{"id":5884,"date":"2025-11-07T10:17:53","date_gmt":"2025-11-07T15:17:53","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/chinademocrats.org\/?p=5884"},"modified":"2025-11-07T10:17:53","modified_gmt":"2025-11-07T15:17:53","slug":"%e5%b4%94%e8%a1%9b%e5%b9%b3-%e3%80%8a%e4%b8%83%e4%b8%83%e6%86%b2%e7%ab%a0%e3%80%8b%e8%88%87%e7%a4%be%e6%9c%83%e4%b8%bb%e7%be%a9%e5%8f%8d%e5%b0%8d%e6%b4%be","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/chinademocrats.org\/?p=5884","title":{"rendered":"\u5d14\u885b\u5e73 | \u300a\u4e03\u4e03\u61b2\u7ae0\u300b\u8207\u793e\u6703\u4e3b\u7fa9\u53cd\u5c0d\u6d3e"},"content":{"rendered":"
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\u6587\u7ae0\u6765\u6e90\uff1a\u6ce2\u58eb\u9813\u66f8\u8a55 Boston Review of Books<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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\u95dc\u65bc\u642d\u5efa\u5e73\u81fa\uff0c\u6709\u4eba\u5728\u8003\u616e\u985e\u4f3c\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\u30021975\u5e748\u6708\uff0c\u753135\u500b\u6b50\u6d32\u548c\u5317\u7f8e\u570b\u5bb6\u5171\u540c\u53c3\u8207\u7684\u6b50\u6d32\u5b89\u5168\u8207\u5408\u4f5c\u6703\u8b70\uff08CSCE\uff09\u5236\u5b9a\u548c\u901a\u904e\u4e86\u300a\u8d6b\u723e\u8f9b\u57fa\u5354\u8b70\u300b\uff08Helsinki Final Act<\/em>\uff09\uff0c\u7f8e\u570b\u3001\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\u3001\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u6b50\u6d32\u570b\u5bb6\u53ca\u8607\u806f\u9663\u71df\u4e00\u4f75\u7c3d\u7f72\u4e86\u9019\u9805\u5354\u5b9a\uff0c\u6377\u514b\u65af\u6d1b\u4f10\u514b\u4e5f\u5728\u5176\u4e2d\uff0c\u300c\u4eba\u6b0a\u300d\u662f\u9019\u500b\u5354\u8b70\u4e2d\u4e00\u500b\u5bcc\u6709\u7279\u8272\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u5167\u5bb9\u3002\u8d77\u521d\uff0c\u5c0d\u8a72\u5354\u8b70\u570b\u969b\u4e0a\u548c\u5404\u570b\u5167\u90e8\u53cd\u61c9\u4e0d\u4e00\uff0c\u88ab\u7f77\u9edc\u7684\u6377\u5171\u6539\u9769\u7684\u5171\u7522\u9ee8\u4eba\u537b\u7387\u5148\u8868\u73fe\u51fa\u71b1\u60c5\u3002\u5354\u5b9a\u7c3d\u7f72\u7684\u7b2c\u4e8c\u500b\u6708\u53731975\u5e749\u6708\uff0c\u59c6\u6797\u7d0d\u65e5\u4fbf\u9080\u8acb\u54c8\u8036\u514b\u4e00\u9053\u4e0a\u745e\u5178\u96fb\u8996\u81fa\u63a5\u53d7\u8a2a\u554f\uff0c\u516c\u958b\u8868\u9054\u652f\u63f4\u8a72\u5354\u5b9a\u5167\u5bb9\u3002\u63a5\u8457\u4ed6\u5011\u5169\u4eba\u8207\u6b77\u53f2\u5b78\u5bb6\u5361\u96f7\u723e\uff0e\u5361\u666e\u862d\uff08Karel Kaplan\uff09\u4fbf\u60f3\u5f04\u4e00\u500b\u4eba\u6b0a\u59d4\u54e1\u6703\uff0c\u7528\u4ee5\u76e3\u7763\u6377\u514b\u65af\u6d1b\u4f10\u514b\u7576\u5c40\u843d\u5be6\u300a\u8d6b\u723e\u8f9b\u57fa\u5354\u8b70\u300b\u7684\u7d50\u679c\u3002\u9019\u500b\u8a08\u756b\u4e0d\u50c5\u5728\u6377\u514b\u570b\u5167\u6d41\u50b3\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u4e5f\u50b3\u5230\u4e86\u6d77\u5916\u6d41\u4ea1\u8005\u90a3\u88e1\u3002\u54c8\u5a01\u723e\u5728\u300a\u81ea\u50b3\u300b\u88e1\u4e5f\u8aaa\u904e\uff0c\u9019\u500b\u64ec\u8b70\u4e2d\u7684\u59d4\u54e1\u6703\u6253\u7b97\u8acb\u54c8\u8036\u514b\u64d4\u4efb\u4e3b\u5e2d\uff0c\u5f8c\u4f86\u5927\u6982\u662f\u56e0\u70ba\u7f3a\u4e4f\u6709\u884c\u52d5\u529b\u7684\u4eba\u800c\u4f5c\u7f77\u3002\u904b\u7528\u570b\u969b\u793e\u6703\u63d0\u5021\u7684\u300c\u4eba\u6b0a\u300d\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u5c0d\u6377\u514b\u65af\u6d1b\u4f10\u514b\u88ab\u7f77\u9edc\u7684\u524d\u5171\u7522\u9ee8\u4eba\u4f86\u8aaa\uff0c\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u5728\u6cd5\u5f8b\u6846\u67b6\u88e1\u8a0e\u8ad6\u554f\u984c\u7684\u601d\u8def\u3002\u65e2\u7136\u6377\u514b\u653f\u5e9c\u7c3d\u4e86\u9019\u9805\u5305\u542b\u4eba\u6b0a\u5167\u5bb9\u7684\u5354\u5b9a\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u5c0d\u65bc\u5b98\u65b9\u6b0a\u529b\u9019\u4fbf\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u7d04\u675f\u548c\u58d3\u529b\u3002<\/p>\n

1976\u5e7412\u670810\u65e5\uff0c\u5373\u300c\u4e03\u4e03\u61b2\u7ae0\u300d\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u6703\u8b70\uff0c\u5728\u6b77\u53f2\u5b78\u8005\u6587\u5fb7\u6797\uff0e\u79d1\u6885\u9054\uff08Vendel\u00edn Komeda, 1946-1995\uff09\u7684\u727d\u7dda\u4e0b\uff0c\u9019\u5169\u6279\u4eba\u898b\u9762\u4e86\uff0c\u5728\u5e03\u62c9\u683c\u7e41\u83ef\u5927\u8857\u7684\u4e00\u500b\u55ae\u5143\u88e1\uff0c\u8207\u6703\u8005\u4e00\u5171\u67095\u500b\u4eba\uff1a\u59c6\u6797\u7d0d\u65e5\u3001\u54c8\u5a01\u723e\u3001\u7de8\u8f2f\u548c\u6563\u6587\u4f5c\u5bb6\u4f0a\u65e5\uff0e\u6d85\u6885\u514b \uff08Ji\u0159\u00ed N\u011bmec, 1932-2001\uff0c\u54c8\u5a01\u723e\u7576\u6642\u5f62\u5f71\u4e0d\u96e2\u7684\u670b\u53cb\uff09\u3001\u5287\u4f5c\u5bb6\u5e15\u7dad\u723e\uff0e\u79d1\u80e1\u7279\uff08Pavel Kohout, 1928-\uff09\u53ca\u6703\u8b70\u7684\u7d44\u7e54\u8005\u79d1\u6885\u9054\u3002\u6703\u8b70\u672c\u8457\u5c0d\u8a71\u7684\u7cbe\u795e\u9032\u884c\uff0c\u5b58\u5728\u5e7e\u7a2e\u4e0d\u540c\u610f\u898b\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u6709\u547c\u7c72\u570b\u5bb6\u5c65\u884c\u5176\u7fa9\u52d9\uff08\u904b\u7528\u73fe\u6709\u9ad4\u5236\u6846\u67b6\u65bd\u52a0\u58d3\u529b\uff09\uff1b\u6216\u8005\u5f04\u4e00\u500b\u50cf\u6ce2\u862d\u4e0d\u4e45\u524d\u6210\u7acb\u7684KOR\u90a3\u6a23\u7684\u6c11\u9593\u958b\u653e\u7d44\u7e54\uff08\u9ad4\u5236\u4e4b\u5916\uff09\uff1b\u4ee5\u53ca\u9075\u5faa\u5171\u548c\u570b\u7b2c\u4e00\u4efb\u7e3d\u7d71\u99ac\u85a9\u91cc\u514b\uff08Tomm\u00e1 Garrigue Masaryk, 1850-1937\uff09\u300c\u5c0f\u7bc4\u570d\u5de5\u4f5c\u300d\u7684\u65b9\u91dd\uff08\u8f03\u5c11\u7d66\u7576\u5c40\u65bd\u52a0\u58d3\u529b\uff09\uff0c\u4e5f\u5305\u62ec\u5c55\u73fe\u51fa\u66f4\u52a0\u9bae\u660e\u7684\u3001\u5bcc\u6709\u6311\u6230\u6027\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u7acb\u5834\u3002\u61c9\u8a72\u8aaa\uff0c\u300c\u4e03\u4e03\u61b2\u7ae0\u300d\u4e2d\u7684\u524d\u5171\u7522\u9ee8\u4eba\u8207\u975e\u5171\u4eba\u58eb\u59cb\u7d42\u5b58\u5728\u67d0\u4e9b\u5206\u6b67\uff0c\u4f46\u96d9\u65b9\u7121\u610f\u8a87\u5927\u9019\u7a2e\u5206\u6b67\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5c0f\u5fc3\u7ffc\u7ffc\u5730\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\u5c0b\u627e\u5171\u540c\u8a9e\u8a00\uff0c\u5118\u91cf\u78e8\u5408\uff0c\u81f3\u5c11\u5728\u4e00\u958b\u59cb\u662f\u9019\u6a23\u3002<\/p>\n

\u64da\u54c8\u5a01\u723e\u7684\u56de\u61b6\uff0c\u4ed6\u672c\u4eba\u662f\u5728\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u6703\u8b70\u7d50\u675f\u4e4b\u5f8c\uff0c\u8207\u6d85\u6885\u514b\u4e00\u9053\u8d70\u8a2a\u4e86\u54f2\u5b78\u5bb6\u62c9\u8fea\u65af\u62c9\u592b\uff0e\u6d77\u9054\u5167\u514b\uff08Ladislav Hejd\u00e1nek, 1927-2020\uff09\uff0c\u5f8c\u8005\u63d0\u9192\u4ed6\u300c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4ee5\u4e0d\u4e45\u524d\u9812\u5e03\u7684\u4eba\u6b0a\u516c\u7d04\u70ba\u57fa\u790e\u300d\uff08\u300a\u54c8\u5a01\u723e\u81ea\u50b3\u300b\uff0c\u9801117\uff09\u3002\u54f2\u5b78\u5bb6\u6d77\u5167\u9054\u514b\u8207\u6d85\u6885\u514b\u7684\u53cb\u8abc\u59cb\u7d42\u70ba\u4eba\u7a31\u9053\u3002\u6d85\u6885\u514b\u6709\u5de6\u7ffc\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u80cc\u666f\uff0c\u800c\u6d77\u5167\u9054\u514b\u662f\u5de6\u7ffc\u798f\u97f3\u6d3e\u6559\u5f92\uff0c\u4ed6\u5006\u5728\u54f2\u5b78\u3001\u5b97\u6559\u548c\u653f\u6cbb\u9818\u57df\u89aa\u5bc6\u5408\u4f5c\u6578\u5341\u5e74\u3002<\/p>\n

\u300a\u4e03\u4e03\u61b2\u7ae0\u300b\u8a95\u751f\u7684\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b21\u6703\u8b70\uff0812\u670814\u621615\u65e5\uff09\u6709\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u4eba\u53c3\u52a0\u9032\u4f86\uff0c\u5927\u540d\u9f0e\u9f0e\u7684\u8cc7\u6df1\u523a\u875f\u578b\u4f5c\u5bb6\u8def\u5fb7\u7dad\u514b\uff0e\u74e6\u695a\u91cc\u514b\uff08Ludv\u00edk Vacul\u00edk, 1926-2015\uff0c1967\u5e74\u88ab\u958b\u9664\u9ee8\u7c4d\uff09\u3001\u5e74\u8f15\u7684\u9769\u547d\u99ac\u514b\u601d\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u4f69\u8482\uff0e\u70cf\u723e\uff08Petr Uhl, 1941-2021\uff09\uff0c\u54f2\u5b78\u5bb6\u63da\uff0e\u5e15\u6258\u5207\u514b(Jan Pato\u010dka, 1907-1977)\u6d3e\u4f86\u4e86\u4ed6\u7684\u4ee3\u8868\uff0c\u59c6\u6797\u7d0d\u65e5\u5247\u5e36\u4f86\u4e86\u54c8\u8036\u514b\u672c\u4eba\u3002\u4e0a\u56de\u7684\u4e2d\u9593\u4eba\u79d1\u6885\u9054\u9019\u4e00\u6b21\u662f\u4f5c\u70ba\u300c\u7368\u7acb\u793e\u6703\u4e3b\u7fa9\u300d\u7684\u4ee3\u8868\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u9818\u5c0e\u4eba\u5df4\u6cf0\u514b\u525b\u5f9e\u76e3\u7344\u51fa\u4f86\uff0c\u64d4\u5fc3\u54e1\u8b66\u8ddf\u8e64\u6c92\u6709\u5230\u5834\u3002<\/p>\n

\u9019\u662f\u4e00\u6b21\u6c7a\u5b9a\u6027\u7684\u8a0e\u8ad6\uff0c\u7522\u751f\u4e86\u4e03\u4e03\u61b2\u7ae0\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u6846\u67b6\u3002\u76ee\u524d\u6700\u6b0a\u5a01\u7684\u54c8\u5a01\u723e\u50b3\u8a18\u4f5c\u8005\u3001\u66fe\u4efb\u54c8\u5a01\u723e\u7e3d\u7d71\u7684\u65b0\u805e\u79d8\u66f8\u53ca\u99d0\u7f8e\u3001\u82f1\u5927\u4f7f\u9081\u514b\u723e\uff0e\u8d0a\u6258\u592b\u65af\u57fa\uff08Michael \u017dantovsk\u00fd, 1949-\uff09\uff0c\u5beb\u5230\u4e86\u76ee\u524d\u4fdd\u7559\u4e0b\u4f86\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u4efd\u61b2\u7ae0\u8349\u7a3f\uff081976\u5e7412\u670816\u65e5\uff09\uff0c\u5f9e\u4e2d\u5df2\u7d93\u898b\u51fa\u300a\u4e03\u4e03\u61b2\u7ae0\u300b\u5b9a\u7a3f\u4e4b\u5f8c\u7684\u4e3b\u9ad4\u90e8\u5206\u5df2\u7d93\u6210\u578b\uff0c\u5373\u5c07\u6377\u5171\u7576\u5c40\u5c0d\u65bc\u570b\u969b\u4eba\u6b0a\u516c\u7d04\u7684\u627f\u8afe\uff0c\u8207\u6377\u514b\u65af\u6d1b\u4f10\u514b\u793e\u6703\u7684\u5be6\u969b\u73fe\u5be6\u9032\u884c\u5c0d\u6bd4\uff0c\u4e26\u6307\u51fa\u9019\u5169\u8005\u4e4b\u9593\u7684\u5de8\u5927\u5dee\u8ddd\u3002\u9019\u4efd\u8349\u7a3f\u9084\u63d0\u5230\u60f3\u8981\u6210\u7acb\u4e00\u500b\u300c\u4eba\u6b0a\u59d4\u54e1\u6703\u300d\uff08Committee for Human Rights\uff09\uff0c\u300c\u4f86\u76e3\u7763\u548c\u5ba3\u5c0e\u5c0a\u91cd\u4e0a\u8ff0\u516c\u7d04\u548c\u570b\u5167\u7acb\u6cd5\u6240\u4fdd\u969c\u7684\u6b0a\u5229\u300d\uff0c4 \u9019\u8207\u50b3\u8aaa\u4e2d\u7684\u59c6\u6797\u7d0d\u65e5\u6c92\u80fd\u5be6\u73fe\u7684\u8a08\u756b\u5982\u51fa\u4e00\u8f4d\uff0c\u4e5f\u7b26\u5408\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u6703\u8b70\u4e2d\u5df2\u7d93\u51fa\u73fe\u7684\u8981\u6c42\u300c\u570b\u5bb6\u5c65\u884c\u5176\u7fa9\u52d9\u300d\u9019\u500b\u7acb\u5834\u3002<\/p>\n

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\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u95dc\u65bc\u61b2\u7ae0\u4e2d\u7684\u300c\u4eba\u6b0a\u300d\u4e3b\u984c\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u78ba\u5b9a\u7684\uff0c\u6211\u8d8a\u4f86\u8d8a\u540c\u610f\u59c6\u6797\u7d0d\u65e5\u7684\u8aaa\u6cd5\u2014\u2014\u300c\u8a34\u8af8\uff08\u4eba\u6b0a\uff09\u516c\u7d04\u7684\u60f3\u6cd5\uff0c\u4f86\u81ea\u88ab\u9a45\u9010\u7684\u6539\u9769\u6d3e\u5171\u7522\u9ee8\u4eba\u53cd\u5c0d\u6d3e\u9019\u4e00\u908a\u3002\u300d5 \u5be6\u969b\u4e0a\u5728\u9019\u500b\u554f\u984c\u4e0a\u4e5f\u6c92\u4ec0\u9ebc\u722d\u8b70\uff0c\u53ea\u662f\u6b64\u524d\u4eba\u5011\u6c92\u6709\u76f4\u63a5\u8aaa\u660e\u30021996\u5e74\uff0c\u54c8\u5a01\u723e\u5728\u63a5\u53d7\u6377\u514b\u96fb\u8996\u81fa\u95dc\u65bc\u88fd\u4f5c\u7d00\u5ff5\u300a\u4e03\u4e03\u61b2\u7ae0\u300b20\u5468\u5e74\u7d00\u9304\u7247\u8a2a\u8ac7\u6642\uff0c\u4e5f\u660e\u78ba\u8aaa\u5230\u4e86\u662f\u300c\u4ed6\u5011\u66f4\u65e9\u60f3\u5230\u4e86\u9019\u500b\u554f\u984c\u300d\u3002\u95dc\u65bc\u524d\u5171\u7522\u9ee8\u4eba\u8207\u8d6b\u723e\u8f9b\u57fa\u4eba\u6b0a\u689d\u7d04\u4e4b\u9593\u7684\u6df1\u6c89\u8108\u7d61\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u5728\u4e0b\u9762\u9084\u6703\u8ac7\u5230\u3002<\/p>\n

\u300c\u4e03\u4e03\u61b2\u7ae0\u300d\u9019\u500b\u540d\u5b57\u662f\u79d1\u80e1\u7279\u7684\u4e3b\u610f\uff0c\u4ed6\u4e5f\u662f\u81ea\u59cb\u81f3\u7d42\u7684\u53c3\u8207\u8005\u3002\u4f46\u8ab0\u662f\u300a\u4e03\u4e03\u61b2\u7ae0\u300b\u8d77\u8349\u8005\uff0c\u59c6\u6797\u7d0d\u65e5\u53ca\u524d\u5171\u7522\u9ee8\u4eba\u9019\u689d\u7dda\uff0c\u986f\u7136\u88ab\u6de1\u5316\u4e86\u3002\u54c8\u5a01\u723e\u66fe\u5728\u7b2c\u4e00\u6642\u9593\uff0c\u5411\u54e1\u8b66\u627f\u8a8d\u300a\u4e03\u4e03\u61b2\u7ae0\u300b\u662f\u4ed6\u672c\u4eba\u8d77\u8349\u7684\uff0c\u9ad4\u73fe\u4e86\u627f\u64d4\u8cac\u4efb\u548c\u98a8\u96aa\u7684\u9ad8\u98a8\u4eae\u7bc0\u3002\u70ba\u4e86\u5f37\u8abf\u300a\u4e03\u4e03\u61b2\u7ae0\u300b\u96c6\u9ad4\u5275\u4f5c\u548c\u8ca0\u8cac\u7684\u7cbe\u795e\uff0c\u54c8\u5a01\u723e\u4e5f\u59cb\u7d42\u6c92\u6709\u8aaa\u51fa\u5728\u8a0e\u8ad6\u6642\u8ab0\u5728\u5176\u4e2d\u589e\u6dfb\u4e86\u6216\u522a\u53bb\u4e86\u4ec0\u9ebc\u3002\u4f46\u6709\u8a18\u8f09\uff0c\u7576\u4ed6\u63a5\u53d7\u8d6b\u7dad\u7d2e\u62c9\u7684\u9060\u7aef\u63a1\u8a2a\u6642\u7a31\u300c\u6211\u5728\u9019\u88e1\u4e0d\u6703\u8aaa\u8ab0\u5177\u9ad4\u5beb\u4e86\u7b2c\u4e00\u500b\u61b2\u7ae0\u5ba3\u8a00\u7684\u6587\u672c\uff0c\u6211\u53ea\u6703\u56de\u61b6\u8ab0\u53c3\u8207\u4e86\u8d77\u8349\uff1a\u6211\uff0c\u59c6\u6797\u7d0d\u65e5\u548c\u79d1\u80e1\u7279\u300d\u3002\u4f46\u4e0d\u77e5\u70ba\u4ec0\u9ebc\uff0c\u9019\u500b\u9577\u7bc7\u8a2a\u8ac7\u5728\u6b63\u5f0f\u767c\u8868\u6642\u9019\u4e09\u500b\u4eba\u7684\u540d\u5b57\u90fd\u88ab\u522a\u6389\u4e86\uff0c6 \u53ea\u4fdd\u7559\u4e86\u524d\u4e00\u53e5\uff08\u300c\u6211\u5728\u9019\u88e1\u4e0d\u6703\u8aaa\u300d\uff09\u3002\u95dc\u65bc\u9019\u4e09\u500b\u540d\u5b57\u7684\u8aaa\u6cd5\uff0c\u53e6\u6709\u4e00\u500b\u65c1\u8b49\uff0c\u9081\u514b\u723e\uff0e\u8d0a\u6258\u592b\u65af\u57fa\u5728\u54c8\u5a01\u723e\u50b3\u8a18\u4e2d\u4e5f\u5beb\u9053\uff0c\u7576\u6642\u8a0e\u8ad6\u6642\u4fdd\u7559\u4e0b\u4f86\u7684\u8349\u7a3f\u4e2d\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u6709\u4e00\u4efd\u63d0\u5230\u300a\u4e03\u4e03\u61b2\u7ae0\u300b\u6587\u672c\u7684\u8cac\u4efb\u4eba\u6709\u4e09\u4f4d\u2014\u2014\u54c8\u5a01\u723e\u3001\u79d1\u80e1\u7279\u548c\u59c6\u6797\u7d0d\u65e5\u3002\u8d0a\u53ef\u592b\u65af\u57fa\u9084\u7279\u5225\u63d0\u5230\uff0c\u300c\u59c6\u6797\u7d0d\u65e5\u662f\u8d77\u8349\u8005\u4e2d\u552f\u4e00\u4e00\u4f4d\u5f8b\u5e2b\u300d\u3002\uff082014, Michael Zantovsky\uff09<\/p>\n

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\u54c8\u4f5b\u6559\u6388\u55ac\u7d0d\u68ee\uff0e\u535a\u723e\u9813\uff08Jonathan Bolton\uff09\u5728\u4ed6\u9019\u672c\u8c50\u5bcc\u591a\u5f69\u7684\u300a\u7570\u8b70\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u2014\u2014\u4e03\u4e03\u61b2\u7ae0\u3001\u5b87\u5b99\u5851\u81a0\u4eba\u3001\u5171\u7522\u4e3b\u7fa9\u4e0b\u7684\u6377\u514b\u6587\u5316\u300b\u4e00\u66f8\u4e2d\uff0c\u5206\u6790\u904e\u300a\u4e03\u4e03\u61b2\u7ae0\u300b\u7684\u63aa\u8fad\uff0c\u4e5f\u5e6b\u52a9\u8aaa\u660e\u4e86\u524d\u5171\u7522\u9ee8\u4eba\u7684\u6df1\u5ea6\u53c3\u8207\u3002\u901a\u66c9\u6377\u514b\u6587\u548c\u65af\u6d1b\u4f10\u514b\u6587\u7684\u535a\u723e\u9813\u6559\u6388\u5beb\u9053\uff0c\u300a\u4e03\u4e03\u61b2\u7ae0\u300b\u300c\u6587\u4e2d\u5e7e\u4e4e\u6c92\u6709\u4e00\u500b\u5f15\u4eba\u6ce8\u76ee\u7684\u4fee\u8fad\u624b\u6cd5\u6216\u8c50\u5bcc\u591a\u5f69\u7684\u8f49\u6298\u3002\u5176\u57fa\u672c\u8a9e\u6c23\u662f\u4e0d\u5e36\u611f\u60c5\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u53e3\u543b\uff0c\u6c92\u6709\u60b2\u6134\u3001\u61a4\u6012\u6216\u6fc0\u52d5\u7684\u60c5\u7dd2\u3002\u5118\u7ba1\u5b83\u6bd4\u5171\u7522\u9ee8\u7684\u6a19\u6e96\u653f\u6cbb\u6587\u672c\u2014\u2014\u7121\u8ad6\u662f\u9ee8\u7684\u6307\u4ee4\uff0c\u9084\u662f\u300a\u7d05\u8272\u6b0a\u5229\u5831\u300b\u793e\u8ad6\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u662f\u300c\u4e94\u4e00\u300d\u6f14\u8b1b\u2014\u2014\u90fd\u8981\u6e05\u6670\u7c21\u6f54\u5f97\u591a\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u4ecd\u7136\u4e0d\u53ef\u907f\u514d\u5730\u5e36\u6709\u6377\u514b\u5b98\u50da\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8272\u5f69\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u9084\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u884c\u8a71\uff0c\u5982pokrokov\u00e9 sily\uff08\u9032\u6b65\u529b\u91cf\uff09\u6216hum\u00e1nn\u00ed v\u00fdvoj\uff08\u4eba\u985e\u767c\u5c55\uff09 \u300d\uff082012, Jonathan Bolton\uff09\u3002\u61c9\u8a72\u4e0d\u53ea\u662f\u59c6\u6797\u7d0d\u65e5\uff0c\u54c8\u8036\u514b\u4e5f\u5230\u73fe\u5834\u53c3\u52a0\u904e\u8a0e\u8ad6\uff0c\u4e0d\u6392\u9664\u67d0\u4e9b\u5b57\u773c\u4f86\u81ea\u4ed6\u3002\u6536\u5728\u7d04\u7ff0\uff0e\u80af\u5c3c1985\u5e74\u7de8\u8f2f\u51fa\u7248\u7684\u9019\u672c\u300a\u4e03\u4e03\u61b2\u7ae0\u300b\u7c3d\u7f72\u8005\u81ea\u8ff0\u7684\u66f8\u88e1\uff0c\u6709\u4e00\u7bc7\u54c8\u8036\u514b\u7684\u6587\u7ae0\uff0c\u6a19\u984c\u5247\u662f\u3008\u4eba\u6b0a\u904b\u52d5\u548c\u793e\u6703\u9032\u6b65\u3009\u30027\u300c\u9032\u6b65\u300d\u6216\u300c\u793e\u6703\u9032\u6b65\u300d\uff0c\u662f\u59c6\u6797\u7d0d\u65e5\u627e\u4f86\u90a3100\u591a\u4f4d\u6539\u9769\u7684\u5171\u7522\u9ee8\u4eba\u7684\u5171\u540c\u8a9e\u8a00\u3002<\/p>\n

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<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n

