5f3a\u8c03\u704c\u6e89\u7cfb\u7edf\u50ac\u751f\u4e2d\u592e\u96c6\u6743\u5b98\u50da\uff0c\u867d\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u8bed\u5883\uff08\u5982\u79e6\u6c49\u519b\u4e8b\u56e0\u7d20\uff09\u5907\u53d7\u4e89\u8bae\uff0c\u4f46\u63ed\u793a\u56fd\u5bb6\u63a7\u5236\u7684\u538b\u8feb\u6027\u3002\u77f3\u4e95\u5bf9\u6bd4\u82cf\u8054\u3001\u4e2d\u56fd\u6781\u6743\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u538b\u5236\uff08\u5982\u65a5\u4e3a\u201c\u6258\u6d1b\u8328\u57fa\u4e3b\u4e49\u201d\uff09\uff0c\u5e76\u6279\u5224\u5f53\u4ee3\u6587\u5316\u5de6\u6d3e\u5ffd\u7565\u52b3\u5de5\u6c11\u4e3b\uff0c\u8f6c\u5411\u8eab\u4efd\u653f\u6cbb\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u672c\u6587\u4e3a\u5b66\u8005\u79e6\u6656\u6559\u6388\u6240\u5199\u5e8f\u8a00\u300a\u4ece\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u5230\u9b4f\u7279\u592b\uff1a\u53cd\u5bf9\u6781\u6743\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u5de6\u6d3e\u601d\u60f3\u8d44\u6e90\u300b\uff0c\u5e8f\u8a00\u5f00\u7bc7\uff0c\u79e6\u6656\u6559\u6388\u9996\u5148\u5c06\u4ece\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u5230\u9b4f\u7279\u592b\u7684\u65e9\u671f\u6b27\u6d32\u5de6\u6d3e\u4e0e\u5f53\u4e0b\u7684\u5b66\u9662\u5185\u6587\u5316\u5de6\u6d3e\u505a\u4e86\u533a\u5206\uff0c\u5f3a\u8c03\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7ecf\u5178\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u5982\u4f55\u4ee5\u201c\u4e9a\u7ec6\u4e9a\u751f\u4ea7\u65b9\u5f0f\u201d\u548c\u201c\u4e1c\u65b9\u4e13\u5236\u4e3b\u4e49\u201d\u7406\u8bba\uff0c\u53cd\u5bf9\u6781\u6743\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e0e\u4e13\u5236\u56fd\u6709\u5236\uff0c\u63d0\u4f9b\u53cd\u4e13\u5236\u8d44\u6e90\u3002\u5728\u79e6\u6656\u770b\u6765\uff0c<strong>\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u5bf9<\/strong><strong>\u201c<\/strong><strong>\u4e9a\u7ec6\u4e9a\u751f\u4ea7\u65b9\u5f0f<\/strong><strong>\u201d<\/strong><strong>\u6216<\/strong><strong>\u201c<\/strong><strong>\u53e4\u4ee3\u4e1c\u65b9\u4e13\u5236\u4e3b\u4e49<\/strong><strong>\u201d<\/strong><strong>\u7684\u6279\u5224\uff0c\u5176\u5b9e\u5c31\u662f\u5bf9<\/strong><strong>\u201c<\/strong><strong>\u4e13\u5236\u4e3b\u4e49\u56fd\u6709\u5236<\/strong><strong>\u201d<\/strong><strong>\u7684\u6279\u5224\u3002\u8fd9\u4e0e\u5386\u53f2\u7ec6\u8282\u65e0\u5173\uff0c\u66f4\u4e0e\u4ec0\u4e48<\/strong><strong>\u201c<\/strong><strong>\u897f\u65b9\u504f\u89c1<\/strong><strong>\u201d<\/strong><strong>\u65e0\u5173\uff0c\u4e5f\u5b8c\u5168\u4e0d\u50cf\u8428\u4e49\u5fb7\u7b49\u4eba\u653b\u51fb\u7684\u90a3\u6837\uff0c\u6709\u4ec0\u4e48<\/strong><strong>\u201c<\/strong><strong>\u4e1c\u65b9\u4e3b\u4e49<\/strong><strong>\u201d<\/strong><strong>\u7684\u5730\u57df\u6b67\u89c6\u751a\u81f3\u5bf9\u4e9a\u6d32\u4eba\u7684\u79cd\u65cf\u6b67\u89c6\u3002<\/strong>\u4f46\u6d41\u4ea1\u5230\u897f\u65b9\u7684\u9b4f\u7279\u592b\u628a\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5b66\u672f\u4f20\u7edf\u53