1966\u5e74\u59c6\u6797\u7d0d\u65e5\u88ab\u4efb\u547d\u4e3b\u6301\u4e00\u500b\u8de8\u5b78\u79d1\u7684\u5c08\u6848\u300c\u793e\u6703\u4e3b\u7fa9\u793e\u6703\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u548c\u653f\u6cbb\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u767c\u5c55\u300d\uff0c\u9019\u500b\u9805\u76ee\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u6210\u679c\u6700\u7d42\u9ad4\u73fe\u57281968\u5e744\u67085\u65e5\u6377\u5171\u4e2d\u592e\u59d4\u54e1\u6703\u901a\u904e\u7684\u300a\u884c\u52d5\u7db1\u9818\u300b\uff08\u53c8\u7a31\u300a\u56db\u6708\u63d0\u7db1\u300b\uff09\u4e4b\u4e2d\u3002\u8a72\u7db1\u9818\u96c6\u4e2d\u9ad4\u73fe\u4e86\u300c\u5e03\u62c9\u683c\u4e4b\u6625\u300d\u7684\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u6539\u9769\u65b9\u6848\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u9650\u5236\u904e\u65bc\u96c6\u4e2d\u7684\u5171\u7522\u9ee8\u6b0a\u529b\u3001\u5f15\u9032\u5e02\u5834\u7d93\u6fdf\u3001\u6062\u5fa9\u88ab\u8feb\u5bb3\u8005\u7684\u540d\u8b7d\u3001\u64f4\u5927\u8a00\u8ad6\u548c\u85dd\u8853\u5275\u4f5c\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u3001\u6377\u514b\u8207\u65af\u6d1b\u4f10\u514b\u7684\u806f\u90a6\u5236\u7b49\u3002\u8457\u540d\u7d93\u6fdf\u5b78\u5967\u5854\uff0e\u5e0c\u514b\uff08Ota \u0160ik, 1919-2004\uff09\u4e3b\u6301\u4e86\u7d93\u6fdf\u6539\u9769\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u65b9\u6848\u66fe\u8b93\u5e03\u62c9\u683c\u8857\u4e0a\u56db\u8655\u8dd1\u8457\u79c1\u4eba\u8a08\u7a0b\u8eca\uff0c\u6210\u70ba\u793e\u6703\u4e3b\u7fa9\u570b\u5bb6\u7684\u4e00\u9053\u7279\u6b8a\u98a8\u666f\u3002\u62c9\u591a\u842c\uff0e\u91cc\u5947\u5854\uff08Radovan Richta, 1924-1983\uff09\u4e3b\u6301\u300c\u79d1\u6280\u9769\u547d\u5c0d\u793e\u6703\u548c\u4eba\u985e\u7684\u5f71\u97ff\u300d\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u6b63\u662f\u6b64\u4eba\u65bc1966\u5e74\u63d0\u51fa\u300c\u5177\u6709\u4eba\u9053\u4e3b\u7fa9\u9762\u5b54\u7684\u793e\u6703\u4e3b\u7fa9\u300d\uff08socialism with a human face\uff09\uff0c\u9019\u500b\u6982\u5ff5\u4e5f\u88ab\u5beb\u9032\u300a\u63d0\u7db1\u300b\u4e4b\u4e2d\u3002\u59c6\u6797\u7d0d\u65e5\u8ca0\u8cac\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u90e8\u5206\u5728\u5176\u4e2d\u984c\u70ba\u3008\u767c\u5c55\u793e\u6703\u4e3b\u7fa9\u6c11\u4e3b\uff0c\u5be6\u73fe\u5c0d\u793e\u6703\u9032\u884c\u7ba1\u7406\u7684\u65b0\u9ad4\u5236\u3009\u3002\u9019\u4efd\u300a\u56db\u6708\u63d0\u7db1\u300b\u901a\u904e\u7684\u524d\u4e00\u5929\uff0c\u59c6\u6797\u7d0d\u65e5\u589e\u9078\u70ba\u6377\u5171\u4e2d\u592e\u66f8\u8a18\u8655\u66f8\u8a18\u3002<\/p>\n

\u59c6\u6797\u7d0d\u65e5\u9084\u4ee5\u500b\u4eba\u540d\u7fa9\u767c\u8868\u4e86\u591a\u7bc7\u7f72\u540d\u6587\u7ae0\uff0c\u9019\u7bc7\u3008\u8d70\u5411\u793e\u6703\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u653f\u6cbb\u7d44\u7e54\u3009\uff0c\u88ab\u8a8d\u70ba\u662f\u300c\u5e03\u62c9\u683c\u4e4b\u6625\u300d\u7684\u6a19\u8a8c\u6027\u4f5c\u54c1\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u6587\u4e2d\u7528\u300c\u88dd\u9ede\u9580\u9762\u300d\u4f86\u5f62\u5bb9\u4eba\u5011\u6240\u53c3\u52a0\u7684\u9078\u8209\uff0c\u5728\u9019\u500b\u7a7a\u6d1e\u7684\u5916\u8868\u4e4b\u4e0b\uff0c\u4eba\u5011\u9677\u5165\u4e86\u300c\u539f\u5b50\u5316\u7684\u79c1\u4eba\u751f\u6d3b\u300d\uff0c\u9019\u9020\u6210\u4e86\u6c11\u4e3b\u9032\u7a0b\u7684\u5de8\u5927\u969c\u7919\uff0c\u89e3\u6c7a\u554f\u984c\u7684\u9014\u5f91\u662f\u5be6\u73fe\u653f\u6cbb\u4e0a\u7684\u300c\u591a\u5143\u5236\u5ea6\u300d\uff08pluralist system\uff09\uff0c\u7528\u4f86\u91cb\u653e\u4e0d\u540c\u4eba\u5011\u7684\u5229\u76ca\u7acb\u5834\u3002\u7576\u7136\u4ed6\u4e26\u4e0d\u5efa\u8b70\u99ac\u4e0a\u6210\u7acb\u53cd\u5c0d\u9ee8\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u63a8\u85a6\u5145\u5206\u5229\u7528\u5df2\u6709\u7684\u300c\u570b\u6c11\u9663\u7dda\u300d\uff0c\u4f86\u91cb\u653e\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u529b\u91cf\u3002\u5728\u4e00\u6b21\u516c\u958b\u5831\u5c0e\u7684\u5713\u684c\u6703\u8b70\u4e0a\uff0c\u59c6\u6797\u7d0d\u65e5\u751a\u81f3\u7528\u300c\u7368\u88c1\u7d71\u6cbb\u300d\uff08dictatorship\uff09\u4f86\u5f62\u5bb9\u8607\u5f0f\u4e2d\u592e\u6307\u4ee4\uff0c\u8a8d\u70ba\u300c\u9ee8\u5fc5\u9808\u653e\u68c4\u58df\u65b7\u6027\u653f\u6cbb\u4e3b\u9ad4\u7684\u5730\u4f4d\u300d\uff08\u3008\u5c0b\u627e\u3009\uff09\u3002\u4e0d\u7ba1\u600e\u9ebc\u8aaa\uff0c\u7576\u6642\u7684\u6377\u5171\u8207\u6377\u514b\u793e\u6703\u662f\u5728\u671d\u8457\u8d8a\u4f86\u8d8a\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u65b9\u5411\u5728\u8d70\u30028\u670820\u65e5\u591c\u8607\u806f\u70ba\u9996\u7684\u83ef\u7d04\u8ecd\u968a\u5165\u4fb5\uff0c\u6377\u5171\u6c7a\u5b9a\u63d0\u524d\u53ec\u958b\u9ee8\u7684\u7b2c\u5341\u56db\u6b21\u4ee3\u8868\u5927\u6703\uff0c8\u670822\u5728\u5e03\u62c9\u683c\u7dad\u7d22\u5361\u5c3c\u5340\u4e00\u5bb6\u5de5\u5ee0\u88e1\uff0c\u5728\u5de5\u4eba\u5011\u7684\u4fdd\u8b77\u4e0b\u4ee5\u53ca\u982d\u9802\u4e0a\u5165\u4fb5\u98db\u6a5f\u7684\u8f5f\u9cf4\u8072\u4e2d\u958b\u5e55\u3002\u9019\u500b\u534a\u79d8\u5bc6\u7684\u5927\u6703\u4e00\u81f4\u901a\u904e\u4e86\u6297\u8b70\u5165\u4fb5\u7684\u8072\u660e\u3002\u4f5c\u70ba\u6539\u9769\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u660e\u661f\uff0c\u59c6\u6797\u7d0d\u65e5\u4e5f\u5728\u9019\u500b\u9ee8\u4ee3\u6703\u4e0a\u88ab\u589e\u9078\u70ba\u6377\u5171\u4e2d\u592e\u4e3b\u5e2d\u5718\u6210\u54e1\u3002<\/p>\n

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\u70ba\u4ec0\u9ebc\u59c6\u6797\u7d0d\u65e5\u6b64\u524d\u4e0d\u9032\u5165\u6211\u7684\u8996\u91ce\uff1f\u4e0d\u50c5\u662f\u6211\uff0c\u5728\u6211\u63a5\u89f8\u7684\u82f1\u6587\u8cc7\u6599\u4e2d\uff0c\u5c24\u51762010\u5e74\u524d\u51fa\u7248\u7684\uff0c\u5c0d\u65bc\u9019\u4f4d\u300c\u4e03\u4e03\u61b2\u7ae0\u300d\u7684\u7de0\u9020\u8005\u4e5f\u662f\u4e00\u7b46\u5e36\u904e\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u5beb\u4f5c\u9084\u662f\u6377\u514b\u6587\u6c92\u6709\u5f97\u5230\u7ffb\u8b6f\u3002\u4f46\u8fd1\u5e74\u4f86\uff0c\u59c6\u6797\u7d0d\u65e5\u7684\u540d\u5b57\u66f4\u591a\u51fa\u73fe\u5728\u5e74\u8f15\u53f2\u5b78\u5bb6\u7684\u7b46\u4e0b\u300210\u5f88\u986f\u7136\uff0c\u6b64\u524d\u5305\u62ec\u6211\u5728\u5167\u7684\u8a31\u591a\u4eba\u5011\u90fd\u88ab\u88f9\u633e\u4e00\u500b\u5b8f\u5927\u6558\u4e8b\u4e2d\uff0c\u90a3\u4fbf\u662f\u6240\u8b02\u300c\u6b77\u53f2\u7684\u7d42\u7d50\u300d\u3002\u5982\u540c\u6211\u5011\u66fe\u719f\u6089\u7684\u300c\u6b77\u53f2\u5fc5\u7136\u898f\u5f8b\u300d\uff0c\u9019\u500b\u300c\u6b77\u53f2\u7684\u7d42\u7d50\u300d\u4e5f\u88ab\u9ad8\u5ea6\u72f9\u7a84\u5316\uff0c\u5f77\u5f7f\u53ea\u6709\u88ab\u9078\u4e2d\u7684\u5c11\u6578\u4eba\u624d\u80fd\u4ee3\u8868\u5176\u65b9\u5411\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u51fa\u73fe\u5728\u300c\u7d42\u7d50\u300d\u9019\u500b\u7dad\u5ea6\u4e0a\u624d\u80fd\u7372\u5f97\u610f\u7fa9\uff0c\u5176\u9918\u53ea\u80fd\u88ab\u6b77\u53f2\u7121\u60c5\u6dd8\u6c70\u3002\u54e6\uff0c\u9019\u500b\u5c0d\u6211\u5011\u592a\u719f\u6089\u4e86\uff0c\u6211\u9019\u500b\u5e74\u7d00\u7684\u4e2d\u570b\u4eba\uff0c\u628a\u67d0\u67d0\u4eba\u3001\u67d0\u67d0\u52e2\u529b\u300c\u6383\u9032\u6b77\u53f2\u7684\u5783\u573e\u5806\u300d\uff0c\u6210\u70ba\u6211\u5011\u7684\u5152\u6b4c\uff01\u4f46\u5f8c\u4f86\uff0c\u4e00\u6279\u6279\u4eba\u3001\u4e00\u5f35\u5f35\u9762\u5b54\u53c8\u5f9e\u300c\u6b77\u53f2\u5783\u573e\u5806\u300d\u88e1\u8d70\u51fa\u4f86\uff0c\u91cd\u65b0\u627e\u5230\u4e86\u6211\u5011\u3002\u6642\u81f3\u4eca\u65e5\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u4ecd\u7136\u6709\u8a31\u591a\u8a18\u61b6\u88ab\u6c89\u57cb\u5730\u4e0b\u3002\u7576\u6211\u8b80\u5230\u7c73\u5947\u5c3c\u514b\u8aaa\uff0c\u300c\u6211\u5011\u9019\u4e00\u4ee3\u4eba\u8a18\u5f97\u67d0\u4e9b\u540d\u5b57\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u5f9e\u6b77\u53f2\u6559\u79d1\u66f8\u548c\u6b77\u53f2\u7167\u7247\u4e2d\u6d88\u5931\u7684\u300d\uff0c\u6df1\u6709\u540c\u611f\u3002\u7c73\u5947\u5c3c\u514b\u8fd1\u4e9b\u5e74\u7684\u6587\u7ae0\u706b\u529b\u4e0d\u6e1b\uff0c\u5927\u591a\u843d\u5728\u4e86\u4eca\u5929\u7684\u300c\u53cd\u5171\u4eba\u58eb\u300d\u8eab\u4e0a\uff0c\u4ed6\u767c\u660e\u4e86\u4e00\u500b\u8aaa\u6cd5\u53eb\u505a\u300c\u5e36\u8457\u5e03\u723e\u4ec0\u7dad\u514b\u9762\u5b54\u7684\u53cd\u5171\u75c5\u6bd2\u300d\uff08the virus of anticommunism with a Bolshevik face\uff09\uff0c\u9019\u4e9b\u4eba\u8a8d\u70ba\u81ea\u5df1\u540c\u904e\u53bb\u7684\u6b77\u53f2\u6c92\u6709\u95dc\u4fc2\uff0c\u56e0\u800c\u6c11\u65cf\u7684\u6b77\u53f2\u61c9\u8a72\u5f9e\u4ed6\u5011\u958b\u59cb\u3002\u5c0d\u6b64\uff0c\u7c73\u5947\u5c3c\u514b\u91dd\u92d2\u76f8\u5c0d\u5730\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u5171\u7522\u653f\u6b0a\u6700\u521d\u51fa\u73fe\u548c\u7a0d\u5f8c\u7684\u90a3\u4e9b\u5e74\uff0c\u300c\u6b63\u662f\u5f9e\u9019\u4e9b\u6700\u521d\u5805\u5b9a\u7684\u5171\u7522\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u4e2d\uff0c\u51fa\u73fe\u4e86\u5c0d\u5171\u7522\u4e3b\u7fa9\u6700\u6709\u6d1e\u5bdf\u529b\u3001\u6700\u52c7\u6562\u3001\u6700\u6301\u7e8c\u7684\u6279\u8a55\u8005\u3002\u300d11<\/p>\n

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\"\"<\/picture><\/div>\n<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n
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\u6bd4\u8d77\u54c8\u5a01\u723e\u3001\u6d77\u9054\u5167\u514b\u9019\u4e9b\u975e\u9ee8\u4eba\u58eb\u671d\u5411\u793e\u6703\u4e3b\u7fa9\u524d\u9032\u4e00\u6b65\u66f4\u70ba\u660e\u986f\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u66f4\u591a\u5f9e\u8607\u5f0f\u5171\u7522\u653f\u6b0a\u4e2d\u8dcc\u843d\u51fa\u4f86\u7684\u4eba\u5011\uff0c\u5247\u8868\u73fe\u70ba\u5f8c\u9000\u4e00\u6b65\u3002\u90a3\u4e9b\u524d\u5171\u7522\u9ee8\u54e1\uff0c\u7576\u4ed6\u5011\u5f9e\u9ad4\u5236\u4e4b\u5167\u6ed1\u843d\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u4ed6\u5011\u5f9e\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u8a9e\u8a00\u4e2d\u6e05\u9664\u5171\u7522\u4e3b\u7fa9\u6559\u689d\u548c\u6212\u5f8b\u7684\u958b\u59cb\u3002\u6b64\u524d\u9ad4\u5236\u5c08\u5c6c\u7684\u8a5e\u5f59\uff0c\u8868\u9762\u4e0a\u7a7a\u6d1e\u6d6e\u8a87\uff0c\u80cc\u5f8c\u537b\u96b1\u85cf\u8457\u4e00\u7a2e\u7368\u7279\u7684\u5be6\u7528\u4e3b\u7fa9\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u4f86\u4e92\u76f8\u8b58\u5225\u53ca\u5229\u76ca\u4ea4\u63db\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u54c8\u5a01\u723e\u5206\u6790\u904e\u7684\u300c\u5168\u4e16\u754c\u7121\u7522\u8005\u806f\u5408\u8d77\u4f86\u300d\u3002\u7576\u9019\u4e9b\u88ab\u7f77\u9edc\u7684\u4eba\u5011\u4e0d\u518d\u904b\u7528\u9ad4\u5236\u7684\u529b\u91cf\u767c\u63ee\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u4e5f\u6c92\u6709\u5fc5\u8981\u7e7c\u7e8c\u4f7f\u7528\u9019\u7a2e\u8a9e\u8a00\u53ca\u7acb\u5834\u3002\u8f03\u65e9\u7814\u7a76\u6377\u514b\u65af\u6d1b\u4f10\u514b\u53cd\u5c0d\u6d3e\u5b78\u8005\u5f17\u62c9\u8fea\u7c73\u723e\uff0e\u5eab\u8f9b\uff08Vladimir V. Kusin, 1929-\uff09\u63cf\u8ff0\u904e\u9019\u500b\u8b8a\u5316\uff0c\u4ed6\u6307\u51fa\uff1a68\u5e74\u4e4b\u5f8c\uff0c \u300c\u66fe\u7d93\u7528 \u300e\u5171\u7522\u4e3b\u7fa9\u300f\u4f86\u6307\u7a31\u4e00\u500b\u4eba\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u89c0\uff0c\u5df2\u7d93\u88ab\u300e\u793e\u6703\u4e3b\u7fa9\u300f\u6240\u53d6\u4ee3\u3002\u300d15\u90a3\u9ebc\uff0c\u4ec0\u9ebc\u662f\u64a4\u9000\u4e4b\u5f8c\u7684\u300c\u793e\u6703\u4e3b\u7fa9\u300d\uff1f<\/p>\n

\u5f88\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\uff0c\u5f9e\u5171\u7522\u4e3b\u7fa9\u64a4\u9000\u4e0b\u4f86\u7684\u793e\u6703\u4e3b\u7fa9\uff0c\u8207\u54c8\u5a01\u723e\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u975e\u9ee8\u4eba\u58eb\u671d\u5411\u793e\u6703\u4e3b\u7fa9\u524d\u9032\u4e00\u6b65\u7684\u90a3\u500b\u4f4d\u7f6e\uff0c\u662f\u6377\u514b\u65af\u6d1b\u4f10\u514b\u793e\u6703\u4e2d\u540c\u4e00\u500b\u95dc\u65bc\u793e\u6703\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u5403\u6c34\u6df1\u5ea6\u6216\u57fa\u672c\u5171\u8b58\u3002\u5be6\u969b\u4e0a\u5728\u6211\u9019\u500b\u9059\u9060\u7684\u6771\u65b9\u4eba\u770b\u4f86\uff0c\u6574\u500b\u4e00\u5834\u300c\u5e03\u62c9\u683c\u4e4b\u6625\u300d\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u505a\u8607\u806f\u9663\u71df\u4e2d\u7684\u570b\u5bb6 \u300c\u5171\u7522\u4e3b\u7fa9\u300d\u671d\u5411\u300c\u793e\u6703\u4e3b\u7fa9\u300d\u7684\u64a4\u9000\u3002\u300c\u5e03\u62c9\u683c\u4e4b\u6625\u300d\uff08\u5f9e\u675c\u5e03\u5207\u514b1968\u5e741\u6708\u4e0a\u81fa\u52308\u670820\u8607\u8ecd\u5766\u514b\u9032\u4f86\uff09\u662f\u5f8c\u4f86\u8ffd\u8a8d\u7684\u8aaa\u6cd5\uff0c\u8eab\u8655\u5176\u4e2d\u6642\uff0c\u4eba\u5011\u7a31\u5176\u70ba\u300c\u5fa9\u8208\u9032\u7a0b\u300d\uff08obrodn\u00e9mu procesu\uff09\uff0c\u6709\u9ede\u50cf\u6211\u5011\u76841978\u5e74\u6642\u300c\u6539\u9769\u958b\u653e\u300d\uff0c\u7576\u7136\u4e0d\u76e1\u76f8\u540c\u3002\u7576\u4eba\u5011\u8aaa\u4fdd\u5b88\u6d3e\u4f01\u5716\u963b\u64cb\u300c\u5fa9\u8208\u9032\u7a0b\u300d\uff0c\u5c31\u50cf\u6211\u5011\u9019\u88e1\u6240\u8aaa\u7684\u6709\u4eba\u8a66\u5716\u53cd\u5c0d\u6539\u9769\u958b\u653e\u3002\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u8655\u65bc\u6b50\u6d32\u4e2d\u5fc3\u7684\u9019\u500b\u5c0f\u570b\u5bb61968\u5e74\u51fa\u73fe\u7684\u98a8\u66b4\uff0c\u6b63\u662f\u6709\u8457\u4e00\u500b\u671d\u5f8c\u770b\u7684\u9762\u5411\uff0c\u5728\u4ed6\u5011\u81ea\u5df1\u770b\u4f86\uff0c\u662f\u56de\u5230\u548c\u91cd\u65b0\u9032\u5165\u67d0\u500b\u5df2\u6709\u7684\u8108\u7d61\u4e4b\u4e2d\uff0c\u63a5\u7e8c\u4e0a\u67d0\u500b\u4e0d\u5e78\u9047\u5230\u4e2d\u65b7\u7684\u50b3\u7d71\uff0c\u9019\u624d\u7a31\u5f97\u4e0a\u662f\u300c\u5fa9\u8208\u300d\u6216\u300c\u518d\u751f\u300d\u3002\u9019\u5c31\u6bd4\u8f03\u6709\u610f\u601d\u4e86\u3002\u4e5f\u8a31\uff0c\u8607\u5f0f\u5171\u7522\u4e3b\u7fa9\u5c0d\u4ed6\u5011\u4f86\u8aaa\u662f\u5916\u4f86\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u793e\u6703\u4e3b\u7fa9\u4e0d\u662f\uff1b\u662f\u7531\u6377\u514b\u65af\u6d1b\u4f10\u514b\u672c\u571f\u6240\u8a95\u751f\u548c\u751f\u9577\u51fa\u4f86\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n

\u62c9\u958b\u8ddd\u96e2\u770b\uff0c\u4e0d\u7ba1\u662f\u5728\u300c\u5e03\u62c9\u683c\u4e4b\u6625\u300d\u6216\u54c8\u5a01\u723e\u6216\u6d77\u5167\u9054\u514b\u90a3\u88e1\uff0c\u4eba\u5011\u90fd\u53ef\u4ee5\u6e05\u6670\u5730\u807d\u5f97\u5230\u6377\u514b\u65af\u6d1b\u4f10\u514b\u7684\u5efa\u570b\u4e4b\u7236\u6e6f\u746a\u65af\uff0e\u99ac\u85a9\u91cc\u514b\uff08Tom\u00e1\u0161 Garrigue Masaryk, 1850-1937\uff09\u601d\u60f3\u7684\u56de\u8072\uff0c\u4ed6\u65bc1918-1935\u5e74\u64d4\u4efb\u6377\u514b\u65af\u6d1b\u4f10\u514b\u5171\u548c\u570b\u7b2c\u4e00\u4efb\u7e3d\u7d71\u3002<\/p>\n

\u99ac\u85a9\u91cc\u514b\u4e0d\u80fd\u7b97\u4e00\u500b\u793e\u6703\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u4ed6\u5c0d\u65bc\u793e\u6703\u4e3b\u7fa9\u60c5\u6709\u7368\u937e\u3002\u4ed6\u51fa\u8eab\u65bc\u4e00\u500b\u8ca7\u56f0\u5bb6\u5ead\uff0c\u9760\u81ea\u8eab\u7684\u9811\u5f37\u52aa\u529b\u53d7\u5230\u4e86\u9ad8\u7b49\u6559\u80b2\uff0c\u5728\u7dad\u4e5f\u7d0d\u5927\u5b78\u7372\u5f97\u535a\u58eb\u5b78\u4f4d\uff0c\u66fe\u5169\u5ea6\u7576\u4e0a\u5967\u5730\u5229\u5e1d\u570b\u8b70\u6703\u8b70\u54e1\uff081891-1893\uff1b1907-1911\uff09\u3002\u5728\u4ed6\u5f9e\u897f\u6b50\u5230\u7f8e\u570b\u56db\u8655\u5954\u6ce2\u904a\u8aaa\u5efa\u570b\u53ca\u7d44\u5efa\u8ecd\u968a\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u4ed6\u662f\u4e00\u540d\u7de8\u8f2f\u548c\u5927\u5b78\u6559\u6388\uff0c\u4e00\u4f4d\u8457\u66f8\u7acb\u8aaa\u7684\u54f2\u5b78\u5bb6\uff0c\u66fe\u7d93\u662f\u54f2\u5b78\u5bb6\u80e1\u585e\u723e\u7684\u54f2\u5b78\u5f15\u8def\u4eba\u548c\u7cbe\u795e\u5c0e\u5e2b\u300216 \u5728\u64d4\u4efb\u6377\u514b\u5e03\u62c9\u683c\u5927\u5b78\u6559\u6388\u671f\u9593\uff0c\u91dd\u5c0d\u7576\u6642\u6d41\u884c\u7684\u99ac\u514b\u601d\u4e3b\u7fa9\uff0c\u99ac\u85a9\u91cc\u514b\u958b\u8a2d\u4e86\u4e00\u9580\u95dc\u65bc\u99ac\u514b\u601d\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u8ab2\u7a0b\uff0c\u4ee5\u6279\u5224\u7684\u773c\u5149\u4f86\u770b\u5f85\u99ac\u514b\u601d\u548c\u6069\u683c\u65af\u7684\u5b78\u8aaa\uff0c\u9019\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u8996\u70ba\u4ed6\u5982\u6b64\u91cd\u8996\u99ac\u514b\u601d\u4e3b\u7fa9\uff0c\u6e34\u671b\u8207\u99ac\u514b\u601d\u4e3b\u7fa9\u53ca\u99ac\u514b\u601d\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u9032\u884c\u5c0d\u8a71\uff0c\u8a72\u8ab2\u5802\u8b1b\u7fa91898\u5e74\u5148\u4ee5\u6377\u514b\u6587\u51fa\u7248\uff0c\u5f88\u5feb\u53c8\u6709\u4e86\u5fb7\u6587\u548c\u4fc4\u6587\u7248\u3002<\/p>\n

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\u5728\u4ed6\u53bb\u4e16\u524d\u5e7e\u5e74\uff0c\u99ac\u85a9\u91cc\u514b\u8207\u4f5c\u5bb6\u6070\u4f69\u514b\u5c31\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u751f\u5e73\u7d93\u6b77\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u601d\u60f3\u904e\u7a0b\uff0c\u6709\u904e\u591a\u6b21\u9577\u8ac7\uff0c\u65bc\u5176\u4e2d\u4ed6\u7d66\u51fa\u4e86\u4ed6\u81ea\u5df1\u95dc\u65bc\u793e\u6703\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u5b9a\u7fa9\uff1a<\/p>\n

\u6211\u7684\u793e\u6703\u4e3b\u7fa9\u53ea\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u611b\u4f60\u7684\u9130\u5c45\u3001\u611b\u4eba\u985e\u7684\u554f\u984c\u3002\u6211\u4e0d\u5e0c\u671b\u5b58\u5728\u8ca7\u56f0\uff0c\u6211\u5e0c\u671b\u6bcf\u500b\u4eba\u90fd\u80fd\u9ad4\u9762\u5730\u751f\u6d3b\uff0c\u5728\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u52de\u52d5\u4e2d\uff0c\u9760\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u52de\u52d5\uff0c\u50cf\u7f8e\u570b\u4eba\u8aaa\u7684\u90a3\u6a23\uff0c\u6709\u8db3\u5920\u7684\u300c\u8098\u90e8\u7a7a\u9593\u300d\u3002\u611b\u4f60\u7684\u9130\u5c45\u4e0d\u662f\u820a\u5f0f\u7684\u6148\u5584\u4e8b\u696d\uff0c\u6148\u5584\u4e8b\u696d\u53ea\u662f\u5728\u9019\u88e1\u548c\u90a3\u88e1\u63d0\u4f9b\u5e6b\u52a9\u3002\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u4eba\u6027\u4e4b\u611b\u662f\u901a\u904e\u6cd5\u5f8b\u548c\u884c\u52d5\u4f86\u6539\u8b8a\u73fe\u72c0\u3002\u5982\u679c\u9019\u5c31\u662f\u793e\u6703\u4e3b\u7fa9\uff0c\u6211\u8d0a\u6210\u3002\uff081995, Karel Capek\uff09<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

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\u4f5c\u70ba\u6c11\u65cf\u7368\u7acb\u548c\u5171\u548c\u570b\u7684\u7de0\u9020\u8005\uff0c\u8fd120\u5e74\u7684\u7e3d\u7d71\u751f\u6daf\uff0c\u99ac\u85a9\u91cc\u514b\u7121\u7591\u5851\u9020\u4e86\u9019\u500b\u570b\u5bb6\u7684\u73fe\u4ee3\u6c11\u65cf\u7cbe\u795e\u6c23\u8cea\u3002\u5728\u4ed6\u7684\u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u4ed6\u628a\u793e\u6703\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8b8a\u6210\u6240\u6709\u4eba\u7121\u6cd5\u7e5e\u958b\u7684\u8a71\u984c\u3002\u6b63\u5982\u6377\u514b\u6587\u300a\u54c8\u5a01\u723e\u50b3\u8a18\u300b\u4f5c\u8005\u6240\u8aaa\u7684\u90a3\u6a23\uff0c \u300c\u5728\u4e0a\u500b\u4e16\u7d0030\u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u8001\u54c8\u5a01\u723e\u7684\u670b\u53cb\u4e2d\u6c92\u6709\u4eba\u6562\u65bc\u61f7\u7591\u793e\u6703\u4e3b\u7fa9\u6982\u5ff5\u3002\u300d\u9019\u88e1\u7684\u8001\u54c8\u5a01\u723e\u6307\u7684\u662f\u54c8\u5a01\u723e\u7684\u7236\u89aa\uff0c\u767e\u842c\u5bcc\u7fc1\u672c\u4eba\u74e6\u8328\u62c9\u592b\uff0e\u99ac\u5229\u4e9e\uff0e\u54c8\u5a01\u723e\uff08V\u00e1clav Maria Havel, 1897-1979\uff09\u3002\u5728\u5176\u56de\u61b6\u9304\u4e2d\uff0c\u4ed6\u7a31\u81ea\u5df1\u300c\u8d0a\u6210\u793e\u6703\u4e3b\u7fa9\uff0c\u4f46\u90a3\u662f\u5171\u548c\u570b\u7b2c\u4e00\u4efb\u7e3d\u7d71\u99ac\u85a9\u91cc\u514b\u7684\u90a3\u7a2e\u793e\u6703\u4e3b\u7fa9\uff0c\u4e0d\u662f\u99ac\u514b\u601d\u7684\u300d\uff082009\uff0cDaniel Kaiser\uff09\u3002\u54c8\u5a01\u723e\u662f\u5728\u7236\u89aa\u7684\u5716\u66f8\u9928\u88e1\u8b80\u5230\u4e86\u99ac\u85a9\u91cc\u514b\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\u3002<\/p>\n

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\u5728\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u57fa\u790e\u4e4b\u4e0a\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u4fbf\u53ef\u4ee5\u7406\u89e3\u70ba\u4ec0\u9ebc\u5728\u6377\u514b\u9019\u7247\u571f\u58e4\uff0c\u6709\u904e\u5982\u6b64\u5927\u9762\u7a4d\u793e\u6703\u4e3b\u7fa9\u529b\u91cf\u7684\u5d1b\u8d77\u3002\u6377\u514b\u65af\u6d1b\u4f10\u514b\u793e\u6703\u6c11\u4e3b\u9ee8\u7684\u6b77\u53f2\u53ef\u4ee5\u8ffd\u6eaf\u52301878\u5e74\uff0c\u8a95\u751f\u65bc\u5967\u5730\u5229\u5e1d\u570b\u6642\u671f\uff0c1918\u5e74\u5efa\u570b\u4e4b\u5f8c\uff0c\u8a72\u9ee8\u57281920\u5e74\u570b\u6c11\u8b70\u6703\u9078\u8209\u4e2d\u7372\u5f9725.5%\u7684\u512a\u7e3e\uff1b\u6210\u7acb\u65bc1921\u5e74\u7684\u6377\u514b\u65af\u6d1b\u4f10\u514b\u5171\u7522\u9ee8\uff0c\u57281925\u5e74\u7684\u9078\u8209\u4e2d\u5f97\u7968\u7387\u670912.86%\u3002\u76f4\u5230\u4e8c\u6230\u7206\u767c\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u6377\u5171\u7684\u5f97\u7968\u7387\u4e00\u76f4\u572810%\u81f313%\u4e4b\u9593\u3002\u7576\u7136\uff0c\u9019\u53ef\u4ee5\u8996\u70ba\u4f4d\u65bc\u9019\u500b\u6b50\u6d32\u4e2d\u5fc3\u7684\u570b\u5bb6\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u525b\u525b\u8a95\u751f\u4e0d\u4e45\uff0c\u4fbf\u6709\u8457\u6210\u719f\u7684\u8b70\u6703\u6c11\u4e3b\u5236\u5ea6\uff0c\u653f\u6cbb\u529b\u91cf\u548c\u601d\u60f3\u5341\u5206\u591a\u5143\u3002\u8207\u5305\u62ec\u8607\u806f\u5728\u5167\u7684\u8607\u806f\u9663\u71df\u5176\u4ed6\u570b\u5bb6\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u6377\u514b\u65af\u6d1b\u4f10\u514b\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u5b8c\u6210\u73fe\u4ee3\u6027\u8f49\u578b\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u570b\u5bb6\uff0c\u5728\u9019\u88e1\uff0c\u793e\u6703\u4e3b\u7fa9\u4e5f\u4e0d\u662f\u8a95\u751f\u5728\u8ca7\u7620\u7684\u571f\u58e4\u4e4b\u4e2d\u3002\u5e03\u62c9\u683c\u4f5c\u70ba\u4e00\u5ea7\u64c1\u6709\u60a0\u4e45\u6b77\u53f2\u7684\u6b50\u6d32\u6587\u5316\u540d\u57ce\uff0c\u5176\u601d\u60f3\u4e4b\u6d3b\u8e8d\u3001\u85dd\u8853\u4e4b\u524d\u885b\uff0c\u5f9e18\u4e16\u7d00\u8d77\u4fbf\u4ee4\u4e16\u4eba\u77da\u76ee\u3002\u56e0\u70ba\u7e7c\u627f\u4e86\u5967\u5308\u5e1d\u570b\u7684\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u5de5\u696d\u8a2d\u5099\uff0c\u6377\u514b\u65af\u6d1b\u4f10\u514b\u5728\u7d93\u6fdf\u4e0a\u8d77\u6b65\u4e5f\u6bd4\u8f03\u9ad8\uff0c\u81f3\u4e8c\u6230\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u5979\u5df2\u7d93\u8e8b\u8eab\u70ba\u6b50\u6d32\u5de5\u696d\u56db\u5f37\uff0c\u540c\u6642\u70ba\u4e16\u754c\u7b2c\u4e03\u5927\u5de5\u696d\u570b\uff08\u524d\u516d\u540d\u70ba\u7f8e\u3001\u5fb7\u3001\u8607\u3001\u82f1\u3001\u6cd5\u3001\u7fa9\uff09\uff0c\u6392\u5728\u65e5\u672c\u3001\u52a0\u62ff\u5927\u3001\u6fb3\u5927\u5229\u4e9e\u524d\u9762\u3002<\/p>\n

\u6377\u514b\u65af\u6d1b\u4f10\u514b\u6230\u524d\u7684\u7e3d\u7d71\u611b\u5fb7\u83ef\uff0e\u8c9d\u5948\u65af\uff08Edvard Bene\u0161, 1884-1948\uff09\uff0c\u672c\u4f86\u662f\u9762\u5411\u897f\u65b9\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u300c\u6155\u5c3c\u514b\u5354\u8b70\u300d\u8b93\u4ed6\u548c\u4ed6\u7684\u570b\u5bb6\u906d\u5230\u897f\u65b9\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u80cc\u53db\uff0c\u4ed6\u4e0d\u5f97\u4e0d\u6d41\u4ea1\u591a\u5e74\u3002\u8c9d\u5948\u65af\u7d50\u675f\u6d41\u4ea1\u56de\u570b\u9014\u4e2d\u7d93\u7531\u83ab\u65af\u79d1\uff0c\u800c\u5f8c\u7d44\u5efa\u4e86\u4ed6\u7684\u806f\u5408\u653f\u5e9c\u3002\u6574\u500b\u6230\u722d\u671f\u9593\uff0c\u7576\u6377\u514b\u570b\u5167\u5176\u4ed6\u52e2\u529b\u5411\u7d0d\u7cb9\u6295\u964d\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u5171\u7522\u9ee8\u9818\u5c0e\u4e86\u5730\u4e0b\u62b5\u6297\u904b\u52d5\uff0c\u518d\u52a0\u4e0a\u88ab\u5360\u9818\u671f\u9593\u7684\u6094\u6068\u5c48\u8fb1\uff0c\u61c9\u8a72\u8aaa\u6230\u5f8c\u6377\u514b\u65af\u6d1b\u4f10\u514b\u6c11\u773e\u5c0d\u65bc\u5171\u7522\u9ee8\u7684\u6b61\u8fce\u767c\u81ea\u5167\u5fc3\u30021946\u5e74\u6230\u5f8c\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u570b\u6c11\u8b70\u6703\u9078\u8209\uff0c\u5171\u7522\u9ee8\u7372\u5f97\u4e8638%\u7684\u9078\u7968\uff0c\u793e\u6703\u6c11\u4e3b\u9ee8\u7684\u9078\u7968\u4f4d\u5217\u7b2c\u4e8c\uff0c\u5169\u9ee8\u52a0\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\u7684\u5e2d\u4f4d\u8d85\u904e\u534a\u6578\uff0c\u5171\u7522\u9ee8\u9818\u5c0e\u4eba\u54e5\u7279\u74e6\u723e\u5fb7\u6210\u70ba\u65b0\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u7e3d\u7406\u30021946\u5e746\u6708\uff0c\u5171\u7522\u9ee8\u7684\u4eba\u6578\u5f9e1945\u5e74\u76845\u842c\u4eba\u4e0a\u5347\u5230122\u842c\u4eba\uff0c\u52301948\u5e741\u6708\u9054\u5230131\u842c\u4eba\uff0c\u800c\u5168\u570b\u4eba\u53e3\u70ba1200\u842c\u300219\u6b63\u5982\u6258\u5c3c\uff0e\u6731\u7279\u6240\u8aaa\uff0c\u6230\u5f8c\u6b50\u6d32\u5404\u5de6\u7ffc\u653f\u9ee8\u90fd\u56e0\u5176\u6230\u6642\u62b5\u6297\u904b\u52d5\u800c\u6536\u76ca\u9817\u8c50\u3002<\/p>\n

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1939\u5e74\u521d\uff0c\u6cd5\u570b\u7528\u62d8\u7559\u71df\u4f86\u6b61\u8fce\u9019\u6279\u5192\u751f\u547d\u5371\u96aa\u7684\u7406\u60f3\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u3002\u56e0\u6230\u722d\u7206\u767c\uff0c\u4ed6\u7121\u6cd5\u56de\u5230\u7956\u570b\uff0c\u65bc\u662f\u97ff\u61c9\u7d05\u5341\u5b57\u6703\u7684\u865f\u53ec\uff0c\u53c3\u52a0\u4e86\u4e00\u652f20\u4eba\u5de6\u53f3\u7684\u91ab\u7642\u968a\u4f86\u5230\u4e2d\u570b\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u6709\u6ce2\u862d\u3001\u5fb7\u570b\u3001\u5967\u5730\u5229\u3001\u7f85\u99ac\u5c3c\u4e9e\u3001\u4fdd\u52a0\u5229\u4e9e\u7b49\u570b\u4eba\uff0c\u4e00\u4f4d\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u4eba\u4e5f\u6c92\u6709\uff0c\u4f46\u56e0\u70ba\u662f\u5f9e\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u6230\u5834\u4e0a\u64a4\u9000\u4e0b\u4f86\u7684\u570b\u969b\u5fd7\u9858\u8005\uff0c\u4e2d\u570b\u4eba\u7c60\u7d71\u5730\u5c07\u4ed6\u5011\u7a31\u4e4b\u70ba\u300c\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u91ab\u751f\u300d\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e00\u500b\u4eba\u90fd\u7372\u5f97\u4e00\u500b\u4e2d\u6587\u540d\u5b57\u3002\u5728\u9999\u6e2f\u6e96\u5099\u9032\u5165\u4e2d\u570b\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u5b8b\u6176\u9f61\u8a2d\u5bb4\u62db\u5f85\u4e86\u4ed6\u5011\u3002\u5176\u5f8c\u9019\u4e00\u884c\u4eba\u7e5e\u9053\u8d8a\u5357\u3001\u7d93\u904e\u5ee3\u897f\uff0c\u62b5\u9054\u4e2d\u570b\u7d05\u5341\u5b57\u6703\u6551\u8b77\u7e3d\u968a\u99d0\u5730\u8cb4\u967d\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u6bcf\u4e00\u500b\u4eba\u90fd\u88ab\u4efb\u547d\u70ba\u7d05\u5341\u5b57\u968a\u968a\u9577\uff0c\u4e0b\u9762\u914d\u5099\u4e00\u500b\u4e0d\u592a\u719f\u7df4\u7684\u5c08\u8077\u91ab\u751f\uff0c\u5230\u90e8\u968a\u958b\u8a2d\u4e00\u500b\u5e36\u6709\u624b\u8853\u5ba4\u7684\u91ab\u9662\u3002\u4ed6\u6279\u8a55\u904e\u4e2d\u570b\u7684\u4e2d\u91ab\u30021941\u5e74\uff0c\u67ef\u91cc\u683c\u91ab\u751f\u96a8\u4e2d\u570b\u9060\u5f81\u8ecd\u53bb\u5230\u5370\u5ea6\u548c\u7dec\u7538\uff0c1943\u5e74\u5728\u74e6\u9b6f\u73ed\u6230\u5f79\uff08The Battle of Walawbum\uff09\u4e2d\uff0c\u67ef\u91cc\u683c\u91ab\u751f\u6cbb\u7642\u4e86\u7d0450\u500b\u4e2d\u570b\u50b7\u60a3\u3002\u9664\u4e86\u7dca\u5f35\u6230\u9b25\uff0c\u9084\u8981\u514b\u670d\u868a\u87f2\u548c\u7627\u75be\uff0c\u67ef\u91ab\u751f\u4e00\u76f4\u5805\u6301\u5230\u6230\u722d\u7d50\u675f\u3002\u4ed6\u672c\u4f86\u662f\u4e00\u540d\u5167\u79d1\u91ab\u751f\uff0c\u537b\u5728\u5275\u50b7\u5b78\u3001\u524d\u7dda\u91ab\u5b78\u548c\u8655\u7406\u8f38\u8840\u7a4d\u7d2f\u4e86\u8c50\u5bcc\u7d93\u9a57\u30021945\u5e7411\u6708\uff0c\u4ed6\u56de\u5230\u7956\u570b\u7e7c\u7e8c\u5f9e\u91ab\uff0c1949\u5e74\u88ab\u4efb\u547d\u70ba\u653f\u5e9c\u885b\u751f\u90e8\u526f\u90e8\u9577\uff0c1950\u5e74\u4ee3\u906d\u5230\u6e05\u6d17\u30021960\u5e74\uff0c\u6703\u8aaa\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u8a9e\u7684\u4ed6\u9084\u64d4\u4efb\u904e\u5361\u65af\u695a\u53e4\u5df4\u5171\u7522\u9ee8\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u885b\u751f\u9867\u554f\uff0c\u5e6b\u52a9\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u53e4\u5df4\u91ab\u7642\u4fdd\u5065\u7cfb\u7d71\uff0c\u5275\u8fa6\u91ab\u5b78\u6559\u80b2\u548c\u91ab\u5b78\u96dc\u8a8c\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u63a8\u52d5\u63a5\u7a2e\u5c0f\u5152\u9ebb\u75fa\u75c7\u75ab\u82d7\u3002<\/p>\n

1968\u5e74\u4ed6\u91cd\u8fd4\u9818\u5c0e\u5d17\u4f4d\uff0c4\u6708\u4efd\u4ed6\u7576\u9078\u70ba\u6377\u5171\u4e3b\u5e2d\u5718\u6210\u54e1\u3002\u9664\u4e86\u9ee8\u5167\u8077\u52d9\uff0c\u67ef\u91cc\u683c\u91ab\u751f\u9084\u64d4\u4efb\u6377\u514b\u65af\u6d1b\u4f10\u514b\u570b\u6c11\u9663\u7dda\u4e3b\u5e2d\u3002\u59c6\u6797\u7d0d\u65e5\u66fe\u8a2d\u60f3\u4ee5\u570b\u6c11\u9663\u7dda\u4f86\u767c\u63ee\u4e0d\u540c\u653f\u6cbb\u9ee8\u6d3e\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c\u9019\u6b63\u662f\u67ef\u91cc\u683c\u91ab\u751f\u4e3b\u653f\u570b\u6c11\u9663\u7dda\u6642\u671f\uff0c\u67ef\u91cc\u683c\u91ab\u751f\u540c\u6a23\u4e5f\u662f\u300c\u5e03\u62c9\u683c\u4e4b\u6625\u300d\u7684\u98a8\u5e06\u4eba\u7269\u3002\u5728\u83ab\u65af\u79d1\u4ed6\u62d2\u7d55\u4e86\u7c3d\u7f72\u5354\u5b9a\uff0c\u8607\u806f\u7576\u5c40\u60f3\u6263\u7559\u4ed6\uff0c\u7406\u7531\u7adf\u7136\u662f\u4ed6\u7236\u89aa\u662f\u70cf\u514b\u862d\u79fb\u6c11\uff0c\u800c\u4ed6\u7684\u5bb6\u9109\u5728\u6230\u5f8c\u5df2\u7d93\u6b78\u8607\u806f\u7ba1\u8f44\u3002\u4f46\u906d\u5230\u4e86\u540c\u884c\u8005\u5011\u7684\u5805\u6c7a\u53cd\u5c0d\uff0c\u76f4\u5230\u6700\u5f8c\u4e00\u523b\u9084\u722d\u8ad6\u4e0d\u4f11\uff0c\u6700\u7d42\u4ed6\u8207\u5927\u5bb6\u4e00\u8d77\u8fd4\u56de\u300210\u670818\u65e5\u570b\u6c11\u8b70\u6703\u901a\u904e\u4e00\u9805\u689d\u7d04\uff0c\u95dc\u65bc\u8607\u806f\u8ecd\u968a\u5728\u6377\u514b\u65af\u6d1b\u4f10\u514b\u7684\u99d0\u7559\u5408\u6cd5\u5316\uff0c\u6709228\u540d\u4ee3\u8868\u8209\u624b\u540c\u610f\uff0c10\u540d\u6295\u4e86\u68c4\u6b0a\u7968\uff0c4\u540d\u6295\u4e86\u53cd\u5c0d\u7968\uff0c\u67ef\u91cc\u683c\u91ab\u751f\u662f\u9019\u56db\u540d\u570b\u6703\u8b70\u54e1\u4e4b\u4e00\u30021969\u5e745\u670830\u65e5\uff0c\u4ed6\u5728\u958b\u9664\u4ed6\u7684\u6377\u5171\u4e2d\u592e\u59d4\u54e1\u6703\u5927\u6703\u4e0a\u7684\u767c\u8a00\uff0c\u662f\u6c11\u9593\u6d41\u50b3\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u4efdSamizdat\u6587\u672c\uff0c\u4ed6\u8b74\u8cac\u9019\u4efd\u4fc4\u6377\u5354\u8b70\u4e0d\u662f\u7528\u92fc\u7b46\u5beb\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u7528\u5927\u70ae\u548c\u6a5f\u95dc\u69cd\u7684\u529b\u91cf\u5beb\u5c31\u7684\u30021977\u5e74\uff0c\u67ef\u91cc\u683c\u91ab\u751f\u6210\u4e86\u7b2c\u4e00\u6279\u300a\u4e03\u4e03\u61b2\u7ae0\u300b\u7c3d\u7f72\u8005\u3002\u5fb7\u9ad8\u671b\u91cd\u7684\u4ed6\uff0c\u7121\u7591\u589e\u6dfb\u4e86\u300a\u4e03\u4e03\u61b2\u7ae0\u300b\u7684\u4efd\u91cf\u548c\u5438\u5f15\u529b\u3002<\/p>\n

\u6211\u627e\u5230\u4e86\u8207\u67ef\u91cc\u683c\u91ab\u751f\u540c\u6642\u62d2\u7d55\u300a\u83ab\u65af\u79d1\u5354\u8b70\u300b\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u4e09\u540d\u570b\u6703\u8b70\u54e1\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u5176\u4e2d\u6709\u5169\u4f4d\u8207\u67ef\u91cc\u683c\u91ab\u751f\u5e74\u9f61\u76f8\u4eff\uff0c\u90fd\u662f\u8cc7\u6df1\u793e\u6703\u4e3b\u7fa9\uff0f\u5171\u7522\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\uff0c\u4e5f\u90fd\u662f\u300a\u4e03\u4e03\u61b2\u7ae0\u300b\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u6279\u7c3d\u7f72\u8005\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u6709\u4e00\u540d\u6377\u5171\u4e2d\u592e\u59d4\u54e1\uff1a<\/p>\n

1. \u5f17\u862d\u8482\u8b1d\u514b\uff0e\u6c83\u5fb7\u65af\u6d1b\uff08Franti\u0161ek Vodslo\u0148, 1906-2002\uff09\uff0c1928\u5e74\u52a0\u5165\u6377\u5171\uff0c1940\u5e74\u66fe\u56e0\u53c3\u52a0\u5730\u4e0b\u62b5\u6297\u904b\u52d5\u88ab\u5224\u8655\u904e\u6b7b\u5211\uff0c\u5f8c\u95dc\u62bc\u591a\u5e74\u3002\u64d4\u4efb\u904e\u6377\u5171\u8fb2\u696d\u9ee8\u66f8\u8a18\uff081948\u5e74\uff09\u548c\u6377\u514b\u65af\u6d1b\u4f10\u514b\u5967\u6797\u5339\u514b\u59d4\u54e1\u6703\u4e3b\u5e2d\uff081967\uff09\uff0c\u70ba\u6377\u5171\u5341\u4e8c\u5927\u3001\u5341\u4e09\u5927\u548c\u5341\u56db\u5927\u8cc7\u6df1\u4e2d\u592e\u59d4\u54e1\uff0c1969\u5e74\u88ab\u958b\u9664\u9ee8\u7c4d\u3002<\/p>\n

2.\u683c\u7279\u9b6f\u9054\uff0e\u585e\u5361\u5c3c\u8afe\u74e6\uff0e\u67e5\u514b\u6258\u5a03\uff08Gertruda Sekaninov\u00e1- \u010cakrtov\u00e1, 1908-1986\uff09\uff0c\u65e9\u5e74\u505a\u904e\u5f8b\u5e2b\uff0c1932\u5e74\u6210\u70ba\u6377\u5171\u9ee8\u54e1\uff0c\u82071943\u5e74\u88ab\u7d0d\u7cb9\u8655\u6c7a\u7684\u5171\u7522\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u3001\u8a18\u8005\u4f0f\u5951\u514b\u662f\u670b\u53cb\uff0c\u5979\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u4efb\u4e08\u592b\u4e5f\u6b7b\u65bc\u7d0d\u7cb9\u76e3\u7344\u3002\u6230\u5f8c\u9019\u4f4d\u5091\u51fa\u7684\u5973\u6027\u66fe\u4efb\u6377\u514b\u5916\u4ea4\u90e8\u526f\u90e8\u9577\u548c\u99d0\u806f\u5408\u570b\u5927\u4f7f\u3002\u7d93\u6b77\u4e86\u653f\u6cbb\u5c71\u7684\u8dcc\u843d\uff081957\u5e74\uff09\u4e4b\u5f8c\uff0c\u64d4\u4efb\u904e\u5168\u570b\u5a66\u806f\u526f\u4e3b\u5e2d\uff0c1968\u5e74\u7a4d\u6975\u53c3\u8207\u4e86\u300a\u884c\u52d5\u7db1\u9818\u300b\u7684\u5236\u5b9a\u548c\u5ee2\u9664\u5be9\u67e5\u5236\u5ea6\uff0c1969\u5e74\u88ab\u958b\u9664\u51fa\u9ee8\u3002\u5979\u4e0d\u50c5\u662f\u300a\u4e03\u4e03\u61b2\u7ae0\u300b\u9996\u6279\u7c3d\u7f72\u8005\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u9084\u662f1979\u5e74\u54c8\u5a01\u723e\u7b49\u4eba\u5275\u5efa\u7684\u300c\u4fdd\u885b\u53d7\u4e0d\u516c\u6b63\u5be9\u5224\u7684\u4eba\u7684\u59d4\u54e1\u6703\u300d\uff08VONS\uff09\u5275\u59cb\u4eba\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4e03\u4e03\u61b2\u7ae0\u7684\u9996\u6279\u7c3d\u7f72\u8005\u4e2d\u6709\u4e09\u4f4d\u91ab\u751f\uff0c\u9664\u4e86\u67ef\u91cc\u683c\u91ab\u751f\uff0c\u5176\u9918\u5169\u4f4d\u5148\u5f8c\u90fd\u662f\u6377\u5171\u4e2d\u592e\u59d4\u54e1\uff1a<\/p>\n

1.\u5f17\u862d\u8482\u8b1d\u514b\uff0e\u5e03\u62c9\u54c8\uff08 Franti\u0161ek Bl\u00e1ha,\u00a01896<\/a>-1979\uff09\uff0c\u4ed6\u662f\u6211\u770b\u5230\u7684\u6700\u5e74\u9577\u7684\u300a\u4e03\u4e03\u61b2\u7ae0\u300b\u7c3d\u7f72\u8005\uff0c\u66fe\u56e0\u53c3\u52a0\u5730\u4e0b\u62b5\u6297\u904b\u52d5\uff0c\u88ab\u95dc\u5728\u9054\u8c6a\u96c6\u4e2d\u71df\u516d\u5e74\uff081939-1945\uff09\uff0c\u6230\u5f8c\u662f\u793e\u6703\u6c11\u4e3b\u9ee8\u4e3b\u5e2d\u5718\u6210\u54e1\uff0c1946\u5e74\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u5927\u9078\uff0c\u6642\u4efb\u793e\u6703\u6c11\u4e3b\u9ee8\u8eab\u5206\u7684\u570b\u6703\u8b70\u54e1\u30021948\u5e74\u793e\u6703\u9ee8\u548c\u5171\u7522\u9ee8\u5408\u4f75\uff0c\u4ed6\u88ab\u9078\u70ba\u5408\u4f75\u4e4b\u5f8c\u7684\u6377\u5171\u4e2d\u592e\u59d4\u54e1\u3002\u66fe\u4efb\u5e03\u62c9\u683c\u7e3d\u91ab\u9662\u9662\u9577\uff0c1968\u5e74\u5728\u5fa9\u8208\u9032\u7a0b\u7684\u9918\u97f3\u4e2d\uff0c\u6377\u514b\u548c\u65af\u6d1b\u4f10\u514b\u6539\u70ba\u806f\u90a6\u95dc\u4fc2\uff0c\u5e03\u62c9\u54c8\u91ab\u751f\u64d4\u4efb\u806f\u90a6\u8b70\u54e1\uff0c\u4f46\u5f88\u5feb\u5f9e\u9019\u88e1\u7d50\u675f\u4e86\u4ed6\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u751f\u6daf\u3002<\/p>\n

2. \u4f0a\u65e5\u5a1c\uff0e\u6fa4\u9023\u79d1\u5a03 \uff08Ji\u0159ina Zelenkov\u00e1 1929-1988\uff09\uff0c\u5979\u662f\u9996\u6279\u7c3d\u7f72\u8005\u4e2d\u4e09\u4f4d\u91ab\u751f\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u6377\u5171\u5341\u56db\u5927\u9078\u51fa\u7684\u4e2d\u592e\u59d4\u54e1\u3002\u56e0\u53cd\u5c0d\u5165\u4fb5\u88ab\u958b\u9664\u9ee8\u7c4d\u906d\u5230\u61f2\u8655\u4e4b\u5f8c\uff0c\u59cb\u7d42\u5805\u6301\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u7acb\u5834\uff0c\u4e26\u65bc1979\u5e74\u627e\u5230\u4e00\u4efd\u5728\u7cbe\u795e\u75c5\u9662\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u6700\u5f8c\u7d2f\u5012\u5728\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u5d17\u4f4d\u4e0a\u3002<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

\u5728\u9996\u6279\u7c3d\u7f72\u8005\u4e2d\uff0c\u6211\u9084\u627e\u5230\u4e86\u9019\u6a23\u4e00\u4e9b\u6377\u5171\u4e2d\u592e\u59d4\u54e1\uff1a<\/p>\n