d1\u626c\u5149\u5927\u4e86\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u4ed6\u5f3a\u8c03\u4e1c\u65b9\u4e13\u5236\u4e3b\u4e49\u201c\u6cbb\u6c34\u8d77\u6e90\u201d\uff08\u53f2\u5b9e\u5b58\u7591\uff0c\u5982\u4e2d\u56fd\u975e\u5178\u578b\u704c\u6e89\u793e\u4f1a\uff09\uff0c\u4f46\u79e6\u6656\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c<strong>\u5982\u679c\u770b\u5230\u5b83\u6240\u4f53\u73b0\u7684<\/strong><strong>\u201c<\/strong><strong>\u5de6\u6d3e\u53cd\u4e13\u5236<\/strong><strong>\u201d<\/strong><strong>\u4f20\u7edf\u548c\u5bf9<\/strong><strong>\u201c<\/strong><strong>\u6ca1\u6709\u79c1\u6709\u5236\u7684\u4e13\u5236\u653f\u6cbb<\/strong><strong>\u201d<\/strong><strong>\u7684\u903b\u8f91\u63cf\u8ff0\uff0c\u5219\u5b83\u6070\u6070\u662f\u9488\u5bf9\u5f53\u4ee3\u5de6\u6d3e\u3001\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u90a3\u4e9b\u9189\u5fc3\u4e8e\u6d88\u706d<\/strong><strong>\u201c<\/strong><strong>\u79c1\u6709\u5236<\/strong><strong>\u201d<\/strong><strong>\u3001\u5d07\u5c1a<\/strong><strong>\u201c<\/strong><strong>\u56fd\u6709\u5236<\/strong><strong>\u201d<\/strong><strong>\uff0c\u5374\u5bf9\u6781\u6743\u4e3b\u4e49\u5b8c\u5168\u65e0\u611f\u7684\u6240\u8c13<\/strong><strong>\u201c<\/strong><strong>\u5de6\u6d3e<\/strong><strong>\u201d<\/strong><strong>\uff08\u4ed6\u4eec\u5df2\u7ecf\u80cc\u53db\u4e86\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u5de6\u6d3e\u4f20\u7edf\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u4e5f\u5df2\u7ecf\u8131\u79bb\u4e86\u5f53\u4ee3\u5de5\u4eba\u8fd0\u52a8\u7684\u73b0\u5b9e\u8bed\u5883\uff09\u7684\u4e00\u5242\u731b\u836f<\/strong><strong>\u2014\u2014<\/strong><strong>\u8fd9\u6b63\u662f\u5b83\u5728\u82cf\u8054\u7c7b\u578b\u56fd\u5bb6\u906d\u5230\u653f\u6cbb\u6027\u6253\u538b\uff08\u800c\u975e\u5b66\u672f\u6279\u8bc4\uff09\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u3002<\/strong>\u4e3a\u6b64\uff0c\u79e6\u6656\u6559\u6388\u8ba4\u4e3a\u77f3\u4e95\u77e5\u7ae0\u6559\u6388\u628a\u4ece\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u5230\u9b4f\u7279\u592b\u8fd9\u4e00\u6bb5\u6279\u5224\u4e1c\u65b9\u4e13\u5236\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u9057\u4ea7\u68b3\u7406\u3001\u603b\u7ed3\u51fa\u6765\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u529f\u83ab\u5927\u7109\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u672c\u6587\u7ecf\u79e6\u6656\u6559\u6388\u6388\u6743\u520a\u53d1\uff0c\u539f\u521b\u9996\u53d1\u7a3f\u3002\u5176\u82f1\u6587\u7248\u300a<a href=\"https:\/\/ctexp.substack.com\/p\/from-marx-to-wittfogel-leftist-intellectual\">\u00a0From Marx to Wittfogel: Leftist Intellectual Resources Against Totalitarianism\u2014Preface to Oriental Despotism and Oriental Society by Ishii