1. \u76e7\u5fb7\u7c73\u62c9\uff0e\u63da\u79d1\u592b\u79d1\u5a03\uff08Ludmila Jankovcov\u00e1, 1897-1990\uff09\uff0c\u540c\u70ba\u8cc7\u6df1\u793e\u6703\u6c11\u4e3b\u9ee8\u4eba\u30021948\u5e74\u6642\u9019\u4f4d\u5973\u6027\u662f\u793e\u6703\u6c11\u4e3b\u9ee8\u7684\u526f\u4e3b\u5e2d\uff0c\u5169\u9ee8\u5408\u4f75\u4e4b\u5f8c\u5f9e1948\u5e74\u52301969\u5e74\u5979\u59cb\u7d42\u662f\u6377\u5171\u4e2d\u592e\u59d4\u54e1\uff0c\u5979\u662f\u6377\u514b\u65af\u6d1b\u4f10\u514b\u653f\u5e9c\u4e2d\u7b2c\u4e00\u4f4d\u64d4\u4efb\u90e8\u9577\u7684\u5973\u6027\uff0c\u5148\u5f8c\u64d4\u4efb\u904e\u5de5\u696d\u90e8\u9577\u548c\u98df\u54c1\u90e8\u9577\u4ee5\u53ca\u526f\u7e3d\u7406\uff0c\u591a\u6b21\u7372\u5f97\u5171\u548c\u570b\u52f3\u7ae0\u3002\u56e0\u7a4d\u6975\u53c3\u820768\u5e74\u7684\u5fa9\u8208\u9032\u7a0b\uff0c1970\u5e74\u88ab\u958b\u9664\u9ee8\u7c4d\u3002<\/p>\n

2. \u5f17\u62c9\u57fa\u7c73\u723e\uff0e\u5361\u5fb7\u840a\u8328\uff08Vladim\u00edr Kadlec, 1912-1998\uff09\u7d93\u6fdf\u5b78\u5bb6\uff0c\u64d4\u4efb\u904e\u5e03\u62c9\u683c\u7d93\u6fdf\u5927\u5b78\u7684\u6821\u9577\uff0c1968\u5e74\u6642\u4efb\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u90e8\u9577\uff0c\u6377\u5171\u5341\u56db\u5927\u9078\u51fa\u7684\u4e2d\u592e\u59d4\u54e1\u3002\u6377\u5171\u4e2d\u592e\u5f8c\u4f86\u6279\u4ed6\u7a31\u4ed6\u70ba\u300c\u53f3\u7ffc\u4ee3\u8868\u300d\uff0c\u7562\u7adf\u7d93\u6fdf\u5b78\u5bb6\u66f4\u5bb9\u6613\u7372\u5f97\u300c\u53f3\u7ffc\u300d\u7a31\u865f\u3002<\/p>\n

3. \u6eab\u6d85\u514b\uff0e\u5e0c\u723e\u6f22\uff08V\u011bn\u011bk \u0160ilh\u00e1n, 1927-2009\uff09\uff0c\u7d93\u6fdf\u5b78\u5bb6\uff0c\u662f\u534a\u79d8\u5bc6\u7684\u5341\u56db\u5927\u7684\u9818\u5c0e\u4eba\uff0c\u4e26\u5728\u8a72\u5927\u6703\u4e0a\u7576\u9078\u70ba\u4e2d\u592e\u59d4\u54e1\u548c\u4e2d\u592e\u66f8\u8a18\u8655\u66f8\u8a18\u3002<\/p>\n

4. \u535a\u80e1\u7c73\u723e\uff0e\u897f\u8499\uff08Bohumil \u0160imon, 1920-2003\uff09\u7d93\u6fdf\u5b78\u5bb6\uff0c1968\u5e74\u6642\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u7d93\u6fdf\u90e8\u9577\uff0c\u4ed6\u4e0d\u50c5\u662f\u4e2d\u592e\u59d4\u54e1\uff0c\u9084\u662f\u4e2d\u592e\u4e3b\u5e2d\u5718\u6210\u54e1\uff0c\u8207\u59c6\u6797\u7d0d\u65e5\u4e00\u6a23\uff0c\u90fd\u8207\u675c\u5e03\u5207\u514b\u4e00\u8d77\u88ab\u7d81\u67b6\u5230\u83ab\u65af\u79d1\uff0c\u5728\u53ef\u6065\u7684\u300a\u83ab\u65af\u79d1\u5354\u8b70\u300b\u4e0a\u7c3d\u4e86\u5b57\u30021969\u5e74\u897f\u8499\u88ab\u958b\u9664\u9ee8\u7c4d\u3002<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

\u9019\u9ebc\u7b97\u8d77\u4f86\uff0c\u9023\u540c\u67ef\u91cc\u683c\u91ab\u751f\uff0c\u300a\u4e03\u4e03\u61b2\u7ae0\u300b\u9996\u6279\u7c3d\u7f72\u8005\u4e2d\u6709\u4e09\u540d\u524d\u4e3b\u5e2d\u5718\u6210\u54e1\uff0c\u63db\u500b\u8aaa\u6cd5\u5373\u4e2d\u592e\u653f\u6cbb\u5c40\u59d4\u54e1\u3002\u90193\u4eba\u52a0\u4e0a\u6211\u5011\u525b\u525b\u63d0\u5230\u7684\u4e94\u4f4d\u548c\u4e0b\u9762\u5c07\u8981\u63d0\u5230\u7684\u5169\u4f4d\uff1a\u80e1\u5e03\u6797\u548c\u85a9\u5df4\u5854\uff0c\u518d\u52a0\u4e0a\u5916\u4ea4\u90e8\u9577\u54c8\u8036\u514b\uff0c\u4e00\u5171\u670911\u4f4d\u6377\u5171\u4e2d\u592e\u59d4\u54e1\uff08\u50c5\u630768\u5e74\u5728\u4efb\u7684\uff09\u3002\u9996\u6279\u7c3d\u7f72\u8005\u88e1\u9084\u6709\u5e03\u62c9\u683c\u5e02\u59d4\u66f8\u8a18\u62c9\u8fea\u65af\u62c9\u592b\uff0e\u5229\u65af\uff08Ladislav Lis, 1926-2000<\/a>\uff0c\u66fe\u64d4\u4efb\u904e\u300c\u4e03\u4e03\u61b2\u7ae0\u300d\u767c\u8a00\u4eba\uff09\uff0c\u9019\u771f\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u6f02\u4eae\u7684\u7d00\u9304\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5982\u6b64\u8aaa\uff0c\u4e0d\u662f\u4ef0\u671b\u6b0a\u529b\u3002\u8aaa\u5230\u5e95\uff0c\u653f\u6cbb\u662f\u8981\u6709\u8108\u7d61\u548c\u4ee3\u8868\u6027\u7684\uff0c\u9019\u4e9b\u4eba\u7684\u7acb\u5834\u3001\u8eab\u5206\u5728\u793e\u6703\u4e2d\u7684\u80fd\u898b\u5ea6\uff0c\u7d66\u51fa\u4e86\u9019\u500b\u793e\u6703\u672c\u8eab\u7684\u6df1\u6c89\u8108\u7d61\u548c\u9858\u666f\u3002\u7576\u4ed6\u5011\u7c3d\u7f72\u61b2\u7ae0\u6642\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u77e5\u9053\uff0c\u9019\u662f\u628a\u4ed6\u5011\u6253\u5165\u8ce4\u6c11\u968e\u5c64\u7684\u5165\u53e3\uff0c\u4f46\u6703\u4ee4\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u4fe1\u5ff5\u548c\u4eba\u683c\u5f97\u5230\u5237\u65b0\u3002\u6377\u5171\u5b98\u65b9\u5728\u516c\u958b\u5a92\u9ad4\u4e0a\u7a31\u4ed6\u5011\u70ba\u300c\u7834\u7522\u7684\u548c\u88ab\u9ee8\u6392\u9664\u5728\u5916\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u5bb6\u300d\uff0c\u628a\u67ef\u91cc\u683c\u91ab\u751f\u7a31\u4e4b\u70ba\u300c\u7336\u592a\u5fa9\u570b\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u53ca\u5176\u722a\u7259\u300d\u3002\u9084\u6709\u4e00\u4f4d\u7c3d\u7f72\u8005\uff0c\u5b98\u65b9\u7a31\u4ed6\u662f\u300c\u8cc7\u7522\u968e\u7d1a\u524d\u653f\u6cbb\u4ee3\u8868\u300d\uff0c\u9019\u4fbf\u662f\u666e\u7f85\u79d1\u666e\uff0e\u5fb7\u8482\u7d0d\uff08Prokop Drtina, 1900-1980\uff09\uff0c\u5f8b\u5e2b\u51fa\u8eab\uff0c\u65bc1945\u5e74\u52301948\u5e74\u4efb\u53f8\u6cd5\u90e8\u9577\u3002\u300c\u4e8c\u6708\u653f\u8b8a\u300d\u6642\uff0c\u4ed6\u662f\u4ee5\u8fad\u8077\u63d0\u51fa\u6297\u8b70\u768412\u4f4d\u90e8\u9577\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002\u6709\u8aaa\u59c6\u6797\u7d0d\u65e5\u65bc1976\u5e74\u5e95\u7279\u5730\u524d\u5f80\u5e03\u62c9\u63d0\u65af\u62c9\u74e6\u627e\u675c\u5e03\u5207\u514b\uff08\u4ed6\u662f\u65af\u6d1b\u4f10\u514b\u4eba\uff09\uff0c\u5e0c\u671b\u4ed6\u80fd\u5920\u7c3d\u540d\uff0c\u4f46\u53ea\u898b\u5230\u4e86\u4ed6\u7684\u53f8\u6a5f\u3002<\/p>\n

\u54c8\u5a01\u723e\u65bc1988\u5e741\u6708\u300c\u5929\u9d5d\u7d68\u9769\u547d\u300d\u4e4b\u524d\u5beb\u7d66\u67ef\u91cc\u683c\u91ab\u751f\u7684\u9019\u6bb5\u8a71\uff0c\u7d66\u51fa\u4e86\u5c0d\u65bc\u9019\u4e9b\u4e00\u8f29\u5b50\u70ba\u4e86\u7406\u60f3\u800c\u737b\u8eab\u4eba\u5011\u7684\u6700\u597d\u7406\u89e3\u548c\u81f4\u8fad\uff1a<\/p>\n

\u4eca\u5929\u6377\u514b\u65af\u6d1b\u4f10\u514b\u5e74\u8f15\u4eba\u5b8c\u5168\u4e0d\u77e5\u9053\u5728\u9019\u500b\u570b\u5bb6\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u66fe\u7d93\u6709\u904e\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u5bb6\u2014\u2014\u4ed6\u5011\u662f\u6b63\u76f4\u7684\u3001\u5fe0\u8aa0\u7684\u548c\u4e0d\u5c48\u4e0d\u6493\u7684\u4eba\u5011\uff0c\u5118\u7ba1\u5176\u547d\u904b\u901a\u5e38\u662f\u60b2\u5287\u6027\u7684\u3002\u5c0d\u65bc\u4eca\u5929\u7684\u5e74\u8f15\u4eba\u4f86\u8aaa\uff0c\u5df2\u7d93\u5f88\u96e3\u60f3\u50cf\u9019\u7a2e\u4e8b\u60c5\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u4ed6\u5011\u6240\u77e5\u9053\u7684\u570b\u5bb6\u9818\u5c0e\u4eba\u662f\u7f3a\u4e4f\u9762\u5b54\u7684\u5b98\u50da\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\uff0c\u8aaa\u8457\u50f5\u5c4d\u822c\u7684\u8a9e\u8a00\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u5750\u5728\u958b\u5f97\u98db\u5feb\u7684\u8f4e\u8eca\u88e1\u99db\u904e\u5927\u8857\uff0c\u6216\u5076\u723e\u5728\u96fb\u8996\u88e1\u5ff5\u90a3\u7a2e\u627f\u64d4\u7f3a\u5c11\u771f\u5be6\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u5197\u9577\u4e4f\u5473\u7684\u9673\u8a5e\u6feb\u8abf\u3002\u503c\u5f97\u70ba\u5f17\u862d\u8482\u8b1d\u514b\uff0e\u514b\u91cc\u683c\u723e\u5beb\u4e00\u672c\u771f\u5be6\u3001\u4ee4\u4eba\u4fe1\u670d\u7684\u66f8\u3002\u9019\u4e0d\u50c5\u662f\u4fdd\u7559\u4e00\u500b\u5091\u51fa\u4eba\u7269\u7684\u8a18\u61b6\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u8b93\u5e74\u8f15\u4e00\u4ee3\u5c0d\u9019\u500b\u8907\u96dc\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u6709\u5f88\u597d\u7684\u7406\u89e3\uff0c\u5c0d\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u524d\u8f29\u70ba\u4ec0\u9ebc\u505a\u9019\u9ebc\u591a\u6709\u66f4\u597d\u7684\u7406\u89e3\uff0c\u77e5\u9053\u66f4\u591a\u95dc\u65bc\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u554f\u984c\u3001\u7406\u60f3\u3001\u60f3\u50cf\u3001\u6210\u5c31\u548c\u5931\u6557\u3002\u9019\u6216\u8a31\u80fd\u5e6b\u52a9\u4e26\u6700\u7d42\u53ef\u4ee5\u8b93\u4ed6\u5011\u610f\u8b58\u5230\uff0c\u653f\u6cbb\u548c\u653f\u6cbb\u5bb6\u4e26\u4e0d\u662f\u5fc5\u7136\u88ab\u5632\u7b11\u7684\u5c0d\u8c61\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u662f\u4ee4\u4eba\u5c0a\u656c\u7684\u5c0d\u8c61\u300226<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

\u5beb\u4e00\u672c\u95dc\u65bc\u67ef\u91cc\u683c\u91ab\u751f\u7684\u66f8\uff0c\u54c8\u5a01\u723e\u7684\u9019\u500b\u9858\u671b\u5df2\u7d93\u9054\u6210\u3002\u4f5c\u8005\u662f\u6377\u514b\u5c0e\u6f14\u4f0a\u842c\uff0e\u83f2\u62c9 \uff08Ivan Fila\uff09\uff0c\u4ed6\u6700\u521d\u5beb\u7684\u662f\u96fb\u5f71\u5287\u672c\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u5f8c\u4f86\u56e0\u5404\u7a2e\u539f\u56e0\u6c92\u6709\u62cd\u6210\uff0c\u9019\u672c\u50b3\u8a18\u7684\u540d\u5b57\u53eb\u505a\u300a\u64cb\u9053\u8005\u300b\u30022023\u5e74\uff0c\u53c8\u6709\u4e86\u4e00\u672c\u67ef\u91cc\u683c\u91ab\u751f600\u9801\u7684\u65b0\u50b3\u8a18\u9762\u4e16\uff0c\u4f5c\u8005\u662f1976\u5e74\u751f\u7684\u99ac\u4e01\uff0e\u683c\u7f85\u66fc\uff08Martin Groman\uff09\u3002\u66f8\u7684\u80cc\u9762\u904b\u7528\u4e86\u67ef\u91cc\u683c\u91ab\u751f\u5728\u81ea\u5df1\u65e5\u8a18\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u53e5\u8a71\uff1a\u300c\u6211\u9019\u4e00\u751f\u662f\u5728\u8ffd\u9010\u6d77\u5e02\u8703\u6a13\u55ce\uff1f\u300d\u9019\u4f4d\u4f5c\u8005\u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u300c\u793e\u6703\u4e3b\u7fa9\u300d\u5c0d\u65bc\u67ef\u91cc\u683c\u91ab\u751f\u4f86\u8aaa\uff0c\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u66f4\u52a0\u7f8e\u597d\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u540c\u7fa9\u8a5e\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5176\u5be6\u4e2d\u570b\u5012\u662f\u61c9\u8a72\u6709\u4e00\u90e8\u95dc\u65bc\u67ef\u91cc\u683c\u91ab\u751f\u548c\u4ed6\u7684\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u540c\u884c\u7684\u96fb\u5f71\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4e09\u3001\u904b\u52d5\u8207\u5718\u9ad4<\/h5>\n

\u59c6\u6797\u7d0d\u65e5\u89e3\u91cb\u300c\u6301\u7570\u8b70\u8005\u300d\u73fe\u8c61\uff0c\u4e5f\u7d93\u5e38\u88ab\u4eba\u5011\u5f15\u7528\u3002\u5728\u4ed6\u770b\u4f86\uff0c\u96d6\u7136\u9019\u4e9b\u4eba\u5011\u88ab\u6253\u58d3\uff0c\u4f46\u9084\u662f\u69cb\u6210\u4e86\u5728\u9019\u500b\u5236\u5ea6\u4e4b\u5167\u7684\u5408\u6cd5\u6027\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u9019\u662f60\u5e74\u4ee3\u4e4b\u5f8c\u624d\u51fa\u73fe\u3002\u5728\u5178\u578b\u7684\u53f2\u9054\u6797\u6642\u671f\uff0c\u9019\u4e9b\u4eba\u6839\u672c\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4e00\u5f8b\u65ac\u8349\u9664\u6839\uff0c\u76f4\u63a5\u69cd\u6583\u6216\u9001\u53bb\u52de\u6539\uff0c\u5b8c\u5168\u6d88\u5931\u5728\u4eba\u5011\u7684\u8996\u91ce\u4e4b\u4e2d\u3002\u800c\u9019\u4e4b\u5f8c\uff0c\u5b98\u65b9\u5247\u63a1\u53d6\u4e86\u9078\u64c7\u6027\u93ae\u58d3\u7684\u63aa\u65bd\uff0c\u4e26\u4e0d\u628a\u6bcf\u4e00\u500b\u4e0d\u4fe1\u4efb\u7684\u5c0d\u8c61\u90fd\u6293\u8d77\u4f86\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u9078\u64c7\u4ed6\u5011\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u4eba\u52a0\u4ee5\u8655\u7f70\uff0c\u76ee\u7684\u5728\u65bc\u6bba\u4e00\u5106\u767e\u3002\u90a3\u9ebc\uff0c\u4f5c\u70ba\u5236\u5ea6\u4e4b\u5167\u7684\u5408\u6cd5\u6027\u58d3\u529b\u96c6\u5718\uff0c\u65b0\u6311\u6230\u8005\u5c31\u8981\u5118\u91cf\u5229\u7528\u73fe\u6709\u5236\u5ea6\u6846\u67b6\uff0c\u8981\u6c42\u6b0a\u529b\u5728\u5be6\u8e10\u4e2d\u5c65\u884c\u5b83\u6240\u5ba3\u7a31\u7684\uff0c\u8b93\u6b0a\u529b\u505a\u5230\u4ed6\u81ea\u5df1\u6240\u627f\u8afe\u7684\uff0c\u91dd\u5c0d\u4ed6\u5011\u81ea\u4ee5\u70ba\u9ad8\u660e\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u52a0\u4ee5\u6233\u7a7f\u3002\u5728\u59c6\u6797\u7d0d\u65e5\u770b\u4f86\uff0c\u9019\u662f\u6bd4\u5236\u5b9a\u65b0\u7684\u6539\u9769\u65b9\u6848\u548c\u884c\u52d5\u66f4\u52a0\u6fc0\u9032\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u884c\u70ba\u3002\u5b83\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e0d\u505c\u5730\u91cd\u555f\u77db\u76fe\uff0c\u66b4\u9732\u6975\u6b0a\u4e3b\u7fa9\u60f3\u8981\u63a9\u84cb\u7684\u672c\u8cea\u3002\u9019\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u300c\u6301\u7570\u898b\u8005\u300d\u672c\u4eba\u5f80\u5f80\u4e0d\u9858\u610f\u627f\u8a8d\u7684\u4e8b\u5be6\uff0c\u96d6\u7136\u906d\u5230\u5404\u7a2e\u9a37\u64fe\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u5011\u5be6\u969b\u4e0a\u662f\u9019\u500b\u793e\u6703\u4e2d\u5408\u6cd5\u6027\u6216\u6e96\u5408\u6cd5\u6027\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u3002\u5982\u4f55\u6700\u5927\u9650\u5ea6\u5730\u904b\u7528\u9019\u7a2e\u689d\u4ef6\uff0c\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u653f\u6cbb\u667a\u6167\u3002<\/p>\n

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\u70ba\u4e86\u5f62\u6210\u66f4\u5ee3\u6cdb\u7684\u53cd\u5c0d\u5171\u8b58\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u751a\u81f3\u6de1\u5316\u4e86\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u7acb\u5834\uff0c\u505a\u51fa\u4e86\u67d0\u7a2e\u72a7\u7272\uff1b\u7136\u800c\u572880\u5e74\u4ee3\u5f8c\u671f\uff0c\u81e8\u8fd1\u300c\u5929\u9d5d\u7d68\u300d\u8f49\u578b\u524d\u5915\uff0c\u53c8\u662f\u4ed6\u5011\u7387\u5148\u63d0\u51fa\u653f\u6cbb\u8981\u6c42\uff0c\u8d85\u904e\u300c\u53cd\u653f\u6cbb\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u300d\uff0c\u7d44\u5efa\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u5e73\u81fa\u6216\u5718\u9ad4\u3002\u9019\u4e9b\u4eba\u7576\u4e2d\u4e5f\u6709\u4eba\u53cd\u8986\u5750\u7262\uff0c\u5224\u8655\u7684\u5211\u671f\u66f4\u91cd\uff0c\u52a0\u8d77\u4f86\u5211\u671f\u6bd4\u54c8\u5a01\u723e\u9084\u9577\u3002<\/p>\n

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\u5927\u6293\u6355\u5f88\u5feb\u4f86\u81e8\uff0c\u77ed\u77ed\u5e7e\u500b\u6708\u5167\uff0c\u88ab\u6293\u6355\u7684\u4eba\u4e4b\u591a\u548c\u5224\u5211\u4e4b\u91cd\uff0c\u9054\u5230\u4e86\u80e1\u85a9\u514b\u6642\u671f\u7684\u9802\u5cf0\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u6bd4\u5f8c\u4f86\u5c0d\u4ed8\u300c\u4e03\u4e03\u61b2\u7ae0\u300d\u9084\u8981\u56b4\u53b2\u5f97\u591a\u3002\u524d\u5f8c\u5927\u7d04\u6709200\u4eba\u88ab\u6355\uff0c\u670947\u4eba\u88ab\u5224\u8655\u5211\u671f\u7e3d\u5171\u52a0\u8d77\u4f86118\u5e74\u3002\u9019\u4e4b\u5f8c\uff0c\u516c\u6c11\u793e\u6703\u4e3b\u7fa9\u904b\u52d5\u53c8\u7e7c\u7e8c\u767c\u8868\u4e86\u516d\u3001\u4e03\u5341\u4efd\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u4f46\u56e0\u4e3b\u8981\u6210\u54e1\u90fd\u88ab\u6293\u9032\u53bb\uff0c\u9019\u500b\u904b\u52d5\u6f38\u8da8\u6c89\u5bc2\u3002\u9019\u500b\u904b\u52d5\u7e2e\u77ed\u4e86\u539f\u5148\u5728\u4eba\u5011\u7576\u4e2d\u660e\u986f\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u300c\u9ee8\u54e1\u548c\u975e\u9ee8\u54e1\u300d\u7684\u8ddd\u96e2\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5b98\u65b9\u5be9\u5224\u7d50\u679c\u51fa\u4f86\u4e4b\u5f8c\uff0c\u9032\u4e00\u6b65\u8b49\u5be6\u4e86\u4eba\u5011\u5c0d\u65bc\u5176\u9818\u5c0e\u4eba\u7684\u63a8\u6e2c\u3002\u7c73\u862d\uff0e\u80e1\u5e03\u6797\uff08Milan H\u00fcbl, 1927-1989\uff09\u548c\u96c5\u7f85\u65af\u62c9\u592b\uff0e\u85a9\u5df4\u5854\uff08Jaroslav \u0160abata, 1927-2012\uff09\u88ab\u5224\u5211\u6700\u91cd\uff0c\u5169\u4eba\u5747\u88ab\u5224\u8655\u516d\u5e74\u534a\u5211\u671f\uff0c\u4ed6\u5006\u540c\u6a23\u4e5f\u662f68\u5e748\u6708\u5371\u6a5f\u4e2d\u53ec\u958b\u9ee8\u7684\u5341\u56db\u6b21\u4ee3\u8868\u5927\u6703\u65b0\u9078\u51fa\u4f86\u7684\u4e2d\u592e\u59d4\u54e1\u3002\u80e1\u5e03\u6797\u6b64\u524d\u5728\u5927\u5b78\u4efb\u6559\u548c\u5728\u793e\u79d1\u9662\u64d4\u4efb\u7814\u7a76\u54e1\uff0c\u7814\u7a76\u5de5\u4eba\u3001\u793e\u6703\u4e3b\u7fa9\u904b\u52d5\u53ca\u6c11\u65cf\u554f\u984c\uff0c1968\u5e74\u6539\u9769\u6d6a\u6f6e\u4e2d\u5347\u4efb\u4e2d\u592e\u9ee8\u6821\u6821\u9577\uff0c\u4ed6\u4e5f\u88ab\u8a8d\u70ba\u662f\u7b2c\u4e00\u4f4d\u958b\u59cb\u7814\u7a76\u6377\u514b\u4eba\u548c\u65af\u6d1b\u4f10\u514b\u4eba\u4e4b\u9593\u95dc\u4fc2\u7684\u6377\u514b\u6230\u5f8c\u6b77\u53f2\u5b78\u5bb6\uff0c\u6df1\u77e5\u89e3\u6c7a\u6377\u514b\u8207\u65af\u6d1b\u4f10\u514b\u7684\u95dc\u4fc2\u662f\u5168\u570b\u6539\u9769\u904b\u52d5\u6210\u529f\u7684\u95dc\u9375\uff0c\u4ed6\u53c3\u8207\u63a8\u9032\u4e86\u6377\u514b\u65af\u6d1b\u4f10\u514b\u7684\u806f\u90a6\u5316\u548c\u8d77\u8349\u806f\u90a6\u6cd5\u5f8b\u3002\u56e0\u4e3b\u5f35\u6539\u9769\u548c\u53cd\u5c0d\u5165\u4fb5\uff0c1970\u5e74\u7684\u6574\u8085\u904b\u52d5\u4e2d\u4ed6\u88ab\u9ee8\u958b\u9664\u548c\u525d\u596a\u4e00\u5207\u8077\u52d9\u30021972\u5e74\u7684\u5be9\u5224\u4e2d\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u7f6a\u540d\u662f\u8a66\u5716\u985b\u8986\u570b\u5bb6\u653f\u6b0a\u3002\u88ab\u5224\u91cd\u5211\u7684\u82e5\u5e72\u4eba\u65bc1976\u5e7412\u670810\u65e5\u4eba\u6b0a\u65e5\u63d0\u524d\u91cb\u653e\uff0c\u525b\u51fa\u7344\u7684\u80e1\u5e03\u6797\u6210\u4e86\u300a\u4e03\u4e03\u61b2\u7ae0\u300b\u7684\u9996\u6279\u7c3d\u7f72\u8005\u3002\u9019\u4f4d\u80e1\u5e03\u6797\u4e5f\u88ab\u7d93\u5e38\u7528\u4f86\u8aaa\u660e\u80e1\u85a9\u514b\u9019\u500b\u4eba\u6b0a\u8ff7\u5fc3\u7ac5\u3002\u4ed6\u8207\u80e1\u85a9\u514b\u540c\u70ba\u65af\u6d1b\u4f10\u514b\u4eba\uff0c50\u5e74\u4ee3\u521d\u80e1\u85a9\u514b\u906d\u5230\u6574\u8085\u6642\uff0c\u80e1\u5e03\u6797\u4e00\u76f4\u662f\u4ed6\u7684\u652f\u6301\u8005\uff0c\u5f8c\u4f86\u4e5f\u7a4d\u6975\u652f\u6301\u80e1\u85a9\u514b\u5fa9\u51fa\u3002\u4f46\u7f3a\u4e4f\u4fe1\u5ff5\u7684\u80e1\u85a9\u514b\u7ffb\u81c9\u4e0d\u8a8d\u4eba\uff0c\u628a\u8001\u53cb\u9001\u9032\u76e3\u7344\u5224\u4ee5\u91cd\u5211\u3002\u5171\u7522\u9ee8\u7684\u6b77\u53f2\u6559\u6388\u80e1\u5e03\u6797\u6700\u7d42\u5012\u5728\u4e86\u9ece\u660e\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u4ed6\u65bc1989\u5e7410\u670828\u5728\u5e03\u62c9\u683c\u75c5\u901d\u3002<\/p>\n

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\u56e0\u50b3\u55ae\u4e8b\u4ef6\u5f15\u8d77\u7684\u5927\u6293\u6355\u800c\u5165\u7344\uff0c\u9084\u6709\u4e09\u4eba\uff1a\u5df4\u6cf0\u514b\uff08Rudolf Batt\u011bk, 1924-2013\uff09\u3001\u63da\uff0e\u7279\u85a9\uff08Jan Tesa\u0159, 1933-\uff09\u3001\u548c\u4f0a\u65e5\uff0e\u7a46\u52d2\uff08Ji\u0159\u00ed M\u00fcller, 1943-\uff09 \u3002\u4ed6\u5011\u7acb\u5834\u548c\u65e8\u8da3\u6bd4\u8f03\u63a5\u8fd1\uff0c\u662f68\u5e74\u6e67\u73fe\u51fa\u4f86\u3001\u751f\u6d3b\u5728\u5e03\u723e\u8afe\u7684\u512a\u7570\u4eba\u7269\uff0c\u4e5f\u90fd\u662f\u300a\u4e03\u4e03\u61b2\u7ae0\u300b\u7684\u9996\u6279\u7c3d\u7f72\u8005\u3002\u9019\u4e09\u4eba\u51fa\u7344\u4e4b\u5f8c\uff0c\u65bc1978\u5e74\u4ed6\u5011\u6210\u7acb\u4e86\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u5e73\u884c\u5718\u9ad4\u2014\u2014\u300c\u7368\u7acb\u793e\u6703\u4e3b\u7fa9\u300d\u3002<\/p>\n

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\u7a46\u52d2\u662f\u4ed6\u5011\u7576\u4e2d\u6700\u5e74\u8f15\u7684\uff0c\u4e5f\u6c92\u6709\u52a0\u5165\u904e\u5171\u7522\u9ee8\u30021966\u5e74\u4ed6\u56e0\u70ba\u60f3\u8981\u5728\u9ee8\u7684\u9818\u5c0e\u4e4b\u5916\u5f9e\u4e8b\u5b78\u751f\u904b\u52d5\u800c\u88ab\u958b\u9664\uff0c1968\u5e74\u7372\u5f97\u5e73\u53cd\u91cd\u8fd4\u6821\u5712\u6642\uff0c\u7a46\u52d2\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u4ee4\u4eba\u77da\u76ee\u7684\u9752\u5e74\u9818\u8896\u3002\u4ed6\u767c\u8d77\u4e86\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u5b78\u751f\u8207\u5de5\u4eba\u76f8\u7d50\u5408\u7684\u6d3b\u52d5\uff0c\u7d44\u5efa\u300c\u5de5\u4eba\uff0f\u5b78\u751f\u884c\u52d5\u59d4\u54e1\u6703\u300d\uff0c\u4fc3\u9032\u5de5\u4eba\u81ea\u6211\u7ba1\u7406\u7684\u5c08\u6848\uff0c\u662f\u4e00\u540d\u65d7\u5e5f\u9bae\u660e\u7684\u975e\u5171\u793e\u6703\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u30021970\u5e74\u6625\uff0c\u4ed6\u518d\u6b21\u88ab\u5927\u5b78\u958b\u9664\uff0c\u9019\u6b21\u4ed6\u88ab\u5224\u4e94\u5e74\u534a\u3002\u4ed6\u5e74\u8f15\u52c7\u6562\uff0c\u5728\u5be9\u8a0a\u671f\u9593\u53ca\u7344\u4e2d\u53d7\u5230\u4e86\u66b4\u529b\u5c0d\u5f85\uff0c\u5728\u6cd5\u5ead\u4e0a\u5927\u8072\u70ba\u81ea\u5df1\u8faf\u8b77\u7684\u8072\u97f3\u88ab\u4eba\u5011\u5ee3\u70ba\u50b3\u8aa6\uff1a\u300c\u6211\u7684\u6d3b\u52d5\u4e0d\u662f\u53cd\u793e\u6703\u4e3b\u7fa9\uff0c\u6211\u7684\u6d3b\u52d5\u662f\u5efa\u7acb\u5728\u793e\u6703\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7acb\u5834\u4e4b\u4e0a\u7684\u3002\u300d\u85a9\u5df4\u5854\u56de\u61b6\u8aaa\uff0c1976\u5e74\u8036\u8a95\u7bc0\u525b\u904e\uff0c\u662f\u7a46\u52d2\u5411\u4ed6\u4ecb\u7d39\u4e86\u300a\u4e03\u4e03\u61b2\u7ae0\u300b\uff0c\u7a46\u52d2\u8207\u4ed6\u4e00\u8d77\u7d44\u7e54\u4e86\u5e03\u723e\u8afe\u5730\u5340\u7684\u7c3d\u540d\u3002<\/p>\n

\u9019\u4e09\u500b\u4eba\u6709\u4e00\u500b\u5171\u540c\u7684\u50be\u5411\uff0c\u90fd\u662f\u60f3\u5805\u6301\u793e\u6703\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8207\u5de5\u4eba\u904b\u52d5\u7684\u7d50\u5408\uff0c\u9019\u662f\u4e2d\u6b50\u793e\u6703\u4e3b\u7fa9\u653f\u6cbb\u50b3\u7d71\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u4ed6\u5011\u66f4\u50cf\u81ea19\u4e16\u7d00\u4ee5\u4f86\u6b50\u6d32\u50b3\u7d71\u793e\u6703\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u3002\u9019\u500b\u300c\u7368\u7acb\u793e\u6703\u4e3b\u7fa9\u300d\u5718\u9ad4\uff0c\u4ee4\u4eba\u77da\u76ee\u7684\u8d77\u9ede\u662f\u767c\u8868\u4e86\u4e00\u4efd\u3008\u6377\u514b\u793e\u6703\u4e3b\u7fa9\u767e\u5e74\u5ba3\u8a00\u3009\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u606d\u656c\u5730\u8a55\u8ad6\u4e861948\u5e74\u300c\u4e8c\u6708\u653f\u8b8a\u300d\u4e4b\u524d\u7684\u6377\u514b\u793e\u6703\u4e3b\u7fa9\u50b3\u7d71\u3002\u3008\u5ba3\u8a00\u3009\u56de\u9867\u4e86100\u5e74\u524d\u5728\u5967\u5730\u5229\u6210\u7acb\u7684\u6377\u514b\u793e\u6703\u6c11\u4e3b\u9ee8\u5b9a\u4e0b\u7684\u7406\u5ff5\uff0c\u5c0d\u6bd4\u7576\u6642\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u53cd\u5c0d\u52de\u52d5\u8cc7\u6599\u7684\u58df\u65b7\u3001\u9078\u8209\u6b0a\u3001\u65b0\u805e\u548c\u7d50\u793e\u81ea\u7531\u3001\u6d88\u9664\u793e\u6703\u548c\u653f\u6cbb\u7684\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\uff0c\u6307\u51fa\u4eca\u5929\u7684\u73fe\u5be6\u8207\u7576\u6642\u7684\u7406\u60f3\u8ddd\u96e2\u66f4\u9060\uff0c\u54ea\u6015\u662f\u300c\u4e03\u4e03\u61b2\u7ae0\u300d\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ea\u80fd\u5728\u6700\u9ad8\u7acb\u6cd5\u6a5f\u69cb\u6279\u51c6\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u6846\u67b6\u4e0b\u9032\u884c\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u80fd\u8a00\u53ca\u516c\u958b\u7d44\u7e54\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\uff0c\u5de5\u4eba\u968e\u7d1a\u4e5f\u6c92\u6cd5\u81ea\u5df1\u7d44\u7e54\u8d77\u4f86\u3002\u9019\u4efd\u5ba3\u8a00\u6700\u521d\u767c\u8868\u6642\u670923\u4eba\u7c3d\u5b57\uff0c\u5df4\u6cf0\u514b\u540d\u5217\u7b2c\u4e00\uff0c\u54c8\u5a01\u723e\u7684\u540d\u5b57\u88ab\u653e\u5728\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4f4d\uff0c\u9664\u4e86\u7279\u85a9\u3001\u7a46\u52d2\uff0c\u9084\u6709\u53cd\u6cd5\u897f\u65af\u8001\u6230\u58eb\u67ef\u91cc\u683c\u91ab\u751f\u3001\u54f2\u5b78\u5bb6\u62c9\u8fea\u65af\u62c9\u592b\uff0e\u6d77\u9054\u5167\u514b\u3002\u85a9\u5df4\u5854\u548c\u70cf\u723e\u7fc1\u5a7f\u5f8c\u4f86\u90fd\u5c0d\u9019\u4efd\u5ba3\u8a00\u8868\u793a\u4e86\u53e3\u982d\u652f\u6301\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u5011\u4e0d\u5728\u540d\u55ae\u4e0a\u3002\u70cf\u723e\u5f8c\u4f86\u8aaa\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u627e\u5230\u4ed6\uff0c\u4ed6\u4e5f\u6703\u7c3d\u7684\u3002\u4f46\u986f\u7136\uff0c\u5728\u7368\u7acb\u793e\u6703\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u5011\u770b\u4f86\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u7acb\u5834\u8207\u70cf\u723e\u7684\u9769\u547d\u793e\u6703\u4e3b\u7fa9\u9084\u662f\u6709\u5dee\u8ddd\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n

\u7136\u800c\u4e0d\u7ba1\u4ed6\u5011\u5982\u4f55\u5b9a\u4f4d\u81ea\u5df1\uff0c\u9019\u4e9b\u793e\u6703\u4e3b\u7fa9\u53cd\u5c0d\u6d3e\u2014\u2014\u4e5f\u5305\u62ec\u4e0b\u9762\u6240\u8981\u8ac7\u5230\u7684\u524d\u6539\u9769\u6d3e\u5171\u7522\u9ee8\u4eba\u2014\u2014\u4ed6\u5011\u90fd\u6709\u4e00\u500b\u5171\u540c\u7684\u7279\u5fb5\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u7a81\u51fa\u5f37\u8abf\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u7acb\u5834\u662f\u653f\u6cbb\u6027\u7684\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u548c\u884c\u70ba\u5c6c\u65bc\u653f\u6cbb\u6d3b\u52d5\u7684\u7bc4\u570d\uff0c\u5177\u6709\u653f\u6cbb\u6027\u8cea\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u4e00\u6982\u53cd\u5c0d\u300c\u53cd\u653f\u6cbb\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u300d\uff0c\u5118\u7ba1\u5728\u300c\u4e03\u4e03\u61b2\u7ae0\u300d\u7684\u5167\u90e8\uff0c\u6216\u4f5c\u70ba\u300a\u4e03\u4e03\u61b2\u7ae0\u300b\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u53ca\u5171\u540c\u767c\u8072\u6642\uff0c\u300c\u4e03\u4e03\u61b2\u7ae0\u300d\u4ecd\u7136\u4e3b\u8981\u4fdd\u6301\u4e86\u610f\u8b58\u5f62\u614b\u4e2d\u7acb\u7684\u8def\u7dda\u3002\u4f46\u6279\u8a55\u7684\u8072\u97f3\u59cb\u7d42\u4f34\u96a8\u30021987\u5e74\uff0c40\u500b\u5e74\u8f15\u7684\u7c3d\u7f72\u8005\u5171\u540c\u767c\u8d77\u4e00\u4efd\u81f4\u300c\u4e03\u4e03\u61b2\u7ae0\u300d\u7684\u516c\u958b\u4fe1\uff0c\u6279\u8a55\u5176\u975e\u653f\u6cbb\u7684\u7b56\u7565\u30021988\u5e74\u4e0b\u534a\u5e74\u958b\u59cb\uff0c\u5176\u4ed6\u7368\u7acb\u5718\u9ad4\u7684\u6d3b\u52d5\u4e5f\u5728\u589e\u52a0\uff0c\u4eba\u5011\u53c8\u958b\u59cb\u8e8d\u8e8d\u6b32\u8a66\u8d70\u5411\u8857\u982d\u3002<\/p>\n

1988\u5e7410\u6708\u4efd\uff0c\u5df4\u6cf0\u514b\u548c\u74e6\u8328\u62c9\u592b\uff0e\u672c\u9054\uff08V\u00e1clav Benda\uff0c\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u5f92\uff0c\u8cc7\u6df1\u53cd\u5c0d\u6d3e\u4eba\u58eb\uff0c\u300c\u5e73\u884c\u57ce\u90a6\u300d\u7684\u63d0\u51fa\u8005\uff09\u767c\u8d77\u300c\u516c\u6c11\u81ea\u7531\u904b\u52d5\u300d\uff08HOS\uff09\uff0c\u5728\u5176\u5ba3\u8a00\u300a\u70ba\u6240\u6709\u4eba\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u300b\u4e2d\uff0c\u958b\u5b97\u660e\u7fa9\u7b2c\u4e00\u53e5\u8a71\u662f\uff1a\u300c\u6d89\u8db3\u653f\u6cbb\u7684\u6642\u5019\u5230\u4e86\u300d\uff1a\u300c\u5fc5\u9808\u6062\u5fa9\u653f\u6cbb\u4f5c\u70ba\u4e00\u500b\u6d3b\u52d5\u9818\u57df\u3002\u5b83\u5fc5\u9808\u518d\u6b21\u6210\u70ba\u8868\u9054\u548c\u63a8\u9032\u793e\u6703\u771f\u6b63\u5229\u76ca\u7684\u7126\u9ede\u3002\u300d\u9019\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u4f5c\u4eba\u5011\u5c0d\u6b64\u6642\u7684\u300c\u4e03\u4e03\u61b2\u7ae0\u300d\u7121\u6cd5\u6eff\u8db3\u66f4\u5927\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u6d3b\u52d5\u9700\u6c42\u7684\u53cd\u61c9\u3002\u5ba3\u8a00\u5305\u62ec\u6c11\u4e3b\u3001\u653f\u6cbb\u591a\u5143\u5316\u3001\u7d93\u6fdf\u7e41\u69ae\u3001\u4fdd\u8b77\u74b0\u5883\u3001\u4fe1\u4ef0\u81ea\u7531\u3001\u7368\u7acb\u5de5\u6703\u4ee5\u53ca\u300c\u6377\u514b\u65af\u6d1b\u4f10\u514b\u4f5c\u70ba\u6b50\u6d32\u300d\u7b4912\u9805\u8a34\u6c42\uff0c\u5ee2\u9664\u5171\u7522\u9ee8\u7684\u9818\u5c0e\u5730\u4f4d\u518d\u6b21\u88ab\u660e\u78ba\u63d0\u51fa\u4f86\u3002\u85a9\u5df4\u5854\u4e5f\u662f\u63a8\u9032\u9019\u500b\u904b\u52d5\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u4eba\u7269\uff0c\u6d77\u5167\u9054\u514b\u548c\u54c8\u5a01\u723e\u90fd\u5728\u540d\u55ae\u4e0a\u3002\u70cf\u723e\u6c92\u6709\u7c3d\u9019\u500b\uff0c\u4ed6\u53cd\u5c0d\u5e02\u5834\u539f\u6559\u65e8\u4e3b\u7fa9\u3002\u9019\u662f\u81ea1948\u5e74\u4e4b\u5f8c\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e00\u4efd\u7531\u53cd\u5c0d\u6d3e\u5236\u5b9a\u7684\u5177\u9ad4\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u7db1\u9818\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64HOS\u5be6\u969b\u4e0a\u5df2\u7d93\u8b8a\u6210\u7576\u6642\u57f7\u653f\u5171\u7522\u9ee8\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u500b\u653f\u6cbb\u5c0d\u624b\uff0c\u540c\u6642\u4e5f\u8868\u660e\u672c\u4f86\u662f\u591a\u5143\u5316\u7684\u300c\u4e03\u4e03\u61b2\u7ae0\u300d\u5167\u90e8\uff0c\u958b\u59cb\u516c\u958b\u5206\u5316\u3002\u4e00\u4e9b\u6b64\u524d\u6c92\u6709\u52a0\u5165\u300c\u4e03\u4e03\u61b2\u7ae0\u300d\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u90a3\u4e9b\u7acb\u5834\u7565\u5fae\u504f\u53f3\u7684\u4eba\u5011\uff0c\u7d1b\u7d1b\u52a0\u5165\u5230HOS\u4e2d\u4f86\u3002<\/p>\n

1989\u5e7411\u670817\u65e5\u5e03\u62c9\u683c\u7684\u5927\u5b78\u751f\u4e0a\u8857\u904a\u884c\uff0c\u7d00\u5ff550\u5e74\u524d\u88ab\u88ab\u7d0d\u7cb9\u6bba\u5bb3\u7684\u5b78\u751f\u63da\uff0e\u5967\u666e\u52d2\u5854\u723e\uff08Jan Opletal, 1914-1939\uff09\uff0c\u906d\u5230\u54e1\u8b66\u93ae\u58d3\uff0c\u5b78\u751f\u5011\u6c7a\u5b9a\u7f77\u8ab2\u4e00\u5468\u4e26\u5411\u5168\u570b\u5404\u754c\u767c\u51fa\u547c\u7c72\uff0c\u6210\u70ba\u4e86\u6377\u514b\u65af\u6d1b\u4f10\u514b\u300c\u5929\u9d5d\u7d68\u9769\u547d\u300d\uff08\u6216\u7a31\u300c\u5341\u4e00\u6708\u9769\u547d\u300d\uff09\u7684\u5f15\u7206\u9ede\u3002\u70ba\u4e86\u97ff\u61c9\u5b78\u751f\u7684\u865f\u53ec\u548c\u5168\u570b\u5df2\u7d93\u9ede\u71c3\u7684\u9769\u547d\u71b1\u60c5\uff0c\u5169\u5929\u4e4b\u5f8c\u537311\u670819\u65e5\uff0c\u300c\u516c\u6c11\u8ad6\u58c7\u300d\uff08OF\uff09\u6210\u7acb\u3002\u9019\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u7531\u591a\u65b9\u529b\u91cf\u7d44\u6210\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u806f\u76df\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u64d4\u7576\u4e86\u8207\u6377\u5171\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u8ac7\u5224\uff0c\u5c07\u6b0a\u529b\u5f9e\u7368\u88c1\u7684\u4e00\u9ee8\u5c08\u5236\u904e\u6e21\u5230\u6c11\u4e3b\u653f\u6cbb\uff0c\u54c8\u5a01\u723e\u64d4\u4efb\u300c\u516c\u6c11\u8ad6\u58c7\u300d\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u5c46\u4e3b\u5e2d\u3002\u642d\u5efa\u300c\u516c\u6c11\u8ad6\u58c7\u300d\u6709\u8457\u8a31\u591a\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u529b\u91cf\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u6709\u597d\u5e7e\u500b\u662f\u5f9e\u300c\u4e03\u4e03\u61b2\u7ae0\u300d\u5206\u5316\u51fa\u53bb\u7684\u7368\u7acb\u5718\u9ad4\uff1a\u54c8\u5a01\u723e\u4ee3\u8868\u300c\u4e03\u4e03\u61b2\u7ae0\u300d\u3001\u5df4\u6cf0\u514b\u4ee3\u8868\u300c\u516c\u6c11\u81ea\u7531\u904b\u52d5\u300d\uff0c\u70cf\u723e\u4ee3\u8868\u300c\u5de6\u7ffc\u9078\u64c7\u300d\uff0c\u9084\u6709\u6bd4\u5982\u5e74\u8f15\u4eba\u5275\u8fa6\u7684\u300c\u7368\u7acb\u548c\u5e73\u5354\u6703\u300d\uff08IPA\uff09\uff0c\u4ee5\u6c11\u9593\u7684\u540d\u7fa9\u5ba3\u5c0e\u4e16\u754c\u548c\u5e73\uff0c\u5176\u9818\u5c0e\u4eba\u9732\u7d72\uff0e\u7d22\u723e\u83ab\u5a03\uff08Ruth \u0160ormov\u00e1\uff091965\u5e74\u751f\uff0c1988\u5e74\u7684\u300a\u4e03\u4e03\u61b2\u7ae0\u300b\u7c3d\u7f72\u8005\u3002<\/p>\n

\u56db\u3001\u6539\u9769\u7684\u5171\u7522\u9ee8\u4eba\u6216\u6b50\u6d32\u5171\u7522\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005<\/h5>\n

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1968\u5e74\u8607\u8ecd\u5165\u4fb5\u5c0d\u65bc\u897f\u6b50\u5171\u7522\u9ee8\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u5de8\u5927\u7684\u9707\u52d5\uff0c\u5f62\u6210\u4e8620\u4e16\u7d00\u6b50\u6d32\u5171\u7522\u4e3b\u7fa9\u904b\u52d5\u53e6\u4e00\u500b\u91cd\u8981\u8f49\u6369\u9ede\u3002\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u7fa9\u5927\u5229\u5171\u7522\u9ee8\u5c0d\u6377\u514b\u65af\u6d1b\u4f10\u514b\u300c\u6709\u4eba\u6027\u7684\u793e\u6703\u4e3b\u7fa9\u300d\u5be6\u9a57\u59cb\u7d42\u8868\u73fe\u51fa\u660e\u986f\u7684\u8208\u8da3\u30021973\u5e74\uff0c\u7fa9\u5171\u7e3d\u66f8\u8a18\u6069\u91cc\u79d1\uff0e\u8c9d\u6797\u683c \uff08Enrico Berlinguer, 1922-1984\uff09\u5236\u5b9a\u4e86\u300c\u6b77\u53f2\u6027\u59a5\u5354\u300d\u65b9\u91dd\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u63a5\u53d7\u5317\u7d04\uff0c\u652f\u6301\u7f8e\u8607\u548c\u89e3\uff0c\u514b\u670d\u6b50\u6d32\u8ecd\u4e8b\u96c6\u5718\u7684\u5c0d\u7acb\uff0c\u820760\u5e74\u4ee3\u672b\u958b\u59cb\u7684\u570b\u969b\u7de9\u548c\u9032\u7a0b\u76f8\u4e00\u81f4\u3002\u5728\u570b\u5167\uff0c\u7fa9\u5171\u4e5f\u63d0\u5021\u8207\u5176\u4ed6\u653f\u6cbb\u529b\u91cf\u5718\u7d50\u5408\u4f5c\uff0c\u8a72\u9ee81976 \u5e746\u6708\u7684\u9078\u8209\u4e2d\u53d6\u5f97\u4e86\u91cd\u5927\u52dd\u5229\uff0c\u5275\u4e0b\u4e86\u6b77\u53f2\u65b0\u9ad8\u30021977\u5e743\u6708\uff0c\u7fa9\u5171\u3001\u6cd5\u5171\u548c\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u5171\u7522\u9ee8\u7684\u9818\u5c0e\u4eba\u5728\u99ac\u5fb7\u91cc\u8209\u884c\u6703\u8b70\uff0c\u901a\u904e\u4e86\u300a\u5728\u6c11\u4e3b\u3001\u81ea\u7531\u4e2d\u5be6\u73fe\u793e\u6703\u4e3b\u7fa9\u300b\u7684\u7db1\u9818\uff0c\u53c8\u7a31\u300a\u99ac\u5fb7\u91cc\u5ba3\u8a00\u300b\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u5168\u9762\u95e1\u8ff0\u4e86\u300c\u6b50\u6d32\u5171\u7522\u4e3b\u7fa9\u300d\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u4e3b\u5f35\uff0c\u5373\u62d2\u7d55\u8607\u806f\u5171\u7522\u9ee8\u7684\u5f71\u97ff\uff0c\u8a8d\u70ba\u5404\u570b\u5171\u7522\u9ee8\u61c9\u8a72\u6839\u64da\u672c\u570b\u7684\u689d\u4ef6\u548c\u9700\u8981\u5236\u5b9a\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u653f\u7b56\uff0c\u8d70\u81ea\u5df1\u7368\u7acb\u81ea\u4e3b\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u8def\u7dda\u3002\u6377\u514b\u65af\u6d1b\u4f10\u514b\u6539\u9769\u7684\u524d\u5171\u7522\u9ee8\u4eba\u5f9e\u81ea\u8eab\u7d93\u9a57\u4e2d\uff0c\u9ad4\u9a57\u6700\u6df1\u7684\u4e5f\u6b63\u662f\u9019\u4e00\u9ede\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u89ba\u5f97\u8207\u6b50\u6d32\u5171\u7522\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7acb\u5834\u6700\u70ba\u63a5\u8fd1\u3002<\/p>\n

\u800c68\u5e74\u6d41\u4ea1\u8005\u4e2d\u6b63\u597d\u6709\u9019\u9ebc\u4e00\u4f4d\u80fd\u91cf\u6975\u5927\u7684\u6a1e\u7d10\u4eba\u7269\uff0c\u80fd\u5920\u5728\u6377\u514b\u5883\u5167\u88ab\u9a45\u9010\u7684\u9ee8\u548c\u7fa9\u5927\u5229\u5171\u7522\u9ee8\u53ca\u897f\u65b9\u6b50\u6d32\u5171\u7522\u4e3b\u7fa9\u4e4b\u9593\u67b6\u8a2d\u4e00\u5ea7\u6a4b\u6a11\uff0c\u8b93\u56f0\u5883\u4e2d\u88ab\u627c\u6bba\u7684\u53cd\u5c0d\u8072\u97f3\u5728\u570b\u969b\u7bc4\u570d\u5167\u5f97\u4ee5\u807d\u898b\u3002\u9019\u4e5f\u662f\u4e00\u7a2e\u80fd\u91cf\u50b3\u905e\u2014\u2014\u5728\u570b\u5916\u767c\u51fa\u7684\u8072\u97f3\u53c8\u50b3\u56de\u570b\u5167\uff0c\u9f13\u821e\u548c\u6fc0\u767c\u4e86\u570b\u5167\u7684\u4eba\u5011\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u4fc3\u9032\u539f\u9ad4\u5236\u5167\u8207\u9ad4\u5236\u5916\u4eba\u5011\u4e4b\u9593\u7684\u4e92\u76f8\u4ea4\u6d41\uff0c\u8f49\u800c\u7522\u751f\u66f4\u5927\u7684\u80fd\u91cf\u3002\u9019\u4f4d\u95dc\u9375\u4eba\u7269\u4fbf\u662f\u4f0a\u65e5\uff0e\u8c9d\u5229\u5eb7\uff08Ji\u0159\u00ed Pelik\u00e1n, 1923-1999\uff09\u3002\u300c\u5e03\u62c9\u683c\u4e4b\u6625\u300d\u6642\uff0c\u8c9d\u5229\u5eb7\u4efb\u6377\u514b\u65af\u6d1b\u4f10\u514b\u4e2d\u592e\u96fb\u8996\u81fa\u53f0\u9577\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u96fb\u8996\u81fa\u6210\u70ba\u4eba\u5011\u4e86\u89e3\u9019\u500b\u570b\u5bb6\u6539\u9769\u9032\u7a0b\u5404\u7a2e\u4e8b\u4ef6\u7684\u6700\u4f73\u8996\u7a97\u3002\u8607\u8ecd\u5165\u4fb5\u4e4b\u5f8c\u4ed6\u88ab\u6d3e\u5230\u99d0\u7fa9\u5927\u5229\u4f7f\u9928\u4efb\u6587\u5316\u53c3\u8d0a\uff0c\u5f9e\u6b64\u4e00\u53bb\u4e0d\u8fd4\u30021971\u5e74\u8c9d\u5229\u5eb7\u5728\u7f85\u99ac\u8fa6\u8d77\u4e86\u6d41\u4ea1\u96dc\u8a8c\u300a\u4fe1\u5831\u300b\uff0c\u7d93\u904e\u5169\u671f\u8a66\u520a\u4e4b\u5f8c\uff0c\u65bc1971\u5e741\u6708\u4f5c\u70ba\u96d9\u6708\u520a\u5b9a\u671f\u51fa\u7248\uff0c\u5176\u526f\u6a19\u984c\u4fbf\u662f \u300c\u6377\u514b\u65af\u6d1b\u4f10\u514b\u793e\u6703\u4e3b\u7fa9\u53cd\u5c0d\u6d3e\u96dc\u8a8c\u300d\u3002\u9019\u4efd\u96dc\u8a8c\u8996\u81ea\u5df1\u70ba\u4e00\u500b\u66f4\u5ee3\u6cdb\u7684\u62b5\u6297\u6216\u53cd\u5c0d\u904b\u52d5\u7684\u4e2d\u5fc3\uff0c\u5c07\u81ea\u5df1\u5b9a\u4f4d\u70ba\u570b\u5167\u793e\u6703\u4e3b\u7fa9\u53cd\u5c0d\u6d3e\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u53ea\u662f\u66ab\u6642\u751f\u6d3b\u5728\u570b\u5916\u3002\u672c\u6587\u9078\u64c7\u300c\u793e\u6703\u4e3b\u7fa9\u53cd\u5c0d\u6d3e\u300d\u9019\u500b\u540d\u7a31\u5c31\u662f\u8c9d\u5229\u5eb7\u6700\u5148\u958b\u59cb\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u3002\u4e0d\u7ba1\u600e\u9ebc\u8aaa\uff0c\u8c9d\u5229\u5eb7\u7684\u9019\u4efd\u96dc\u8a8c\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u8996\u70ba\u300c\u516c\u6c11\u793e\u6703\u4e3b\u7fa9\u904b\u52d5\u300d\u7684\u570b\u5916\u64cd\u76e4\u624b\u548c\u524d\u6539\u9769\u6d3e\u5171\u7522\u9ee8\u4eba\u7684\u570b\u5916\u4ee3\u8a00\u4eba\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u9019\u5169\u6279\u4eba\u53ef\u4ee5\u52a0\u8d77\u4f86\u7c60\u7d71\u5730\u7a31\u4e4b\u70ba\u300c\u6377\u514b\u65af\u6d1b\u4f10\u514b\u793e\u6703\u4e3b\u7fa9\u53cd\u5c0d\u6d3e\u300d\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\u300a\u4fe1\u5831\u300b\u5247\u50cf\u662f\u9019\u500b\u5de6\u7ffc\u5927\u5718\u9ad4\u7684\u6a5f\u95dc\u5831\u3002\u7576\u7136\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u6b62\u65bc\u6b64\uff0c\u54c8\u5a01\u723e1975\u5e74\u5beb\u7d66\u80e1\u85a9\u514b\u7e3d\u7d71\u7684\u4fe1\uff0c\u6700\u5148\u4e5f\u662f\u767c\u8868\u5728\u9019\u4efd\u520a\u7269\u4e0a\u9762\u30021978\u5e74\u4e0b\u534a\u5e74\uff0c\u54c8\u5a01\u723e\u5df2\u7d93\u611f\u5230\u54e1\u8b66\u7684\u8173\u6b65\u8072\u518d\u6b21\u81e8\u8fd1\uff0c\u4ed6\u65bc11\u670818\u65e5\u5beb\u4fe1\u7d66\u5df2\u7d93\u6d41\u4ea1\u7684\u59c6\u6797\u7d0d\u65e5\uff0c\u5e0c\u671b\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u3008\u7121\u6b0a\u8005\u7684\u6b0a\u529b\u3009\u9019\u7bc7\u91cd\u78c5\u6587\u7ae0\u4e5f\u80fd\u5920\u5728\u9019\u4efd\u6d41\u4ea1\u96dc\u8a8c\u4e0a\u767c\u8868\u3002<\/p>\n