Tomoaki<\/a>\u300b\u520a\u53d1\u4e2d\u56fd\u601d\u60f3\u5feb\u9012\uff082025\u5e743\u670831\u65e5\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u53cd\u4e13\u5236\u7684\u5de6\u6d3e<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u77f3\u4e95\u77e5\u7ae0\u6559\u6388\u662f\u65e5\u672c\u8457\u540d\u7684\u5de5\u4eba\u8fd0\u52a8\u7406\u8bba\u5bb6\u548c\u5de5\u8fd0\u53f2\u5bb6\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u4e5f\u662f\u53cd\u5bf9\u6781\u6743\u5236\u5ea6\u3001\u70ed\u5fc3\u4e8e\u81ea\u7531\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u5b66\u8005\u3002\u8fd9\u5728\u6b27\u6d32\u4e0e\u65e5\u672c\u5f88\u6b63\u5e38\uff08\u50cf\u6ce2\u5170\u7684\u56e2\u7ed3\u5de5\u4f1a\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5979\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u754c\u76df\u53cb\u201c\u4fdd\u536b\u5de5\u4eba\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u201d\u90fd\u662f\u5982\u6b64\uff09\u3002\u4f46\u5728\u82cf\u8054\u8fd9\u7c7b\u56fd\u5bb6\uff0c\u6781\u6743\u5236\u5ea6\u81ea\u79f0\u662f\u7531\u201c\u5de5\u4eba\u9636\u7ea7\u653f\u515a\u201d\u5b9e\u884c\u7684\u201c\u65e0\u4ea7\u9636\u7ea7\u4e13\u653f\u201d\uff0c\u81ea\u7531\u6c11\u4e3b\u88ab\u8bf4\u6210\u662f\u201c\u53f3\u6d3e\u201d\u4e3b\u5f20\uff0c\u636e\u8bf4\u8fd8\u662f\u4e0e\u201c\u5de5\u4eba\u9636\u7ea7\u201d\u5bf9\u7acb\u7684\u3002\u800c\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\uff0c\u4e3b\u6d41\u5de5\u4f1a\uff08\u5982AFL-CIO\uff09\u7d20\u6709\u53cd\u5171\u4f20\u7edf\uff0c\u4e0e\u5de6\u6d3e\u77e5\u8bc6\u754c\u4e5f\u6bd4\u8f83\u758f\u79bb\u2014\u2014\u5c31\u50cf\u6700\u8fd1\u8fd9\u6b21\u7f8e\u56fd\u5927\u9009\uff0c\u84dd\u9886\u5de5\u4eba\u53cd\u5012\u662f\u652f\u6301\u201c\u53f3\u6d3e\u201d\u7279\u6717\u666e\u7684\u3002\u800c\u6218\u540e\u7684\u7f8e\u56fd\u5de6\u6d3e\u77e5\u8bc6\u754c\u4e3b\u6d41\u5219\u53d8\u6210\u4e86\u201c\u6587\u5316\u5de6\u6d3e\u201d\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u5174\u8da3\u4ece\u9636\u7ea7\u653f\u6cbb\u8f6c\u5411\u4e86\u201c\u8eab\u4efd\u653f\u6cbb\u201d\uff0c\u4e0d\u518d\u91cd\u89c6\u5de5\u4eba\u9636\u7ea7\u4e0e\u5de5\u4f1a\u8fd0\u52a8\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u70ed\u8877\u4e8e\u634d\u536b\u201c\u591a\u5143\u6587\u5316\u201d\uff0c\u53cd\u5bf9\u201c\u897f\u65b9\u4e2d\u5fc3\u8bba\u201d\u548c\u201c\u540e\u6b96\u6c11\u201d\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u559c\u6b22\u8c08\u8bba\u540c\u6027\u604b\u3001\u5973\u6027\u3001\u79fb\u6c11\u548c\u5c11\u6570\u65cf\u88d4\u8bdd\u9898\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u80cc\u666f\u4e0b\uff0c\u8bba\u8005\u82e5\u5bf9\u201c\u4e1c\u65b9\u201d\uff08\u54ea\u6015\u4ec5\u662f\u4e2a\u6807\u7b7e\uff0c\u5176\u5185\u5bb9\u5728\u897f\u65b9\u5176\u5b9e\u4e5f\u66fe\u7ecf\u5b58\u5728\uff09\u7a0d\u6709\u4e0d\u606d\uff0c\u9a6c\u4e0a\u4f1a\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u201c\u6b96\u6c11\u5fc3\u6001\u201d\uff0c\u800c\u62a8\u51fb\u201c\u897f\u65b9\u201d\u548c\u201c\u767d\u4eba\u201d\u5219\u5177\u6709\u5929\u7136\u7684\u201c\u653f\u6cbb\u6b63\u786e\u201d\u3002\u4e8e\u662f\u8fde\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u4e5f\u56e0\u4e3a\u63d0\u51fa\u8fc7\u201c\u4e9a\u7ec6\u4e9a\u751f\u4ea7\u65b9\u5f0f\u201d\u548c\u201c\u4e1c\u65b9\u4e13\u5236\u4e3b\u4e49\u201d\u800c\u88ab\u6307\u8d23\u4e3a\u6709\u201c\u897f\u65b9\u504f\u89c1\u201d\u3002\u800c\u5f53\u5e74\u7684\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u3001\u53d7\u5230\u65af\u5927\u6797\u4e3b\u4e49\u548c\u7eb3\u7cb9\u53cc\u91cd\u8feb\u5bb3\u6d41\u4ea1\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u5361\u5c14.