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\u7fa9\u5927\u5229\u5171\u7522\u9ee8\u548c\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u5171\u7522\u9ee8\u90fd\u5c0d\u300a\u8d6b\u723e\u8f9b\u57fa\u5354\u8b70\u300b\u8868\u793a\u4e86\u71b1\u60c5\u6b61\u8fce\u3002\u517c\u5177\u7406\u60f3\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u548c\u73fe\u5be6\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u7684\u8c9d\u5229\u5eb7\u3001\u59c6\u6797\u7d0d\u65e5\u548c\u54c8\u8036\u514b\u4e5f\u5728\u9019\u500b\u5354\u8b70\u4e2d\uff0c\u770b\u5230\u4e86\u570b\u5167\u53cd\u5c0d\u8005\u7684\u7a7a\u9593\u3002\u8c9d\u5229\u5eb7\u5728\u4ed61976\u5e74\u95dc\u65bc\u6377\u514b\u65af\u6d1b\u4f10\u514b\u53cd\u5c0d\u6d3e\u7684\u66f8\u4e2d\uff0c\u5c08\u9580\u6709\u4e00\u500b\u7ae0\u7bc0\u70ba\u300c\u53cd\u5c0d\u6d3e\u8207\u570b\u969b\u7de9\u548c\u300d\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u8aaa\uff1a\u300c\u6377\u514b\u65af\u6d1b\u4f10\u514b\u548c\u6771\u6b50\u904e\u53bb\u4e8c\u5341\u4e94\u5e74\u7684\u6b77\u53f2\u7d93\u9a57\u8b49\u660e\uff0c\u51b7\u6230\u548c\u570b\u969b\u7dca\u5f35\u5c40\u52e2\u4e0d\u50c5\u6c92\u6709\u524a\u5f31\u53f2\u9054\u6797\u653f\u6b0a\uff0c\u53cd\u800c\u589e\u5f37\u4e86\u5176\u6700\u9811\u56fa\u7684\u6559\u689d\u4e3b\u7fa9\u5206\u5b50\uff0c\u4ee4\u4ed6\u5011\u80fd\u5920\u70ba\u93ae\u58d3\u3001\u50f5\u5316\u548c\u5b64\u7acb\u4e3b\u7fa9\u653f\u7b56\u8faf\u8b77\u3002\u8207\u6b64\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u5f8c\u4f86\u6bcf\u4e00\u6b21\u7dca\u5f35\u5c40\u52e2\u7684\u7de9\u548c\uff0c\u90fd\u5e36\u4f86\u4e86\u58d3\u8feb\u548c\u5be9\u67e5\u7684\u653e\u9b06\uff0c\u70ba\u63d0\u4f9b\u66f4\u597d\u7684\u8cc7\u8a0a\u3001\u5fa9\u7526\u65b0\u601d\u60f3\u548c\u65b0\u653f\u6cbb\u529b\u91cf\u800c\u5275\u9020\u4e86\u7a7a\u9593\u3002\u5982\u679c\u6c92\u6709\u9019\u6a23\u4e00\u7a2e\u6c1b\u570d\uff0c\u300e\u5e03\u62c9\u683c\u4e4b\u6625\u300f\u7684\u7c4c\u5099\u548c\u5be6\u73fe\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u3002\u300d\uff081976, Jiri Pelikan\uff09\u63db\u53e5\u8a71\u8aaa\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u5728\u5bec\u9b06\u7684\u570b\u969b\u74b0\u5883\u4e2d\uff0c\u624d\u80fd\u6709\u570b\u5167\u6c11\u4e3b\u53cd\u5c0d\u6d3e\u7684\u751f\u5b58\u7a7a\u9593\uff1b\u800c\u5c0d\u6297\u7dca\u5f35\u7684\u570b\u969b\u95dc\u4fc2\uff0c\u53ea\u6703\u4ee4\u5c08\u5236\u7d71\u6cbb\u8005\u5c0d\u570b\u5167\u53cd\u5c0d\u6d3e\u66f4\u52a0\u56b4\u53b2\u548c\u6b98\u9177\u3002<\/p>\n

\u300a\u8d6b\u723e\u8f9b\u57fa\u5354\u8b70\u300b\u767c\u5e03\u4e4b\u5f8c\u7684\u7b2c\u4e8c\u500b\u6708\uff0c\u59c6\u6797\u7d0d\u65e5\u548c\u54c8\u8036\u514b\u63a5\u53d7\u745e\u5178\u96fb\u8996\u81fa\u7684\u63a1\u8a2a\u4e2d\uff0c\u8868\u9054\u4e86\u4e09\u500b\u770b\u6cd5\uff0c\u6709\u5b78\u8005\u8a8d\u70ba\u9019\u4e5f\u662f\u300c\u4e03\u4e03\u61b2\u7ae0\u300d\u80cc\u5f8c\u7684\u54f2\u5b78\u601d\u60f3\u7684\u7d44\u6210\u90e8\u5206\uff081978, Vladimir V. Kusin\uff09\uff1a\u7b2c\u4e00\uff0c\u627f\u8a8d\u6bcf\u500b\u4eba\u5728\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u793e\u6703\u4e2d\u884c\u4f7f\u500b\u4eba\u6b0a\u5229\uff0c\u9019\u9ede\u61c9\u8a72\u5f97\u5230\u570b\u5bb6\u6b0a\u529b\u7684\u5c0a\u91cd\uff1b\u7b2c\u4e8c\uff0c\u570b\u969b\u4ea4\u5f80\u4e2d\u901a\u904e\u7684\u539f\u5247\uff08\u6bd4\u5982\u4eba\u6b0a\u689d\u7d04\uff09\uff0c\u5728\u6bcf\u500b\u53c3\u8207\u570b\u4e2d\u5177\u6709\u540c\u7b49\u6548\u529b\uff1b\u7b2c\u4e09\uff0c\u627f\u8a8d\u5b58\u5728\u5171\u540c\u7684\u6b50\u6d32\u6587\u5316\u50f9\u503c\u89c0\u548c\u4eba\u9053\u4e3b\u7fa9\u50b3\u7d71\uff1a\u300c\u5982\u679c\u67d0\u4e9b\u6b50\u6d32\u6c11\u65cf\u548c\u570b\u5bb6\u7e7c\u7e8c\u4fdd\u7559\u6709\u6096\u65bc\u6b50\u6d32\u6587\u660e\u548c\u6587\u5316\u57fa\u790e\u7684\u5167\u5bb9\uff0c\u90a3\u5c31\u9055\u80cc\u4e86\u8d6b\u723e\u8f9b\u57fa\u7cbe\u795e\u3002\u300d\uff082001, Daniel C. Thomas\uff09\u539f\u6377\u5171\u9996\u5e2d\u6b77\u53f2\u5b78\u5bb6\u5361\u96f7\u723e\uff0e\u5361\u666e\u862d\uff0c\u4e5f\u65bc1975\u5e7410\u670820\u65e5\u81f4\u4fe1\u6377\u5171\u4e2d\u592e\u9ee8\u4e3b\u5e2d\u5718\u3001\u806f\u90a6\u8b70\u6703\u548c\u806f\u90a6\u653f\u5e9c\uff0c\u5c31\u8d6b\u723e\u8f9b\u57fa\u7cbe\u795e\u63d0\u51fa\u516b\u9805\u8981\u6c42\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u91cb\u653e\u653f\u6cbb\u72af\u3001\u7d66\u6bcf\u500b\u516c\u6c11\u767c\u653e\u8b77\u7167\u3001\u505c\u6b62\u5c0d\u79d1\u7814\u4eba\u54e1\u548c\u5b78\u8005\u7684\u6b67\u8996\u53ca\u505c\u6b62\u65b0\u805e\u5be9\u67e5\u7b49\uff0c\u9010\u4e00\u9ede\u51fa\u9019\u4e9b\u5177\u9ad4\u9805\u76ee\uff0c\u4e5f\u555f\u767c\u548c\u5e6b\u52a9\u5f62\u6210\u4e86\u300a\u4e03\u4e03\u61b2\u7ae0\u300b\u7684\u6587\u672c\u3002\u6b63\u662f\u6b64\u4eba\uff0c\u57281975\u5e74\u5e95\uff0c\u60f3\u8981\u8207\u59c6\u6797\u7d0d\u65e5\u3001\u54c8\u8036\u514b\u5f04\u51fa\u4e00\u500b\u985e\u4f3c\u8607\u806f\u7684\u8d6b\u723e\u8f9b\u57fa\u5c0f\u7d44\u3002<\/p>\n

\u54c8\u8036\u514b\u986f\u7136\u662f\u5171\u7522\u9ee8\u53cd\u5c0d\u6d3e\u5167\u90e8\u5ba3\u5c0e\u8d6b\u723e\u8f9b\u57fa\u7cbe\u795e\u7684\u57f7\u725b\u8033\u8005\u3002\u54c8\u8036\u514b\u5e74\u8f15\u6642\u662f\u4e00\u540d\u6d3b\u8e8d\u7684\u793e\u6703\u6c11\u4e3b\u9ee8\u4eba\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u6230\u5f8c\u7684\u9ee8\u5167\u9818\u8896\u4eba\u7269\uff0c1948\u5e74\u4ed6\u652f\u6301\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u653f\u9ee8\u8207\u5171\u7522\u9ee8\u5408\u4f75\uff0c\u4e26\u64d4\u4efb\u806f\u5408\u9ee8\u4e2d\u592e\u59d4\u54e1\u6703\u6210\u54e1\uff0c\u76f4\u52301969\u5e74\u88ab\u514d\u8077\u548c\u88ab\u958b\u9664\u51fa\u9ee8\u3002\u4f5c\u70ba\u4e00\u540d\u5916\u4ea4\u5bb6\uff0c\u4ed6\u59cb\u7d42\u95dc\u6ce8\u6230\u5f8c\u51fa\u73fe\u7684\u300c\u570b\u969b\u4eba\u6b0a\u300d\u6982\u5ff5\u3002\u4eba\u5011\u559c\u6b61\u5f15\u7528\u4ed6\u8aaa\u7684\uff1a\u300c\u6211\u5011\u4f9d\u9760\u6cd5\u5f8b\u524d\u9032\uff0c\u6b63\u5982\u300a\u8056\u7d93\u300b\u6240\u8aaa\uff1a\u300e\u4e0d\u8981\u4ee5\u70ba\u6211\u4f86\u662f\u8981\u5ee2\u6389\u5f8b\u6cd5\u548c\u5148\u77e5\uff1b\u6211\u4f86\u4e0d\u662f\u8981\u5ee2\u6389\uff0c\u4e43\u662f\u8981\u6210\u5168\u3002\u300f\u300d\uff081978, Vladimir V. Kusin\uff09\u9664\u4e86\u8207\u59c6\u6797\u7d0d\u65e5\u4e00\u8d77\u4e0a\u745e\u5178\u96fb\u8996\u81fa\uff0c1975\u5e7410\u67081\u65e5\uff0c\u54c8\u8036\u514b\u81ea\u5df1\u53c8\u55ae\u7368\u7d66\u653f\u5e9c\u7e3d\u7406\u5beb\u4fe1\uff0c\u4fe1\u4e2d\u5f15\u7528\u4e86\u653f\u5e9c1975\u5e748\u67088\u65e5\u767c\u8868\u7684\u516c\u958b\u8072\u660e\u4e2d\u627f\u8afe\u5c07\u59cb\u7d42\u9075\u5b88\u8d6b\u723e\u8f9b\u57fa\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u7684\u689d\u6b3e\uff0c\u63d0\u51fa\u300c\u6377\u514b\u65af\u6d1b\u4f10\u514b\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u6240\u6709\u6a5f\u69cb\u90fd\u6709\u7fa9\u52d9\uff0c\u78ba\u4fdd\u81ea1968\u5e74\u4ee5\u4f86\u90a3\u4e9b\u56e0\u4e0d\u540c\u89c0\u9ede\u800c\u88ab\u525d\u596a\u8207\u5176\u8cc7\u683c\u76f8\u7b26\u5de5\u4f5c\u4eba\u5011\u7684\u6b0a\u5229\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u5176\u5b50\u5973\u90fd\u4e0d\u61c9\u88ab\u525d\u596a\u5176\u5728\u85dd\u8853\u3001\u79d1\u5b78\u3001\u6280\u8853\u767c\u5c55\u3001\u7d93\u6fdf\u7d44\u7e54\u3001\u91ab\u7642\u4fdd\u5065\u548c\u6587\u5316\u751f\u6d3b\u4e2d\u5f9e\u4e8b\u5275\u9020\u6027\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\u6a5f\u6703\u3002\u540c\u6642\uff0c\u4efb\u4f55\u4eba\u90fd\u4e0d\u61c9\u56e0\u70ba\u53cd\u5c0d\u9019\u7a2e\u6b67\u8996\u6216\u50b3\u64ad\u53cd\u5c0d\u6b67\u8996\u7684\u89c0\u9ede\u800c\u88ab\u8d77\u8a34\u548c\u76e3\u7981\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4ed6\u5011\u56e0\u6b64\u800c\u88ab\u8d77\u8a34\u548c\u76e3\u7981\uff0c\u9019\u7a2e\u8feb\u5bb3\u548c\u6b67\u8996\u884c\u70ba\u61c9\u4e88\u4ee5\u5236\u6b62\uff0c\u9632\u6b62\u5176\u7e7c\u7e8c\uff0c\u4e26\u5f4c\u88dc\u5176\u9020\u6210\u7684\u640d\u5931\u300d\u3002\uff081978, Vladimir V. Kusin\uff09\u7e7c\u800c\u54c8\u8036\u514b\u53c8\u7d66\u6377\u514b\u65af\u6d1b\u4f10\u514b\u79d1\u5b78\u9662\u5beb\u4fe1\uff0c\u4fe1\u4e2d\u63d0\u5230\u5982\u4f55\u904b\u7528\u8d6b\u723e\u8f9b\u57fa\u689d\u6b3e\u4f86\u91cd\u65b0\u770b\u5f85\u300c\u5e03\u62c9\u683c\u4e4b\u6625\u300d\u88ab\u93ae\u58d3\uff0c\u63d0\u51fa\u5fc5\u9808\u4fdd\u8b49\u570b\u5bb6\u8207\u570b\u5bb6\u4e4b\u9593\u7684\u5e73\u7b49\u548c\u6c11\u4e3b\u3002<\/p>\n

1988\u5e7411\u6708\uff0c\u54c8\u8036\u514b\u5275\u8fa6\u300c\u6377\u514b\u65af\u6d1b\u4f10\u514b\u8d6b\u723e\u8f9b\u57fa\u5c0f\u7d44\u300d\uff0c\u8207\u5df4\u6cf0\u514b\u3001\u70cf\u723e\u7684\u5718\u9ad4\u4e00\u9053\uff0c\u6210\u70ba\u7d44\u5efa\u300c\u516c\u6c11\u8ad6\u58c7\u300d\u7684\u7368\u7acb\u5718\u9ad4\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002\u65b0\u767c\u73fe\u7684\u8cc7\u6599\u986f\u793a\uff0c\u54c8\u8036\u514b\u672c\u4eba\u4e5f\u662f\u300a\u4e03\u4e03\u61b2\u7ae0\u300b\u7684\u8d77\u8349\u8005\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002\u5728\u5beb\u9019\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0\u5feb\u8981\u5beb\u5b8c\u6642\uff0c\u7b46\u8005\u53c8\u8b80\u5230\u4e00\u7bc7\u63a1\u8a2a\u3002\u54c8\u5a01\u723e\u5716\u66f8\u9928\u9928\u9577\u99ac\u4e01\uff0e\u5e15\u6d1b\u65af2017\u5e74\u5728\u56de\u7b54\u8a18\u8005\u8ab0\u8d77\u8349\u300a\u4e03\u4e03\u61b2\u7ae0\u300b\u6642\uff0c\u7a31\u4f0a\u65e5\uff0e\u54c8\u8036\u514b\u80af\u5b9a\u5beb\u4e86\u5176\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u300c\u6240\u6709\u9019\u4e9b\u95dc\u65bc\u570b\u969b\u6cd5\u548c\u6377\u514b\u65af\u6d1b\u4f10\u514b\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7fa9\u52d9\u7684\u8ad6\u9ede\uff0c\u6211\u60f3\u90fd\u662f\u51fa\u81ea\u4ed6\u4e4b\u624b\u300d\u300232<\/p>\n

\u6377\u514b\u65af\u6d1b\u4f10\u514b\u524d\u5171\u7522\u9ee8\u4eba\u5c0d\u65bc\u300a\u8d6b\u723e\u8f9b\u57fa\u5354\u8b70\u300b\u548c\u4eba\u6b0a\u554f\u984c\u7684\u9ad8\u5ea6\u654f\u611f\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u7531\u6b64\u800c\u78ba\u5b9a\u4ed6\u5011\u81ea\u8eab\u53cd\u5c0d\u9053\u8def\u7684\u65b0\u7b56\u7565\uff0c\u8207\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u7d93\u9a57\u548c\u773c\u5149\uff0c\u4ea6\u5373\u653f\u6cbb\u4e0a\u7684\u6210\u719f\u5bc6\u5207\u76f8\u95dc\uff0c\u8a31\u591a\u4eba\u56e0\u6b64\u800c\u884c\u52d5\u8d77\u4f86\u30021975\u5e7410\u6708\uff0c\u8607\u806f\u8457\u540d\u7684\u4eba\u6b0a\u904b\u52d5\u5bb6\u85a9\u54c8\u7f85\u592b\u7372\u8afe\u8c9d\u723e\u548c\u5e73\u734e\uff0c\u67ef\u91cc\u683c\u91ab\u751f\u516c\u958b\u8868\u793a\u6b61\u8fce\uff0c\u9019\u7121\u7591\u88ab\u8996\u70ba\u5c0d\u65bc\u5b98\u65b9\u7684\u6311\u6230\u884c\u70ba\u3002\u63a5\u4e0b\u4f86\uff0c\u4ed6\u53c8\u806f\u5408\u4e00\u8d77\u62b5\u5236\u300a\u83ab\u65af\u79d1\u5354\u8b70\u300b\u7684\u5e74\u9577\u806f\u90a6\u8b70\u6703\u8b70\u54e1\u862d\u8482\u8b1d\u514b\uff0e\u6c83\u5fb7\u65af\u6d1b\u548c\u683c\u7279\u9b6f\u9054\uff0e\u585e\u5361\u5c3c\u8afe\u5a03\uff0e\u67e5\u514b\u6258\u5a03\uff0c\u4e09\u4eba\u9023\u7f72\u7d66\u806f\u90a6\u8b70\u6703\u5beb\u4fe1\uff0c\u8981\u6c42\u901a\u904e1968\u5e74\u7531\u6377\u514b\u65af\u6d1b\u4f10\u514b\u653f\u5e9c\u7c3d\u7f72\u7684\u806f\u5408\u570b\u5169\u500b\u570b\u969b\u4eba\u6b0a\u516c\u7d04\uff08\u95dc\u65bc\u653f\u6cbb\u6b0a\u5229\u548c\u95dc\u65bc\u7d93\u6fdf\u3001\u793e\u6703\u548c\u6587\u5316\u6b0a\u5229\uff09\u3002\u8207\u54c8\u8036\u514b\u547c\u61c9\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u4e5f\u63d0\u51fa\u6839\u64da\u8d6b\u723e\u8f9b\u57fa\u7cbe\u795e\uff0c\u806f\u90a6\u8b70\u6703\u61c9\u8207\u8607\u806f\u5c31\u64a4\u51fa\u8607\u806f\u8ecd\u968a\u7684\u554f\u984c\u5c55\u958b\u8a0e\u8ad6\u3002\u95dc\u65bc\u570b\u5167\u7684\u4eba\u6b0a\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u4e09\u4f4d\u8cc7\u6df1\u5171\u7522\u9ee8\u4eba\u547c\u7c72\u91cb\u653e\u6240\u6709\u653f\u6cbb\u72af\u4e26\u70ba\u5176\u6062\u5fa9\u540d\u8b7d\uff0c\u7acb\u5373\u505c\u6b62\u653f\u6cbb\u93ae\u58d3\u53ca\u50b7\u5bb3\u3002\u96a8\u5f8c\uff0c\u5728\u8d6b\u723e\u8f9b\u57fa\u5354\u8b70\u52a0\u6301\u4e0b\u7684\u9019\u5169\u500b\u4eba\u6b0a\u516c\u7d04\uff0c\u88ab\u7de8\u572810\u670813\u65e5\u7684\u5b98\u65b9\u6cd5\u5f8b\u520a\u7269\u300a\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5f59\u7de8\u300b\u4e2d\u516c\u5e03\uff0c\u57281975\u5e7411\u670811\u65e5\u7372\u5f97\u806f\u90a6\u8b70\u6703\u6279\u51c6\u4e4b\u5f8c\uff0c\u96a8\u5373\u5370\u6210\u5c0f\u518a\u5b50\u9001\u9054\u8857\u982d\u5831\u520a\u4ead\uff0c\u6d77\u5167\u9054\u514b\u63d0\u9192\u54c8\u5a01\u723e\u300c\u4ee5\u4e0d\u4e45\u524d\u9812\u5e03\u7684\u4eba\u6b0a\u689d\u7d04\u70ba\u57fa\u790e\u300d\uff0c\u6307\u7684\u5c31\u662f\u9019\u4ef6\u4e8b\u3002<\/p>\n

1976\u5e741\u670820\u65e5\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u67ef\u91cc\u683c\u91ab\u751f\u3001\u54c8\u8036\u514b\u3001\u59c6\u6797\u7d0d\u65e5\u5728\u5167\u7684\u524d\u5341\u56db\u540d\u524d\u4e2d\u592e\u59d4\u54e1\u5beb\u4fe1\u7d66\u806f\u90a6\u8b70\u6703\uff0c\u8981\u6c42\u91cb\u653e\u5728\u62bc\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u72af\u80e1\u5e03\u6797\u3001\u85a9\u5df4\u5854\u53ca\u5176\u4ed6\u4eba\u3002\u4fe1\u4e2d\u7a31\uff0c\u9019\u4e9b\u4eba\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u88ab\u6355\uff0c\u662f\u56e0\u70ba\u4ed6\u5011\u516c\u958b\u5ba3\u7a31\u6709\u5fc5\u8981\u5c07\u793e\u6703\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8207\u653f\u6cbb\u6c11\u4e3b\u76f8\u7d50\u5408\uff0c\u800c\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u7acb\u5834\u5be6\u969b\u4e0a\u5341\u5206\u63a5\u8fd1\u6cd5\u570b\u3001\u7fa9\u5927\u5229\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u570b\u5bb6\u5171\u7522\u9ee8\u7684\u5b98\u65b9\u7db1\u9818\u6027\u8072\u660e\u3002\u7684\u78ba\uff0c\u653f\u6cbb\u6c11\u4e3b\u53ca\u516c\u6c11\u6b0a\u5229\uff0c\u662f\u6b50\u6d32\u5171\u7522\u4e3b\u7fa9\u904b\u52d5\u7406\u8ad6\u548c\u5be6\u8e10\u4e0d\u53ef\u5206\u5272\u7684\u7d44\u6210\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u800c\u6377\u5171\u5b98\u65b9\u81f3\u5c11\u5728\u6aaf\u9762\u4e0a\u8207\u9019\u4e9b\u897f\u65b9\u5171\u7522\u9ee8\u7684\u4fdd\u6301\u4e00\u81f4\uff0c\u9019\u5c01\u4fe1\u628a\u4eba\u6b0a\u7d0d\u5165\u5230\u653f\u6cbb\u6846\u67b6\u88e1\uff0c\u8996\u4eba\u6b0a\u70ba\u6c11\u4e3b\u653f\u6cbb\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\uff081978, Vladimir V. Kusin\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n

1976\u5e7411\u67086\u65e5\uff0c\u8ddd\u96e2\u300c\u4e03\u4e03\u61b2\u7ae0\u300d\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u6703\u8b70\u50c5\u4e00\u500b\u6708\u96f6\u56db\u5929\uff0c\u59c6\u6797\u7d0d\u65e5\u806f\u5408\u5176\u4ed6\u4e5d\u540d\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5c08\u5bb6\uff0c\u9023\u7f72\u4e86\u4e00\u4efd\u3008\u5341\u4f4d\u5f8b\u5e2b\u5c31\u88ab\u5224\u5211\u7684\u5e74\u8f15\u97f3\u6a02\u4eba\u7d66\u6377\u514b\u65af\u6d1b\u4f10\u514b\u5171\u548c\u570b\u61b2\u6cd5\u6a5f\u69cb\u7684\u516c\u958b\u4fe1\u3009\u3002\u6b64\u6642\u5c0d\u65bc\u6416\u6efe\u97f3\u6a02\u4eba\u7684\u5be9\u5224\u5df2\u7d93\u6709\u4e86\u7d50\u679c\uff0c\u5c0d\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u8d77\u8a34\u66f8\u548c\u5224\u6c7a\u66f8\u90fd\u5df2\u516c\u958b\uff0c\u9019\u5341\u4f4d\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4eba\u91dd\u5c0d\u5df2\u7d93\u516c\u5e03\u7684\u8d77\u8a34\u66f8\u548c\u5224\u6c7a\u66f8\u4e2d\u5c0d\u5e74\u8f15\u4eba\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u300c\u7f6a\u540d\u300d\u548c\u300c\u7f6a\u8b49\u300d\uff0c\u5f9e\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5c08\u696d\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u9032\u884c\u4e86\u9010\u4e00\u6279\u99c1\u3002\u6bd4\u5982\u91dd\u5c0d\u5b98\u65b9\u6a94\u4e2d\u7a31\u5e74\u8f15\u4eba\u662f\u300c\u9839\u5ee2\u300d\u548c\u300c\u865b\u7121\u4e3b\u7fa9\u300d\uff0c\u9019\u4e9b\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4eba\u7a31\u9019\u4e9b\u4e26\u4e0d\u662f\u5211\u4e8b\u8a34\u8a1f\u7684\u4e3b\u984c\u3002\u516c\u958b\u4fe1\u9084\u7d30\u6578\u4e86\u5be9\u5224\u904e\u7a0b\u4e2d\u6cd5\u5ead\u672c\u8eab\u9055\u53cd\u53f8\u6cd5\u7368\u7acb\u548c\u516c\u6b63\u7684\u60e1\u52a3\u505a\u6cd5\u3002\u7c3d\u7f72\u8005\u4e2d\u5927\u90fd\u662f1969\u5e74\u4e4b\u524d\u91cd\u91cf\u7d1a\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4eba\u58eb\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u806f\u90a6\u8b70\u6703\u61b2\u6cd5\u59d4\u54e1\u6703\u4e3b\u5e2d\u3001\u570b\u5bb6\u7e3d\u6aa2\u5bdf\u9577\u8fa6\u516c\u5ba4\u91cd\u5be9\u90e8\u4e3b\u4efb\u3001\u5927\u5b78\u6cd5\u5b78\u9662\u9662\u9577\u7b49\u3002\u6587\u4e2d\u4ed6\u5011\u662f\u9019\u6a23\u81ea\u6211\u8868\u8ff0\u7684\uff1a<\/p>\n

\u6211\u5011\u662f\u5177\u6709\u99ac\u514b\u601d\u4e3b\u7fa9\u601d\u60f3\u7684\u4e00\u4ee3\u5f8b\u5e2b\uff0c\u6709\u904e20\u4e16\u7d0050\u5e74\u4ee3\u5be9\u5224\u548c20\u4e16\u7d0060\u5e74\u4ee3\u5f37\u6b0a\u5be9\u5224\u7684\u6158\u75db\u6559\u8a13\uff0c\u6df1\u523b\u8a8d\u8b58\u5230\uff0c\u56b4\u91cd\u9055\u53cd\u793e\u6703\u4e3b\u7fa9\u6cd5\u5236\u7684\u73fe\u8c61\u4e00\u518d\u767c\u751f\uff0c\u7279\u5225\u662f\u5728\u5211\u4e8b\u8655\u7f70\u9818\u57df\uff0c\u7834\u58de\u4e86\u6211\u5011\u516c\u6c11\u8207\u793e\u6703\u4e3b\u7fa9\u6a5f\u69cb\u7684\u95dc\u4fc2\uff0c\u4e26\u525d\u596a\u4e86\u4ed6\u5011\u5c0d\u8207\u793e\u6703\u4e3b\u7fa9\u4e16\u754c\u89c0\u76f8\u95dc\u7684\u4eba\u9053\u601d\u60f3\u7684\u4fe1\u4efb\u3002\u2026\u20261968\u5e741\u6708\u5f8c\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u4eba\u6709\u6a5f\u6703\u53c3\u8207\u4e86\u6377\u5171\u300a\u884c\u52d5\u7db1\u9818\u300b\u7684\u5236\u5b9a\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u5728\u653f\u6cbb\u610f\u7fa9\u4e0a\u898f\u5b9a\u4e86\u793e\u6703\u4e3b\u7fa9\u5408\u6cd5\u6027\u3001\u5145\u5206\u5c0a\u91cd\u500b\u4eba\u6b0a\u5229\u548c\u516c\u6c11\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u8a31\u591a\u4fdd\u969c\u3002\u6211\u5011\u9019\u6a23\u505a\u7684\u4fe1\u5ff5\u662f\uff0c\u793e\u6703\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u793e\u6703\u79e9\u5e8f\u4e0d\u50c5\u5141\u8a31\u50b3\u7d71\u6c11\u4e3b\u6b0a\u5229\u7684\u5168\u9762\u6062\u5fa9\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u9084\u5728\u6bd4\u8cc7\u672c\u4e3b\u7fa9\u793e\u6703\u66f4\u9ad8\u7684\u5c64\u6b21\u4e0a\u78ba\u4fdd\u9019\u4e9b\u6b0a\u5229\u3002<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

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\u7c73\u6d1b\u4ec0\uff0e\u54c8\u8036\u514b\uff08Milo\u0161 H\u00e1jek, 1921-2016\uff09\uff0c\u6b77\u53f2\u5b78\u5bb6\uff0c\u66fe\u4efb\u6377\u514b\u65af\u6d1b\u4f10\u514b\u79d1\u5b78\u9662\u793e\u6703\u4e3b\u7fa9\u6b77\u53f2\u7814\u7a76\u6240\u6240\u9577\uff0c\u7814\u7a76\u5c0d\u8c61\u70ba\u6377\u514b\u8fd1\u3001\u73fe\u4ee3\u53f2\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u6377\u514b\u571f\u5730\u3001\u570b\u969b\u52de\u5de5\u3001\u6c11\u65cf\u554f\u984c\u7b49\u3002\u7d0d\u7cb9\u5360\u9818\u671f\u9593\u4ed6\u6210\u70ba\u5805\u5b9a\u7684\u5171\u7522\u9ee8\u54e1\uff0c\u66fe\u56e0\u53c3\u52a0\u5730\u4e0b\u62b5\u6297\u904b\u52d5\uff0c\u88ab\u84cb\u4e16\u592a\u4fdd\u76e3\u7344\u5224\u8655\u6b7b\u5211\uff0c\u65af\u59c6\u723e\u79d1\u592b\u65af\u57fa\u9818\u5c0e\u7684\u4e94\u6708\u8d77\u7fa9\u5c07\u4ed6\u89e3\u653e\u3002\u4f5c\u70ba\u4e00\u4f4d\u6b77\u53f2\u5b78\u8005\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u572860\u5e74\u4ee3\u653f\u6cbb\u5bec\u9b06\u6642\u671f\uff0c\u4ed6\u4e5f\u56e0\u5176\u4fee\u6b63\u4e3b\u7fa9\u6b77\u53f2\u89c0\u88ab\u5927\u5b78\u9769\u9664\u300268\u5e74\u5fa9\u51fa\uff0c\u662f\u7dad\u7d22\u5361\u5c3c\u9ee8\u4ee3\u8868\u5927\u6703\u7684\u7d44\u7e54\u8005\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u300a\u4e03\u4e03\u61b2\u7ae0\u300b\u7b2c\u4e00\u6279\u7c3d\u7f72\u8005\u3002\u6b63\u597d\u662f1988\u5e74\uff0c\u7c73\u6d1b\u4ec0\u6210\u70ba\u524d\u5171\u7522\u9ee8\u4eba\u7684\u61b2\u7ae0\u767c\u8a00\u4eba\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u9019\u500b\u6642\u671f\u61b2\u7ae0\u7684\u76f8\u5c0d\u4fdd\u5b88\u9762\u8c8c\u53d7\u6b64\u4eba\u5f71\u97ff\u662f\u986f\u800c\u6613\u898b\u7684\uff0c\u5f8c\u52a0\u5165\u61b2\u7ae0\u7684\u5e74\u8f15\u4eba\u611f\u5230\u4e0d\u6eff\u4e5f\u8207\u6b64\u6709\u95dc\u3002<\/p>\n

\u7c73\u6d1b\u4ec0\u4e3b\u6301\u4e0b\u7684E-club\uff0c\u662f\u61b2\u7ae0\u5167\u6700\u4f4e\u8abf\u6c89\u9ed8\u7684\u4e00\u7fa4\u3002\u9019\u4e9b\u4eba\u4ecd\u7136\u5728\u671f\u5f85\u73fe\u6709\u9ad4\u5236\u5167\u90e8\u6539\u9769\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\uff0c\u907f\u514d\u8207\u57f7\u653f\u7684\u80e1\u85a9\u514b\u96c6\u5718\u767c\u751f\u6b63\u9762\u5c0d\u649e\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5728\u67d0\u4e9b\u4e8b\u60c5\u4e0a\u8207\u5176\u4ed6\u61b2\u7ae0\u6210\u54e1\u6709\u5206\u6b67\u3002\u6bd4\u5982\u5c0d\u5f85\u6ce2\u862d\u300c\u5718\u7d50\u5de5\u6703\u300d\u7684\u614b\u5ea6\uff0c\u5b98\u65b9\u8ddf\u96a8\u8607\u806f\u9663\u71df\u4e00\u81f4\u4e88\u4ee5\u8b74\u8cac\uff0c\u9019\u4e9b\u524d\u5171\u7522\u9ee8\u54e1\u4e5f\u5c31\u6bd4\u8f03\u7336\u8c6b\uff0c\u602f\u65bc\u516c\u958b\u8868\u614b\u652f\u6301\u3002\u5230\u4e861985\u5e74\u6208\u5df4\u5951\u592b\u4e0a\u81fa\uff0c1987\u5e74\u4ed6\u9010\u6f38\u6e05\u6670\u7684\u300c\u65b0\u601d\u7dad\u300d\u2014\u2014\u9664\u4e86\u7d93\u6fdf\u6539\u9769\uff0c\u9084\u5305\u62ec\u653f\u6cbb\u7d93\u6fdf\u5916\u4ea4\u8ecd\u4e8b\u9818\u57df\u7684\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u65b0\u653f\u7b56\uff0c\u63d0\u5021\u5c0a\u91cd\u4eba\u6b0a\u3001\u516c\u958b\u6027\u548c\u591a\u5143\u5316\uff0c\u5efa\u8a2d\u4eba\u9053\u7684\u548c\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u793e\u6703\u4e3b\u7fa9\uff0c\u9019\u624d\u91cd\u65b0\u9ede\u71c3\u4e86\u9019\u6279\u6377\u514b\u65af\u6d1b\u4f10\u514b\u524d\u6539\u9769\u7684\u5171\u7522\u9ee8\u4eba\u7684\u5e0c\u671b\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u5f9e\u4e2d\u770b\u5230\u7684\u662f\u81ea\u8eab\u572868\u5e74\u88ab\u93ae\u58d3\u7684\u7406\u60f3\uff0c\u53ea\u662f\u76f8\u5dee\u4e8620\u5e74\u3002<\/p>\n

1987\u5e74\uff0c\u300c\u4e03\u4e03\u61b2\u7ae0\u300d\u5167\u7684\u9019\u4e9b\u524d\u5171\u7522\u9ee8\u4eba\u7d66\u6208\u5df4\u5951\u592b\u5beb\u4e86\u4e00\u5c01\u4fe1\uff0c\u7a31\u4ed6\u70ba\u300c\u540c\u5fd7\u300d\uff0c\u9019\u5f15\u8d77\u4e86\u70cf\u723e\u3001\u54c8\u5a01\u723e\u7b49\u4eba\u7684\u4e0d\u6eff\u53ca\u64d4\u6182\u3002\u96a8\u8457\u6208\u5df4\u5951\u592b\u6539\u9769\u7684\u6df1\u5165\uff0cE-club\u4eba\u5011\u7684\u793e\u6703\u4e3b\u7fa9\u71b1\u60c5\u53ca\u76f8\u95dc\u8a0e\u8ad6\u8d8a\u4f86\u8d8a\u9ad8\u6f32\uff0c\u6f38\u6f38\u5f62\u6210\u4e00\u652f\u8207\u300c\u4e03\u4e03\u61b2\u7ae0\u300d\u76f8\u5e73\u884c\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u529b\u91cf\u3002\u4ed6\u5011\u8996\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u4f7f\u547d\u70ba\u4fee\u5fa9\u793e\u6703\u4e3b\u7fa9\u5236\u5ea6\uff0c\u5be6\u969b\u505a\u6cd5\u5247\u50be\u5411\u65bc\u8207\u5171\u7522\u9ee8\u9032\u884c\u6e9d\u901a\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u901a\u904e\u516c\u773e\u5c0d\u6b0a\u529b\u65bd\u52a0\u58d3\u529b\u3002\u4e00\u4e9b\u6c92\u6709\u7c3d\u7f72\u300a\u4e03\u4e03\u61b2\u7ae0\u300b\u7684\u524d\u6539\u9769\u6d3e\u52a0\u5165\u5230\u4ed6\u5011\u7576\u4e2d\u53bb\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u5207\u65af\u7c73\u723e\uff0e\u897f\u85a9\uff08\u010cestm\u00edr C\u00edsa\u0159, 1920-2013\uff09\uff0c\u4ed6\u4e5f\u662f\u300c\u793e\u6703\u4e3b\u7fa9\u5fa9\u8208\u806f\u76df\u300d\uff08Obroda\uff09\u4e3b\u8981\u5275\u8fa6\u4eba\u3002\u9019\u4f4d\u897f\u85a9\u8072\u671b\u5f88\u9ad8\uff0c\u66fe\u7d93\u505a\u904e\u6559\u80b2\u548c\u6587\u5316\u90e8\u9577\uff081963- 1965\uff09\uff0c\u4e00\u5ea6\u64d4\u4efb\u570b\u6c11\u8b70\u6703\u4e3b\u5e2d\uff081969-1970\uff09\uff0c1970\u5e74\u88ab\u958b\u9664\u9ee8\u7c4d\uff0c1988\u5e74\u4ed6\u5728\u6d41\u4ea1\u96dc\u8a8c\u300a\u4fe1\u5831\u300b\u4e0a\u767c\u8868\u6587\u7ae0\uff0c\u6307\u51fa\u6208\u5df4\u5951\u592b\u7684\u8a08\u756b\u548c68\u5e74\u6377\u5171\u300a\u884c\u52d5\u7db1\u9818\u300b\u4e4b\u9593\u7684\u5bc6\u5207\u806f\u7e6b\uff0c\u4ed6\u547c\u7c72\u9700\u8981\u5be6\u65bd\u4e00\u500b\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u6539\u9769\u4e3b\u7fa9\u653f\u7b56\uff0c\u80fd\u5920\u5438\u6536\u548c\u8655\u7406\u4f86\u81ea\u516c\u773e\u8f3f\u8ad6\u7684\u80fd\u91cf\u3002\u4ed6\u8a8d\u70ba\u300c\u4e03\u4e03\u61b2\u7ae0\u300d\u5df2\u7d93\u8b8a\u6210\u4e00\u500b\u812b\u96e2\u793e\u6703\u7684\u81ea\u6211\u9694\u96e2\u7684\u5340\u57df\uff0c\u547c\u7c72\u4ed6\u7684\u540c\u5fd7\u5011\u96e2\u958b\u800c\u91cd\u555f\u8207\u653f\u5e9c\u4e4b\u9593\u7684\u5efa\u8a2d\u6027\u5c0d\u8a71\u3002\u7e3d\u4e4b\uff0c\u9019\u500b\u793e\u6703\u4e3b\u7fa9\u518d\u6b21\u5fa9\u8208\u9805\u76ee\uff0c\u96d6\u7136\u5c07\u300c\u591a\u5143\u5316\u300d\u653e\u5230\u4e86\u91cd\u8981\u4f4d\u7f6e\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u9aa8\u5b50\u88e1\u9084\u5e0c\u671b\u6709\u4e00\u6b21\u300c\u5f9e\u4e0a\u5230\u4e0b\u300d\u7684\u6539\u9769\uff0c\u7576\u7136\u662f\u7531\u5171\u7522\u9ee8\u4f86\u4e3b\u5c0e\uff0c\u53ea\u4e0d\u904e\u4e0d\u662f\u73fe\u5728\u9019\u500b\u7d71\u6cbb\u6210\u54e1\u7684\u73ed\u5b50\u3002<\/p>\n

1989\u5e7412\u6708\u4efd\uff0c\u9019\u4f4d\u897f\u85a9\u8207\u675c\u5e03\u5207\u514b\u90fd\u51fa\u73fe\u5728\u7e3d\u7d71\u7af6\u9078\u5019\u9078\u4eba\u7684\u540d\u55ae\u4e0a\uff0c\u7576\u7136\u675c\u5e03\u5207\u514b\u6bd4\u897f\u85a9\u8981\u5f37\u52e2\u5f97\u591a\uff0c\u4e00\u5ea6\u59c6\u6797\u7d0d\u65e5\u4e5f\u5728\u524d\u5171\u7522\u9ee8\u4eba\u5019\u9078\u4eba\u7684\u540d\u55ae\u4e0a\u3002\u54c8\u5a01\u723e\u8207\u675c\u5e03\u5207\u514b\u548c\u897f\u85a9\u90fd\u9032\u884c\u4e86\u55ae\u7368\u4ea4\u6d41\uff0c\u8207\u675c\u5e03\u5207\u514b\u8ac7\u4e86\u4e94\u6b21\uff0c\u91dd\u5c0d\u5982\u4f55\u8b93\u81ea\u5df1\u9818\u5148\u8207\u4ed6\u5011\u9032\u884c\u4e86\u5177\u9ad4\u8ac7\u5224\u3002\u54c8\u5a01\u723e\u4e5f\u79ae\u7bc0\u6027\u5730\u898b\u4e8611\u6708\u5e95\u5f9e\u5967\u5730\u5229\u5306\u5306\u8d95\u56de\u53bb\u7684\u59c6\u6797\u7d0d\u65e5\uff0c\u4f46\u6c92\u6709\u5c55\u958b\u4ea4\u8ac7\uff0c\u59c6\u6797\u7d0d\u65e5\u611f\u5230\u81ea\u5df1\u88ab\u5192\u72af\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n

1989\u5e7411\u670824\u65e5\u508d\u665a\uff0c\u54c8\u5a01\u723e\u548c\u675c\u5e03\u5207\u514b\u540c\u6642\u51fa\u73fe\u5728\u5e03\u62c9\u683c\u6885\u862d\u7279\u91cc\u5947\u5927\u6a13\u7684\u967d\u81fa\u4e0a\u9762\u5c0d\u516c\u773e\uff0c\u9019\u6642\u50b3\u4f86\u6377\u5171\u4e2d\u592e\u7e3d\u66f8\u8a18\u7c73\u6d1b\u4ec0\uff0e\u5091\u514b\u65af\uff08Milo\u0161 Jake\u0161\uff09\u548c\u4ed6\u7684\u9818\u5c0e\u5c64\u8fad\u8077\u7684\u6d88\u606f\uff0c\u65bc\u662f\u9019\u500b\u570b\u5bb6\u672a\u4f86\u7e3d\u7d71\u7684\u771f\u6b63\u7af6\u722d\u4fbf\u5728\u9019\u5169\u4eba\u4e4b\u9593\u5c55\u958b\uff0c\u64c1\u67091200\u540d\u6210\u54e1\u7684\u300c\u793e\u6703\u4e3b\u7fa9\u5fa9\u8208\u806f\u76df\u300d\u662f\u675c\u5e03\u5207\u514b\u7684\u5805\u5b9a\u5f8c\u65b9\u300212\u6708\u521d\u300c\u516c\u6c11\u8ad6\u58c7\u300d\u6709\u4e00\u4efd\u5c0d\u65bc\u5e03\u62c9\u683c\u6c11\u773e\u7684\u6c11\u610f\u8abf\u67e5\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u675c\u5e03\u5207\u514b\u53d7\u6b61\u8fce\u7684\u7a0b\u5ea6\u70ba11%\uff0c\u54c8\u5a01\u723e\u70ba1% \uff082009\uff0cDaniel Kaiser\uff09\u3002\u4e09\u500b\u661f\u671f\u4e4b\u5f8c\uff0c\u6377\u514b\u65af\u6d1b\u4f10\u514b\u793e\u6703\u4e3b\u7fa9\u5171\u548c\u570b\u806f\u90a6\u8b70\u6703\u9078\u8209\u675c\u5e03\u5207\u514b\u70ba\u806f\u90a6\u8b70\u6703\u4e3b\u5e2d\uff1b\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5929\u53731989\u5e7412\u670829\u65e5\uff0c\u7531\u8a72\u806f\u90a6\u8b70\u6703\u5168\u7968\u9078\u51fa\u54c8\u5a01\u723e\u64d4\u4efb\u7e3d\u7d71\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5c0f\u8aaa\u5bb6\u4f0a\u51e1\uff0e\u514b\u5229\u746a\u89e3\u91cb\u904e\u9019\u500b\u6232\u5287\u6027\u7684\u8f49\u8b8a\u30021989\u5e7411\u6708\u5e95\u67d0\u65e5\uff0c\u4ed6\u8207\u4e00\u4e9b\u670b\u53cb\u5011\u5f9e\u300c\u516c\u6c11\u8ad6\u58c7\u300d\u56de\u4f86\uff0c\u8aaa\u8d77\u63d0\u540d\u7e3d\u7d71\u5019\u9078\u4eba\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\uff0c\u300c\u4ed6\u5011\u90fd\u540c\u610f\u8003\u616e\u7684\u552f\u4e00\u5019\u9078\u4eba\u662f\u4e9e\u6b77\u5c71\u5927\uff0e\u675c\u5e03\u5207\u514b\u300d\u3002\u5e7e\u500b\u6708\u5f8c\uff0c\u5728\u9762\u5c0d\u7f8e\u570b\u5c0f\u8aaa\u5bb6\u7f85\u65af\u7684\u554f\u984c\u2014\u2014\u54c8\u5a01\u723e\u300c\u4e26\u4e0d\u662f\u4f60\u5011\u7576\u4e2d\u552f\u4e00\u9811\u5f37\u7684\u548c\u5584\u65bc\u96c4\u8faf\u7684\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u662f\u552f\u4e00\u56e0\u601d\u60f3\u800c\u5750\u7262\u7684\u300d\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebc\uff0c\u9019\u7a2e\u5927\u904b\u662f\u600e\u9ebc\u8b93\u54c8\u5a01\u723e\u649e\u4e0a\u7684\uff1f\u514b\u5229\u746a\u7684\u56de\u7b54\u662f\uff0c\u4efb\u4f55\u8207\u524d\u5171\u7522\u9ee8\u653f\u6b0a\u6709\u727d\u9023\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u90fd\u4e0d\u88ab\u6377\u514b\u9752\u5e74\u4eba\u6240\u63a5\u53d7\u3002\u7576\u7136\u66f4\u91cd\u8981\u7684\uff0c\u300c\u5927\u591a\u6578\u4eba\u6068\u9019\u500b\u524d\u5236\u5ea6\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u5b83\u4ee5\u53ef\u6015\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u4ee4\u4eba\u5011\u8207\u5176\u5171\u8b00\uff0c\u8b93\u4eba\u5011\u611f\u5230\u81ea\u5df1\u906d\u5230\u6b3a\u9a19\u548c\u7f9e\u8fb1\u3002\u300d33<\/p>\n

\u5c3e\u8072 \u8c9d\u5229\u5eb7\u8207\u4e2d\u570b<\/h5>\n

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\u9019\u672c\u66f8\u88e1\u9084\u6709\u4e00\u4f4d\u4f5c\u8005\u2014\u2014\u7d93\u6fdf\u5b78\u5bb6\u4f0a\u65e5\uff0e\u79d1\u65af\u5854\uff08Ji\u0159\u00ed Kosta, 1921-2015\uff09\u3002\u4e5f\u662f\u56e0\u70ba\u8c9d\u5229\u5eb7\u7684\u63a8\u85a6\uff0c\u79d1\u65af\u5854\u7684\u9019\u672c\u300a\u793e\u6703\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u8a08\u5283\u7d93\u6fdf\u7406\u8ad6\u8207\u5be6\u8e10\u300b\u65bc1981\u5e74\u7531\u4e2d\u570b\u793e\u79d1\u51fa\u7248\u793e\u51fa\u7248\u3002\u300c\u5e03\u62c9\u683c\u4e4b\u6625\u300d\u6642\uff0c\u9019\u4f4d\u79d1\u65af\u5854\u64d4\u4efb\u526f\u7e3d\u7406\u3001\u7d93\u6fdf\u6539\u9769\u4e4b\u7236\u5967\u5854\uff0e\u5e0c\u514b\u7684\u52a9\u624b\u3002\u79d1\u65af\u5854\u6d41\u4ea1\u4e4b\u5f8c\u5728\u6cd5\u862d\u514b\u798f\u5927\u5b78\u64d4\u4efb\u7d93\u6fdf\u5b78\u6559\u6388\u3002\u51fa\u65bc\u500b\u4eba\u5c08\u696d\u7684\u539f\u56e0\uff0c\u4ed6\u59cb\u7d42\u5c0d\u4e2d\u570b\u7d93\u6fdf\u611f\u8208\u8da3\uff0c\u4ed6\u806f\u7e6b\u4e86\u4e2d\u570b\u99d0\u6ce2\u6069\u5927\u4f7f\u9928\uff0c1974\u5e74\u4ed6\u52a0\u5165\u4e86\u4e00\u500b\u5718\u968a\u8a2a\u554f\u4e2d\u570b\u3002\u8c9d\u5229\u5eb7\u7d66\u4ed6\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u8cc7\u8a0a\u548c\u4eba\u8108\uff0c\u4f7f\u5f97\u79d1\u65af\u5854\u80fd\u5920\u7a81\u7834\u4e00\u822c\u65c5\u884c\u5718\u7684\u6846\u67b6\u3002\u5728\u4e0a\u6d77\uff0c\u79d1\u65af\u5854\u80fd\u5920\u8207\u5e7e\u4f4d\u7d93\u6fdf\u5b78\u8005\u9032\u884c\u4ea4\u6d41\uff0c\u91cb\u653e\u4ed6\u95dc\u65bc\u570b\u5bb6\u7d93\u6fdf\u8f49\u578b\u7684\u8208\u8da3\u3002\u8c9d\u5229\u5eb7\u63d0\u9192\u4ed6\uff0c\u4e0d\u540c\u65bc\u8607\u806f\uff0c\u4e2d\u570b\u7d93\u6b77\u904e\u4e26\u5be6\u884c\u7d93\u6fdf\u8207\u884c\u653f\u6b0a\u529b\u7684\u4e0b\u653e\u3002\u7531\u6b64\u4e5f\u53ef\u898b\uff0c\u8c9d\u5229\u5eb7\u5c0d\u4e2d\u570b\u662f\u4e0b\u4e86\u4e00\u4e9b\u7814\u7a76\u529f\u592b\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5967\u5854\uff0e\u5e0c\u514b\u672c\u4eba\u65bc1981\u5e74\u6625\u5929\u4e5f\u4f86\u5230\u4e86\u4e2d\u570b\u3002\u4ed61968\u5e74\u79fb\u5c45\u745e\u58eb\uff0c\u8f03\u65e9\u6210\u70ba\u8c9d\u5229\u5eb7\u96dc\u8a8c\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u6210\u54e1\uff0c\u4f46\u56e0\u70ba\u66f4\u9858\u610f\u806f\u5408\u7121\u9ee8\u6d3e\u4eba\u58eb\u4e00\u9053\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u4e0d\u4e45\u4e4b\u5f8c\u8207\u300a\u4fe1\u5831\u300b\u5206\u9053\u63da\u9463\u30021981\u5e743\u6708\u52304\u6708\uff0c\u5e0c\u514b\u61c9\u9080\u5728\u5317\u4eac\u3001\u4e0a\u6d77\u3001\u8607\u5dde\u4e09\u500b\u57ce\u5e02\u505a\u4e86\u4e03\u5834\u5b78\u8853\u5831\u544a\uff0c\u53c3\u52a0\u5ea7\u8ac7\u6703\u3002\u4ed6\u5efa\u8b70\u7d93\u6fdf\u6539\u9769\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f9e\u50f9\u683c\u5165\u624b\uff0c\u5148\u5efa\u7acb\u81ea\u7531\u50f9\u683c\u5236\u5ea6\uff0c\u7528\u5e02\u5834\u50f9\u683c\u9ad4\u7cfb\u4f86\u4ee3\u66ff\u8a08\u756b\u50f9\u683c\uff0c\u9019\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u53ef\u4ee5\u8457\u624b\u7684\u5177\u9ad4\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u300c\u59d3\u793e\u59d3\u8cc7\u300d\u7684\u5c16\u92b3\u6027\u88ab\u66ab\u6642\u653e\u5728\u4e86\u4e00\u908a\u3002\u4ed6\u6cbf\u9014\u4f5c\u5831\u544a\u6642\uff0c\u4e2d\u570b\u7d93\u6fdf\u5b78\u5bb6\u5433\u656c\u7489\u5168\u7a0b\u966a\u540c\uff0c\u4e26\u628a\u5e0c\u514b\u5831\u544a\u7684\u5167\u5bb9\u505a\u6210\u7c21\u5831\u53ca\u6642\u4e0a\u5831\u7d66\u793e\u79d1\u9662\u9818\u5c0e\uff0c\u7c21\u5831\u4e5f\u53ca\u6642\u62b5\u9054\u4e86\u570b\u52d9\u9662\u7e3d\u7406\u8d99\u7d2b\u967d\u7684\u6848\u982d\u3002\u8d99\u7d2b\u967d\u70ba\u5e0c\u514b\u7279\u5730\u505a\u904e\u6307\u793a\u2014\u2014\u8058\u8acb\u5e0c\u514b\u70ba\u793e\u79d1\u9662\u9867\u554f\uff1b\u6bcf\u5e74\u8981\u8acb\u5e0c\u514b\u4f86\u4e2d\u570b\u3002\u5728\u5f88\u5927\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\uff0c\u5e0c\u514b\u7d66\u51fa\u4e86\u4e2d\u570b\u7d93\u6fdf\u6539\u9769\u7684\u7a81\u7834\u53e3\uff0c\u4e00\u500b\u76f4\u63a5\u7d50\u679c\u662f\u5efa\u7acb\u570b\u52d9\u9662\u50f9\u683c\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u5fc3\u30021982\u5e74\uff0c\u4e2d\u570b\u51fa\u7248\u4e86\u5e0c\u514b\u7684\u4e09\u672c\u66f8\u300a\u7b2c\u4e09\u689d\u9053\u8def\u2014\u2014\u99ac\u514b\u601d\u5217\u5be7\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7406\u8ad6\u8207\u73fe\u4ee3\u5de5\u696d\u793e\u6703\u300b\uff08\u4eba\u6c11\u51fa\u7248\u793e\uff09\u3001\u300a\u793e\u6703\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u8a08\u756b\u8207\u5e02\u5834\u300b\uff08\u4e2d\u570b\u793e\u6703\u79d1\u5b78\u51fa\u7248\u793e\uff09\u3001\u300a\u5171\u7522\u4e3b\u7fa9\u653f\u6b0a\u9ad4\u7cfb\u300b\uff08\u6c5f\u8607\u4eba\u6c11\u51fa\u7248\u793e\uff09\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u4e2d\u570b\u7684\u6539\u9769\u7e3d\u662f\u8d70\u8d70\u505c\u505c\u30021982\u5e744\u6708\uff0c\u4e2d\u592e\u66f8\u8a18\u8655\u7814\u7a76\u5ba4\u5370\u767c\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\u6307\u5e0c\u514b\u70ba\u300c\u53cd\u793e\u6703\u4e3b\u7fa9\u5206\u5b50\u300d\uff0c\u5be6\u969b\u4e0a\u6bd4\u8f03\u8d77\u7576\u6642\u8acb\u4f86\u7684\u5404\u8def\u5c08\u5bb6\uff0c\u5e0c\u514b\u7684\u7406\u8ad6\u6700\u63a5\u8fd1\u793e\u6703\u4e3b\u7fa9\u5e02\u5834\u7d93\u6fdf\u3002\u9019\u4e4b\u5f8c\u5e0c\u514b\u6c92\u6709\u80fd\u5920\u518d\u4f86\u4e2d\u570b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5e74\uff0c\u4ed6\u7576\u5e74\u7684\u5e74\u8f15\u52a9\u624b\u79d1\u65af\u5854\u4f86\u5230\u4e2d\u570b\uff0c\u8207\u5176\u4ed6\u4f86\u81ea\u6ce2\u862d\u3001\u897f\u5fb7\u7684\u5c08\u5bb6\u4e00\u8d77\u51fa\u5e2d\u4e86\u300c\u8607\u806f\u6771\u6b50\u7d93\u6fdf\u9ad4\u5236\u6539\u9769\u5ea7\u8ac7\u6703\u300d\uff0c\u79d1\u65af\u5854\u7684\u767c\u8a00\u70ba\u300c\u5de5\u8cc7\u3001\u734e\u52f5\u548c\u6536\u5165\u5206\u914d\u4e0a\u7684\u7d93\u9a57\u300d\u3002<\/p>\n