\u9b4f\u7279\u592b\uff0c\u4e5f\u56e0\u4ed6\u7684\u201c\u4e1c\u65b9\u4e13\u5236\u4e3b\u4e49\u201d\u7406\u8bba\u800c\u88ab\u7f8e\u56fd\u4e3b\u6d41\u201c\u5b66\u9662\u5de6\u6d3e\u201d\u6392\u65a5\uff0c\u56e0\u4ed6\u5e76\u975e\u201c\u6c49\u5b66\u201d\u79d1\u73ed\u51fa\u8eab\u800c\u88ab\u6240\u8c13\u201c\u7eaf\u5b66\u672f\u201d\u5708\u5b50\u8f7b\u89c6\uff0c\u66f4\u56e0\u4ed6\u5728\u9ea6\u5361\u9521\u65f6\u4ee3\u63ed\u9732\u8fc7\u82cf\u8054\u7684\u5bf9\u7f8e\u6e17\u900f\u6d3b\u52a8\uff0c\u800c\u88ab\u6307\u8d23\u4e3a\u201c\u51b7\u6218\u601d\u7ef4\u201d\u2014\u2014\u5728\u5f88\u591a\u4eba\u773c\u91cc\uff0c\u201c\u51b7\u6218\u201d\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u201c\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u201d\u548c\u201c\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u201d\u4e4b\u6218\uff0c\u800c\u6c11\u4e3b\u548c\u6781\u6743\u4e4b\u6218\u4f3c\u4e4e\u4ece\u6765\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\u67d0\u4eba\u53ea\u8981\u88ab\u6307\u4e3a\u201c\u51b7\u6218\u601d\u7ef4\u201d\uff0c\u4ed6\u5c31\u4e0d\u4ec5\u201c\u653f\u6cbb\u4e0d\u6b63\u786e\u201d\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u6210\u4e3a\u201c\u8d44\u672c\u5bb6\u7684\u72d7\u817f\u5b50\u201d\uff0c\u8981\u88ab\uff08\u90a3\u4e9b\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u4e0d\u600e\u4e48\u5173\u5fc3\u52b3\u8d44\u535a\u5f08\u7684\u4eba\uff09\u9769\u9664\u6559\u95e8\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u548c\uff08\u6765\u7f8e\u56fd\u4e4b\u524d\u7684\uff09\u9b4f\u7279\u592b\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u6b27\u6d32\u5de6\u6d3e\uff0c\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4e0e\u5de5\u4eba\u8fd0\u52a8\u6709\u66f4\u591a\u8054\u7cfb\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u90fd\u6709\u88ab\u4e13\u5236\u5236\u5ea6\u4e0e\u6781\u6743\u5236\u5ea6\u8feb\u5bb3\u7684\u7ecf\u5386\u3002\u4e0e\u53ea\u77e5\u53cd\u201c\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u201d\u800c\u4e0d\u77e5\u4e13\u5236\u4e3a\u4f55\u7269\u7684\u5f53\u4ee3\u7f8e\u56fd\u5b66\u9662\u5de6\u6d3e\u76f8\u6bd4\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u53cd\u4e13\u5236\u53cd\u6781\u6743\u601d\u60f3\u8d44\u6e90\u8981\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href=\"https:\/\/ja.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%25E3%2582%25AB%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25AB%25E3%2583%25BB%25E3%2582%25A6%25E3%2582%25A3%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588%25E3%2583%2595%25E3%2582%25A9%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2582%25B2%25E3%2583%25AB\">K\u2027A\u2027\u30a6\u30a3\u30c3\u30c8\u30d5\u30a9\u30fc\u30b2\u30eb<\/a>\u306e\u6771\u6d0b\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u8ad6\u300f<a href=\"https:\/\/ja.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%25E7%25A4%25BE%25E4%25BC%259A%25E8%25A9%2595%25E8%25AB%2596%25E7%25A4%25BE\">\u793e\u4f1a\u8a55\u8ad6\u793e<\/a>, 2008\u3002<\/p>\n<p><sup>2<\/sup>\u00a0\u4ee5\u4e0a\u5747\u89c1\uff1a\u300a\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u6069\u683c\u65af\u5168\u96c6\u300b\u4e2d\u6587\u7b2c\u4e00\u724846\u5377\u4e0a\u518c\uff0c\u9a6c\u514b\u601d1857\uff0d1858\u5e74\u624b\u7a3f\u3002<\/p>\n<p><sup>3<\/sup>\u00a0\u53c2\u89c1\u91d1\u96c1\u3001\u79e6\u6656\uff1a\u300a\u519c\u6751\u516c\u793e\u3001\u6539\u9769\u4e0e\u9769\u547d\uff1a\u6751\u793e\u4f20\u7edf\u4e0e\u4fc4\u56fd\u73b0\u4ee3\u5316\u4e4b\u8def\u300b\uff0c\uff08\u5317\u4eac\uff09\u4e1c\u65b9\u51fa\u7248\u793e2013\u5e74<\/p>\n<p><sup>4<\/sup>\u00a0\u666e\u5217\u6c49\u8bfa\u592b\uff1a\u300a\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u610f\u89c1\u5206\u6b67\u300b\uff0c\u4eba\u6c11\u51fa\u7248\u793e1955\u5e74\uff0c77\uff1b40\uff1b242\uff1b258\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n<p><sup>5<\/sup>\u00a0\u300a\u8d75\u4fea\u751f\u5b66\u672f\u81ea\u4f20\u300b\uff0c\u89c1\u300a\u8d75\u4fea\u751f\u6587\u96c6\u300b\uff0c\u5170\u5dde\u5927\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u793e2002\u5e74\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c5\u5377\uff0c43\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n<p><sup>6<\/sup>\u00a0\u4e2d\u8bd1\u540d\u4e3a\u300a\u5341\u516b\u4e16\u7eaa\u5916\u4ea4\u53f2\u5185\u5e55\u300b\uff0c\u5728\u4e2d\u82cf\u5bf9\u7acb\u65f6\u671f\u6b64\u4e66\u66fe\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u5e7f\u4e3a\u4eba\u77e5\u3002<\/p>\n<p><sup>7<\/sup>\u00a0\u300a\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u6069\u683c\u65af\u5168\u96c6\u300b\u4e2d\u6587\u7248\u7b2c46\u5377\u4e0a\u518c\uff0c\u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u4eba\u6c11\u51fa\u7248\u793e1979\u5e74\u7248\uff0c105\u9875\uff0c<\/p>\n<p><sup>8<\/sup>\u00a0\u53c2\u89c1\u79e6\u6656\uff1a\u300a\u4f20\u7edf\u5341\u8bba\uff1a\u672c\u571f\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u5236\u5ea6\u3001\u6587\u5316\u53ca\u5176\u53d8\u9769\u300b\uff0c\u5c71\u897f\u4eba\u6c11\u51fa\u7248\u793e2019\u5e74\u589e\u8ba2\u7248\uff0c267-288\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n<p><sup>9<\/sup>\u00a0\u53c2\u89c1\u79e6\u6656\uff1a\u300a\u79e6\u6c49\u53f2\u8bb2\u4e49\u300b\uff0c\u5c71\u897f\u4eba\u6c11\u51fa\u7248\u793e2024\u5e74\uff0c129-149\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n<p><sup>1<\/sup>0 \u674e\u7956\u5fb7\u3001\u9648\u542f\u80fd\u7f16\uff1a\u300a\u8bc4\u9b4f\u7279\u592b\u7684&lt;\u4e1c\u65b9\u4e13\u5236\u4e3b\u4e49&gt;\u300b\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u793e1997\u5e74\uff0c4\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n<p><sup>1<\/sup>1\u89c1\u674e\u7956\u5fb7\u3001\u9648\u542f\u80fd\u7f16\uff1a\u300a\u8bc4\u9b4f\u7279\u592b\u7684&lt;\u4e1c\u65b9\u4e13\u5236\u4e3b\u4e49&gt;\u300b\uff08\u4e2d\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u793e1997\u5e74\uff09\u4e00\u4e66\u76ee\u5f55\u3002<\/p>\n<p><sup>1<\/sup>2\u674e\u7956\u5fb7\u3001\u9648\u542f\u80fd\u7f16\uff1a\u300a\u8bc4\u9b4f\u7279\u592b\u7684&lt;\u4e1c\u65b9\u4e13\u5236\u4e3b\u4e49&gt;\u300b\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u793e1997\u5e74\uff0c172\uff0d173\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n<p><sup>1<\/sup>3 \u674e\u7956\u5fb7\u3001\u9648\u542f\u80fd\u7f16\uff1a\u300a\u8bc4\u9b4f\u7279\u592b\u7684&lt;\u4e1c\u65b9\u4e13\u5236\u4e3b\u4e49&gt;\u300b\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u793e1997\u5e74\uff0c155\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n<p><sup>1<\/sup>4 \u674e\u7956\u5fb7\u3001\u9648\u542f\u80fd\u7f16\uff1a\u300a\u8bc4\u9b4f\u7279\u592b\u7684&lt;\u4e1c\u65b9\u4e13\u5236\u4e3b\u4e49&gt;\u300b\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u793e1997\u5e74\uff0c156\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n<p><sup>1<\/sup>5 \u674e\u7956\u5fb7\u3001\u9648\u542f\u80fd\u7f16\uff1a\u300a\u8bc4\u9b4f\u7279\u592b\u7684&lt;\u4e1c\u65b9\u4e13\u5236\u4e3b\u4e49&gt;\u300b\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u793e1997\u5e74\uff0c112\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n<p><sup>1<\/sup>6\u674e\u7956\u5fb7\u3001\u9648\u542f\u80fd\u7f16\uff1a\u300a\u8bc4\u9b4f\u7279\u592b\u7684&lt;\u4e1c\u65b9\u4e13\u5236\u4e3b\u4e49&gt;\u300b\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u793e1997\u5e74\uff0c42\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n<p><sup>1<\/sup>7 Perry. Anderson,<a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=f7Wz4b4JTC8C&amp;q=wittfogel\">\u300aLineages of the Absolutist State\u300b<\/a>. London; New York: Verso 1979.<\/p>\n<p><sup>1<\/sup>8 Frederick W.<a href=\"https:\/\/ko.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Frederick_W._Mote&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1\">Mote,\u00a0<\/a>\u201cThe Growth of Chinese Despotism: A Critique of Wittfogel\u2019s Theory of Oriental Despotism as Applied to China\u201d. \u300aOriens Extremus\u300b (1961).\u00a0<strong>8<\/strong>\u00a0(1): 1\u201341. Timothy Brook,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=iHtpDSW2gBIC&amp;pg=PA192\">Chinese State in Ming Society<\/a>. Routledge 2004, P.192<\/p>\n<p><sup>1<\/sup>9 \u590f\u660e\u65b9\uff1a\u300a\u6587\u660e\u7684\u201c\u53cc\u76f8\u201d\u2014\u2014\u707e\u5bb3\u4e0e\u5386\u53f2\u7684\u7f20\u7ed5\u300b\uff0c\u5e7f\u897f\u5e08\u5927\u51fa\u7248\u793e2020\u5e74\uff0c179\u9875<\/p>\n<p><sup>2<\/sup>0 \u300a\u5546\u541b\u4e66. \u5f31\u6c11\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5341\u300b<\/p>\n<p><sup>2<\/sup>1 \u300a\u5546\u9785\u5f99\u6728\u7acb\u4fe1\u8bba\u300b\uff0c\u89c1\u300a\u6bdb\u6cfd\u4e1c\u65e9\u671f\u6587\u7a3f\u300b,\u6e56\u5357\u51fa\u7248\u793e 1995 \u5e74\u7b2c 2 \u7248, 1\u2014 2 \u9875<\/p>\n<p><sup>2<\/sup>2 \u8d75\u4fea\u751f\uff1a\u300a\u4e2d\u56fd\u571f\u5730\u5236\u5ea6\u53f2\u8bba\u8981\u300b\uff0c\u89c1\u300a\u8d75\u4fea\u751f\u6587\u96c6\u300b\uff0c\u5170\u5dde\u5927\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u793e2002\u5e74\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c2\u5377\uff0c21\uff0d22\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n<p><sup>2<\/sup>3 \u300a\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u6069\u683c\u65af\u5168\u96c6\u300b\uff0c\u7b2c13\u5377\uff0c\u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u4eba\u6c11\u51fa\u7248\u793e1959\u5e74\uff0c\u7b2c9\u9875<\/p>\n<p><sup>2<\/sup>4\u5ed6\u5b66\u76db\uff1a\u300a\u600e\u6837\u7406\u89e3\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u8bf4\u7684\u201c\u4e9a\u7ec6\u4e9a\u751f\u4ea7\u65b9\u5f0f\u201d\uff1f\u300b\uff0c\u300a\u4e16\u754c\u5386\u53f2\u300b1979\u5e74\u7b2c2\u671f<\/p>\n<p><sup>2<\/sup>5 \u4e2d\u8bd1\u672c\u4e3a\u201c\u539f\u59cb\u7684\u516c\u793e\u6240\u6709\u5236\u201d\uff0c\u6709\u4eba\u67e5\u5bf9\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u539f\u6587\u540e\u53d1\u73b0\u662f\u201c\u81ea\u7136\u5f62\u6210\u7684\u516c\u793e\u6240\u6709\u5236\u201d\u4e4b\u8bef\u8bd1\u3002<\/p>\n<p><sup>2<\/sup>6 \u300a\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u6069\u683c\u65af\u5168\u96c6\u300b\uff0c\u7b2c23\u5377\uff0c\u7b2c94\u201495\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n<p><sup>2<\/sup>7\u300a\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u6069\u683c\u65af\u5168\u96c6\u300b\uff0c\u7b2c13\u5377\uff0c\u7b2c22\u9875\u3002<\/p>\n<p><sup>2<\/sup>8 \u4f69\u91cc.\u5b89\u5fb7\u68ee\uff1a\u300a\u7edd\u5bf9\u4e3b\u4e49\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u7cfb\u8c31\u300b\uff0c\u5218\u5317\u6210\u8bd1\uff0c\u4e0a\u6d77\u4eba\u6c11\u51fa\u7248\u793e2016\u5e74\uff0c367\u9875<\/p>\n<p><sup>2<\/sup>9 \u4f69\u91cc.\u5b89\u5fb7\u68ee\uff1a\u300a\u7edd\u5bf9\u4e3b\u4e49\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u7cfb\u8c31\u300b\uff0c\u5218\u5317\u6210\u8bd1\uff0c\u4e0a\u6d77\u4eba\u6c11\u51fa\u7248\u793e2016\u5e74\uff0c403\u9875<\/p>\n<p><sup>3<\/sup>0 \u89c1\u5217\u5b81\uff1a\u300a\u4fee\u6539\u5de5\u4eba\u653f\u515a\u7684\u571f\u5730\u7eb2\u9886\u300b\uff0c\u300a\u5217\u5b81\u5168\u96c6\u300b\u4e2d\u6587\u7b2c\u4e8c\u7248\u7b2c12\u5377\u7b2c226\u6ce8\u3001414-415\u9875\u5f15\u666e\u5217\u6c49\u8bfa\u592b\u8bed\u3002<\/p>\n<p><sup>3<\/sup>1 \u53c2\u89c1\u9648\u4f2f\u8fbe\uff1a\u300a\u4e2d\u56fd\u56db\u5927\u5bb6\u65cf\u300b\uff0c\u4eba\u6c11\u51fa\u7248\u793e1964\u5e74\u7248<\/p>\n<p><sup>3<\/sup>2 \u77f3\u4e95\u77e5\u7ae0\uff1a\u300e\u4e2d\u56fd\u9769\u547d\u8ad6\u306e\u30d1\u30e9\u30c0\u30a4\u30e0\u8ee2\u63db K\u2027A\u2027\u30a6\u30a3\u30c3\u30c8\u30d5\u30a9\u30fc\u30b2\u30eb\u306e\u300c\u30a2\u30b8\u30a2\u7684\u5fa9\u53e4\u300d\u3092\u3081\u3050\u308a\u300f\u793e\u4f1a\u8a55\u8ad6\u793e, 2012<\/p>\n<p><sup>3<\/sup>3 \u300e\u4e00\u516b\u4e16\u7d00\u306e\u79d8\u5bc6\u5916\u4ea4\u53f2\u300f\u30ab\u30fc\u30eb\u2027\u30de\u30eb\u30af\u30b9\u8457. \u30ab\u30fc\u30eb\u2027\u30a2\u30a6\u30b0\u30b9\u30c8\u2027\u30a6\u30a3\u30c3\u30c8\u30d5\u30a9\u30fc\u30b2\u30eb\u5e8f. \u77f3\u4e95\u77e5\u7ae0\u3001\u798f\u672c\u52dd\u6e05\u7de8\u8a33. \u767d\u6c34\u793e, 2023<\/p>\n<p><sup>3<\/sup>4 \u77f3\u4e95\u77e5\u7ae0\uff1a\u300e<a href=\"https:\/\/ja.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%25E3%2582%25AB%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25AB%25E3%2583%25BB%25E3%2582%25A6%25E3%2582%25A3%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2588%25E3%2583%2595%25E3%2582%25A9%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2582%25B2%25E3%2583%25AB\">K\u2027A\u2027\u30a6\u30a3\u30c3\u30c8\u30d5\u30a9\u30fc\u30b2\u30eb<\/a>\u306e\u6771\u6d0b\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u8ad6\u300f<a href=\"https:\/\/ja.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%25E7%25A4%25BE%25E4%25BC%259A%25E8%25A9%2595%25E8%25AB%2596%25E7%25A4%25BE\">\u793e\u4f1a\u8a55\u8ad6\u793e<\/a>, 2008<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u6587\u7ae0\u6765\u6e90\uff1a\u6ce2\u58eb\u9813\u66f8\u8a55 Boston Review of Books Oct 28, 2025 \u7f16\u8005\u6309\uff1a\u77f3\u4e95\u77e5\u7ae0 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":5859,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[6,14],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-5858","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-6","category-light"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/chinademocrats.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5858","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/chinademocrats.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/chinademocrats.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/chinademocrats.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/6"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/chinademocrats.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=5858"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/chinademocrats.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5858\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":5860,"href":"https:\/\/chinademocrats.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5858\/revisions\/5860"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/chinademocrats.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/5859"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/chinademocrats.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=5858"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/chinademocrats.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=5858"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/chinademocrats.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=5858"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}