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\u4ee4\u4eba\u6d6e\u60f3\u806f\u7fe9\u7684\u662f\uff0c1981\u5e74\u9019\u500b\u767e\u82b1\u9f4a\u653e\u7684\u6625\u5929\uff0c\u5373\u5e0c\u514b\u62b5\u9054\u5317\u4eac\u7684\u6642\u9593\uff0c\u8207\u59c6\u6797\u7d0d\u65e5\u4e00\u884c\u56db\u4eba\u5728\u4e2d\u570b\u7684\u6642\u9593\u5927\u81f4\u91cd\u5408\u3002\u4e0d\u77e5\u9053\u9019\u5169\u4f4d\u300c\u5e03\u62c9\u683c\u4e4b\u6625\u300d\u6c11\u4e3b\u793e\u6703\u4e3b\u7fa9\u5be6\u9a57\u4e2d\u7d93\u6fdf\u548c\u653f\u6cbb\u9818\u57df\u7684\u8a2d\u8a08\u5e2b\uff0c\u5728\u96e2\u958b\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u7956\u570b\u82e5\u5e72\u5e74\u4e4b\u5f8c\uff0c\u6709\u6c92\u6709\u5728\u5317\u4eac\u898b\u4e0a\u4e00\u9762\uff1f\u5982\u679c\u898b\u9762\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u6703\u7522\u751f\u4ec0\u9ebc\u6a23\u611f\u60f3\u548c\u5c55\u671b\uff1f\u7576\u7136\uff0c\u9019\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u95dc\u65bc\u7576\u6642\u4e2d\u570b\u5f80\u4f55\u8655\u53bb\u7684\u4e00\u500b\u60f3\u50cf\u30021981\u5e741\u6708\uff0c\u4eba\u6c11\u51fa\u7248\u793e\u51fa\u7248\u4e86\u300a\u4eba\u662f\u99ac\u514b\u601d\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u51fa\u767c\u9ede\u300b\u4e00\u66f8\uff0c\u904b\u7528\u99ac\u514b\u601d\u300a1844\u5e74\u7d93\u6fdf\u5b78\u54f2\u5b78\u624b\u7a3f\u300b\u88e1\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u4eba\u53ca\u4eba\u7684\u7570\u5316\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u8a66\u5716\u6062\u5fa9\u99ac\u514b\u601d\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u4eba\u6027\u9762\u8c8c\uff0c\u4ee5\u6b64\u4f86\u63a8\u52d5\u4e2d\u570b\u73fe\u5be6\u4e2d\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u6539\u9769\u3002\u9019\u7a2e\u52aa\u529b\u8207\u7576\u5e74\u300c\u5e03\u62c9\u683c\u4e4b\u6625\u300d\u4e4b\u9593\u5b58\u5728\u4e00\u500b\u5e73\u884c\u95dc\u4fc2\uff0c\u90fd\u662f\u671f\u5f85\u5728\u99ac\u514b\u601d\u4e3b\u7fa9\u5167\u90e8\u548c\u793e\u6703\u4e3b\u7fa9\u5236\u5ea6\u5167\u90e8\u958b\u555f\u4e00\u500b\u5fa9\u8208\u9032\u7a0b\u3002<\/p>\n

1983\u5e74\u8c9d\u5229\u5eb7\u4f5c\u70ba\u6b50\u6d32\u8b70\u6703\u8b70\u54e1\u96a8\u540c\u6b50\u6d32\u8b70\u6703\u4ee3\u8868\u5718\u518d\u6b21\u8a2a\u83ef\u3002\u4ed6\u56de\u53bb\u5411\u6b50\u6d32\u8b70\u6703\u8f49\u9054\u4e86\u6709\u95dc\u4e2d\u570b\u653f\u6cbb\u548c\u7d93\u6fdf\u767c\u5c55\u8b8a\u5316\u7684\u60c5\u6cc1\u5831\u544a\uff0c\u7279\u5225\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u767c\u5c55\u6b50\u6d32\u570b\u5bb6\u8207\u4e2d\u570b\u4e4b\u9593\u7d93\u6fdf\u5408\u4f5c\u7684\u5021\u8b70\uff0c\u6307\u51fa\u4e2d\u570b\u5728\u570b\u969b\u8cbf\u6613\u548c\u91d1\u878d\u4e2d\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u65e5\u76ca\u589e\u5f37\uff0c\u63d0\u5230\u90a3\u88e1\u6709 10 \u5104\u4eba\u53e3\u7684\u4e2d\u570b\u5e02\u5834\u3002\u9019\u4e00\u6b21\u4ed6\u53c8\u898b\u5230\u4e86\u4ed6\u7684\u8001\u670b\u53cb\u80e1\u8000\u90a6\uff0c\u61c9\u8a72\u662f\u4e00\u6b21\u975e\u6b63\u5f0f\u7684\u79c1\u4e0b\u5bb4\u8acb\uff0c\u6b64\u6642\u80e1\u8000\u90a6\u5df2\u7d93\u662f\u4e2d\u5171\u4e2d\u592e\u7e3d\u66f8\u8a18\u3002<\/p>\n

1989\u5e7412\u6708\u8c9d\u5229\u5eb7\u5e36\u8457\u4ed6\u7684\u96dc\u8a8c\u56de\u5230\u4ed6\u7684\u7956\u570b\uff0c\u4ed6\u62ff\u6389\u4e86\u96dc\u8a8c\u526f\u6a19\u984c\u4e2d\u300c\u793e\u6703\u4e3b\u7fa9\u53cd\u5c0d\u6d3e\u300d\u9019\u500b\u5b57\u773c\uff0c\u4ee3\u4e4b\u4ee5\u300c\u7368\u7acb\u300d\u4e8c\u5b57\uff0c\u66f4\u65b0\u4e86\u4ed6\u7684\u7de8\u8f2f\u90e8\u3002\u5728\u4e00\u5c01\u7d66\u5408\u4f5c\u8005\u7684\u4fe1\u4e2d\uff0c\u8c9d\u5229\u5eb7\u5beb\u9053\uff0c\u300c\u773c\u4e0b\u5728\u5e03\u62c9\u683c\u76db\u884c\u7684\u6c23\u6c1b\u662f\uff0c\u6b47\u65af\u5e95\u91cc\u5730\u53cd\u5171\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u662f\u91dd\u5c0d68\u5e74\uff08\u88ab\u7f77\u9edc\u7684\uff09\u7684\u524d\u5171\u7522\u9ee8\u4eba\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u91dd\u5c0d\u96c5\u514b\u4ec0\u548c\u6bd4\u62c9\u514b\u3002\u300d35\uff082018, Petr Ors\u00e1g\uff091990\u5e74\u4e4b\u5f8c\uff0c\u8c9d\u5229\u5eb7\u548c\u5e0c\u514b\u90fd\u66fe\u77ed\u66ab\u64d4\u4efb\u904e\u54c8\u5a01\u723e\u653f\u5e9c\u7684\u9867\u554f\u3002<\/p>\n

1991\u5e742\u6708\uff0c\u6839\u64da\u7576\u6642\u7684\u4e00\u9805\u300c\u5a01\u8105\u548c\u5e73\u6cd5\u300d\uff0c\u59c6\u6797\u7d0d\u65e5\u88ab\u6307\u63a7\u72af\u6709\u300c\u53db\u570b\u7f6a\u300d\uff0c\u539f\u56e0\u662f\u4ed6\u57281968\u5e74\u671f\u9593\uff0c\u8a66\u5716\u7d44\u7e54\u89aa\u8607\u7684\u5de5\u8fb2\u806f\u76df\u653f\u5e9c\uff0c\u7531\u65bc20\u5e74\u7684\u6642\u6548\u5df2\u904e\uff0c\u8d77\u8a34\u88ab\u4e2d\u6b62\u30021995\u5e74\u53c8\u91cd\u65b0\u555f\u52d5\u4e86\u8a72\u6848\u4ef6\uff0c\u7d50\u8ad6\u8207\u6b64\u524d\u540c\u3002\u6d89\u4e8b\u904e\u7a0b\u5728\u59c6\u6797\u7d0d\u65e5\u90a3\u672c\u300a\u56b4\u5bd2\u4f86\u81ea\u514b\u6797\u59c6\u6797\u5bae\u300b\u4e00\u66f8\u4e2d\u6709\u6240\u4ea4\u4ee3\uff0c\u95dc\u65bc\u4ed6\u8207\u8607\u806f\u5927\u4f7f\u65af\u6377\u6f58\uff0e\u5951\u723e\u6c83\u5e74\u79d1\u4e4b\u9593\u7684\u4e00\u5834\u8ac7\u5224\uff0c\u4e8b\u4ef6\u672c\u8eab\u4e26\u4e0d\u662f\u4ec0\u9ebc\u65b0\u805e\u3002\u5f9e\u4e00\u500b\u6cd5\u6cbb\u7684\u63d0\u5021\u8005\u5230\u88ab\u8d77\u8a34\u8005\uff0c\u7121\u8ad6\u5982\u4f55\uff0c\u9019\u4ef6\u4e8b\u60c5\u5c0d\u59c6\u6797\u7d0d\u65e5\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u6c89\u91cd\u6253\u64ca\uff0c\u7531\u6b64\u57fa\u672c\u4e0a\u7d50\u675f\u4e86\u4ed6\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u751f\u6daf\u3002\u59c6\u6797\u7d0d\u65e5\u65bc1992\u5e74\u51fa\u7248\u4e86\u4ed6\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u6587\u96c6\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u6536\u5165\u4ed61975\u5e74\u52301989\u5e74\u9593\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u6587\u7ae0\uff0c\u9019\u500b\u6642\u9593\u6bb5\u6db5\u84cb\u4e86\u4ed6\u6574\u500b\u53cd\u5c0d\u6d3e\u7684\u751f\u6daf\uff0c\u66f8\u540d\u70ba\u300a\u4e00\u500b\u81ea\u7531\u8077\u696d\u7684\u793e\u6703\u4e3b\u7fa9\u8005\u300b\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5d14\u885b\u5e73\uff0c\u81ea\u7531\u5b78\u8005\uff0c\u73fe\u5c45\u9999\u6e2f\u3002\u95dc\u5fc3\u6771\u6b50\u53cd\u5c0d\u6d3e\u8b70\u984c\u3002\u8fd1\u5e74\u4f86\u6709Samizdat\u8b6f\u8457\u300a\u5e73\u884c\u57ce\u90a6\u300b\uff082023\uff09\u3001\u300a\u5e0c\u671b\u8207\u7d55\u671b\u300b\uff08\u4e0a\u3001\u4e0b\uff0c2025\uff09\u3001\u300a\u5c0b\u627e\u5931\u53bb\u7684\u610f\u7fa9\u300b\uff08\u4e0a\u3001\u4e0b\uff0c2025<\/em>\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n

\u672c\u6587\u6ce8\u91cb\uff1a<\/strong><\/p>\n

\n
\n<\/div>\n

1 Alessandro Catalano \u201cZden\u011bk Mlyn\u00e1\u0159 and the Search for Socialist Opposition From an Active Politician to a Dissident to Editorial Work in Exile,\u201d\u00a0Czech Journal of Contemporary History<\/em>\u00a0III \/ 2015, 90-156\uff08\u4ee5\u4e0b\u7c21\u7a31\u3008\u5c0b\u627e\u3009\uff09.\u00a0https:\/\/www.usd.cas.cz\/casopis\/czech-journal-of-<\/a>\u00a0contemporary-history-3-2015\/<\/p>\n

2 \u4e2d\u6587\u7248\u300a\u54c8\u97cb\u723e\u81ea\u50b3\u300b\uff0c\u674e\u7fa9\u5e9a\u3001\u5468\u8354\u7d05\u8b6f\uff08\u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u6771\u65b9\u51fa\u7248\u793e\uff0c1992\u5e743\u6708\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n

3 \u300a\u54c8\u97cb\u723e\u81ea\u50b3\u300b\uff0c\u9801121\u3002\u8a72\u66f8\u8b6f\u8005\u5c07\u6b64\u4eba\u8b6f\u70ba\u8332\u767b\u6d85\u514b\uff0e\u59c6\u6797\u7d0d\u4ec0\uff0c\u672c\u6587\u5f9e\u8b6f\u81ea\u6377\u514b\u6587\u7684\u300a\u56b4\u5bd2\u4f86\u81ea\u514b\u91cc\u59c6\u6797\u5bae\u300b\uff0c\u4e00\u5f8b\u8b6f\u4f5c\u8332\u5fb7\u6d85\u514b\uff0e\u59c6\u6797\u7d0d\u65e5\u3002<\/p>\n

4 Michael Zantovsky,\u00a0Havel: A Life<\/em>, Grove Press, New York, 2014, 170.<\/p>\n

5 Jonathan Bolton,\u00a0Worlds of Dissent, Charter 77, The Plastic People of the Universe, and Czech Culture under Communism<\/em>, Harvard University Press, 2012, 144.<\/p>\n

6 Daniel Kaiser,\u00a0Disident: V\u00e1clav Havel: 1936-1989<\/em>, Ladislav Hor\u00e1\u010dek \u2013 Paseka 2009, 118.<\/p>\n

7 Jiri Hajek \u201cThe human rights movement and social progress\u201d In\u00a0The Power of the Powerless: Citizens Against the State in Central Eastern Europe<\/em>, Vaclav Havel, John Keane, Routledge, 1985, 134-140.<\/p>\n

8 1976\u5e749\u6708\u5275\u7acb\uff0c\u88ab\u8a8d\u70ba\u662f\u6ce2\u862d\u4e43\u81f3\u6771\u6b50\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u500b\u53cd\u5c0d\u6d3e\u6c11\u9593\u7d44\u7e54\uff0c\u6700\u521d\u65e8\u5728\u70ba\u7576\u5e74\u5728\u62c9\u591a\u59c6\u548c\u83ef\u6c99\u7684\u6297\u8b70\u906d\u5230\u5831\u5fa9\u800c\u88ab\u6355\u7684\u56da\u72af\u53ca\u5bb6\u4eba\u63d0\u4f9b\u6cd5\u5f8b\u548c\u7d93\u6fdf\u63f4\u52a9\uff0c\u5176\u6210\u54e1\u5148\u5f8c\u906d\u5230\u5b98\u65b9\u5404\u7a2e\u5831\u5fa9\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u52aa\u529b\u548c\u72a7\u7272\u4e5f\u5728\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5e74\u6625\u5929\u5f97\u5230\u4e86\u56de\u5831\u2014\u2014\u5b98\u65b9\u88ab\u8feb\u5927\u8d66\u7f77\u5de5\u7684\u76e3\u7981\u8005\uff0c\u8a72\u7d44\u7e54\u4e5f\u7531\u6b64\u66f4\u540d\u70ba\u300c\u793e\u6703\u81ea\u885b\u59d4\u54e1\u6703\u300d\u3002<\/p>\n

9\u00a0Conversations with Gorbachev: On Perestroika, the Prague Spring, and the Crossroads of Socialism<\/em>, by Mikhail Gorbachev, Zdenek Mlyn\u00e1r, Translated by George Shriver, New York and Chichester: Columbia University Press, 2002, 21.<\/p>\n

10 \u9664\u4e86\u3008\u5c0b\u627e\u3009\u4f5c\u8005\u3001\u7fa9\u5927\u5229\u6b77\u53f2\u5b78\u5bb6Alessandro Catalano\uff081970-\uff09\u5916\uff0c\u6377\u514b\u7576\u4ee3\u6b77\u53f2\u7814\u7a76\u6240\u9ad8\u7d1a\u7814\u7a76\u54e1\u4f0a\u65e5\uff0e\u8607\u514b\uff08Ji\u0159\u00ed Suk, 1966-\uff092003\u5e74\u51fa\u7248\u7684\u300a\u9769\u547d\u7684\u8ff7\u5bae\u300b\u4ee5\u53ca\u4ed62023\u5e74\u8207\u4eba\u5408\u4f5c\u51fa\u7248\u300a\u6b77\u53f2\u6c92\u6709\u70ba\u6211\u5011\u6240\u7d42\u7d50\u2014\u2014\u6377\u514b\u5de6\u7ffc\u6d41\u4ea1\u8005\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u5de5\u4f5c\u548c\u601d\u60f3\u300b\uff081968- 1989\uff09\uff0c\u67e5\u7406\u5927\u5b78\u6b77\u53f2\u7cfb\u6559\u6388\u7c73\u54c8\u723e\uff0e\u79d1\u4f69\u5207\u79d1\uff08Michal Kope\u010dek, 1974-\uff092019\u5e74\u51fa\u7248\u7684\u300a\u5c0b\u627e\u5931\u53bb\u7684\u9769\u547d\u7684\u610f\u7fa9\u300b\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u79d1\u4f69\u5207\u79d1\u7684\u5b78\u751f\u514b\u8389\u7d72\u8482\u5a1c\uff0e\u5b89\u5fb7\u6d1b\u5a03\uff08Kristina And\u011blov\u00e1, 1987- \uff092021\u5e74\u7684\u535a\u58eb\u8ad6\u6587\u300a1968-1990\u5e74\u6377\u514b\u6539\u9769\u5171\u7522\u4e3b\u7fa9\u601d\u60f3\u53f2\u300b\uff0c\u90fd\u983b\u983b\u63d0\u53ca\u59c6\u6797\u7d0d\u65e5\u3002<\/p>\n

11 Adam Michnik, \u201cThe Trouble with History Tradition: Imprisonment or Liberation?,\u201d\u00a0International Journal of Politics, Culture, and Society.<\/em>\u00a0Vol. 22, No. 4; Elzbieta Matynia, \u201cIntroduction: 1989 and Beyond: The Future of Democratic Politics (II). \u201d \uff08Dec, 2009\uff09, pp. 445-452.<\/p>\n

12 \u5967\u5854\uff0e\u5e0c\u514b\uff0c\u300a\u7b2c\u4e09\u689d\u9053\u8def\u300b\uff0c\u3008\u5e8f\u8a00\u3009\uff08\u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u4eba\u6c11\u51fa\u7248\u793e\uff0c1972\uff09\uff0c\u98017-8\u3002<\/p>\n

13 \u300a\u54c8\u5a01\u723e\u6587\u96c6\u300b\uff0c\u5d14\u885b\u5e73\u8b6f\uff0cSamizdat\uff0c2003\uff0c\u980139\u3002<\/p>\n

14 Ladislav Hejd\u00e1nek, \u201cProspects for Democracy and Socialism in Eastern Europen,\u201d Vaclav Havel, John Keane, Routledge, 1985, 144.<\/p>\n

15 Vladimir V. Kusin, \u201cChallenge to Normalcy: Political Opposition inCzechoslovakia, 1968-1977,\u201d In\u00a0Opposition in Eastern Europe<\/em>,Edited by Rudolf L. Tokes, London: MacMillan, 1979, 46.<\/p>\n

16 \u80e1\u585e\u723e\u66fe\u5c07\u99ac\u85a9\u91cc\u514b\u7a31\u4f5c\u300c\u6211\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u500b\u8001\u5e2b\uff0c\u662f\u7b2c\u4e00\u500b\u5728\u6211\u5fc3\u4e2d\u559a\u8d77\u4e86\u5c0d\u4e16\u754c\u8207\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u502b\u7406\u7406\u89e3\u7684\u4eba\u300d\u3002\u898b\u502a\u6881\u5eb7\uff0c\u3008\u80e1\u585e\u723e\u8207\u5e15\u6258\u5951\u5361\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u4e16\u754c\u2014\u2014\u4f5c\u70ba\u5be6\u8e10\u54f2\u5b78\u5bb6\u7684\u73fe\u8c61\u5b78\u5bb6\u3009\uff0c\u300a\u6c5f\u8607\u793e\u6703\u79d1\u5b78\u300b2020\u5e74\u7b2c4\u671f\u3002<\/p>\n

17 Tom\u00e1\u0161 Garrigue Masaryk,\u00a0Ot\u00e1zka soci\u00e1ln\u00ed – z\u00e1klady marxismu sociologick\u00e9 a filosofick\u00e9<\/em>\u00a0– 1. VYD\u00c1N\u00cd: \u010c\u00e1st druh\u00e1 – z\u00e1klady marxismu sociologick\u00e9 a filosofick\u00e9, Omas Garrigue Masaryk,\u3008\u793e\u6703\u554f\u984c\uff1a\u99ac\u514b\u601d\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u793e\u6703\u5b78\u548c\u54f2\u5b78\u57fa\u790e\u3009\uff0c\u7b2c1\u7248\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e8c\u90e8\u5206\u300a\u99ac\u514b\u601d\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u793e\u6703\u5b78\u548c\u54f2\u5b78\u57fa\u790e\u300b\uff0cPraha, 2017, 19-20\u3002<\/p>\n

18 Karel Capek,\u00a0Talks with T. G. Masaryk<\/em>, Michael Henry Heim \uff08Translator\uff09, Catbird press, 1995, 122.<\/p>\n

19 \u6258\u5c3c\uff0e\u6731\u7279\uff0c\u300a\u6230\u5f8c\u6b50\u6d32\u53f2\uff1a1945-2005\u300b\uff0c\u6797\u9a64\u83ef\u7b49\u8b6f\uff08\u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u4e2d\u4fe1\u51fa\u7248\u793e\uff0c2014\u5e749\u6708\uff09\uff0c\u9801183\u3002<\/p>\n

20\u00a0Conversations with Gorbachev<\/em>, 2002, 61.<\/p>\n

21 Arckie Brown, \u201cIntroduction\u201d In\u00a0Conversations with Gorbachev<\/em>, 2002, xi.<\/p>\n

22 Tina Rosenberg, The haunted land: Facing Europe\u2019s Ghosts After Communism, Vintage, 2012, 50.<\/p>\n

23 R. J. Crampton,\u00a0Eastern Europe in the Twentieth Century \u2013 And After<\/em>, Routledge, second edition, 1997, 340.<\/p>\n

24 \u6258\u5c3c\uff0e\u6731\u7279\uff0c\u300a\u6230\u5f8c\u6b50\u6d32\u53f2\uff1a1945-2005\u300b\uff0c\u6797\u9a64\u83ef\u7b49\u8b6f\uff08\u5317\u4eac\uff1a\u4e2d\u4fe1\u51fa\u7248\u793e\uff0c2014\u5e749\u6708\uff09\uff0c\u9801610\u3002<\/p>\n

25 V\u00e1clav Havel, \u201cOn the Theme of an Opposition,\u201d In\u00a0Open Letters: Selected Writings<\/em>, 1965-1990, Vintage, 27.<\/p>\n

26 \u300a\u54c8\u5a01\u723e\u6587\u96c6\u300b\uff0cSamizdat \uff0c\u9801184\u3002<\/p>\n

27 Rudolf L. Tokes,\u00a0Opposition in Eastern Europe<\/em>, London: MacMillan, 1979, 63.<\/p>\n

28 Jiri Pelikan,\u00a0Socialist Opposition in Eastern Europe: The Czechoslovak Example<\/em>, Palgrave Macmillan, 1976, 125-134.<\/p>\n

29 \u300a\u53c3\u8003\u6d88\u606f\u300b\uff0c1978\u5e744\u670811\u65e5\uff0c\u3008\u5916\u96fb\u5831\u5c0e\u85a9\u5df4\u5854\u63a5\u4efb\u6377\u300c\u4e03\u4e03\u61b2\u7ae0\u300d\u904b\u52d5\u767c\u8a00\u4eba\u3009\u3002<\/p>\n

30 Vladimir V. Kusin,\u00a0From Dubcek to Charter 77: A Study of \u2018Normalization\u2019 in Czechoslovakia, 1968-1978<\/em>, Palgrave Macmillan, 1978, 292.<\/p>\n

31 Daniel C. Thomas,The Helsinki Effect: International Norms, Human Rights, and the Demise of Communism<\/em>, Princeton University Press, 2001, 96.<\/p>\n

32 \u751f\u65bc1950\u5e74\u7684\u99ac\u4e01\uff0e\u5e15\u6d1b\u65af\uff08Martin Palou\u0161\uff09\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u300a\u4e03\u4e03\u61b2\u7ae0\u300b\u9996\u6279\u7c3d\u7f72\u8005\uff0c\u7ffb\u8b6f\u904e\u6f22\u5a1c\uff0e\u963f\u502b\u7279\u8457\u4f5c\u3002\u300c\u5929\u9d5d\u7d68\u9769\u547d\u300d\u5f8c\u66fe\u4efb\u6377\u514b\u5171\u548c\u570b\u5916\u4ea4\u90e8\u526f\u90e8\u9577\u3001\u6377\u514b\u99d0\u806f\u5408\u570b\u5927\u4f7f\u3002<\/p>\n

33 \u4f0a\u51e1\uff0e\u514b\u5229\u746a\uff0c\u300a\u5e03\u62c9\u683c\u7cbe\u795e\u300b\uff0c\u4fdd\u7f85\uff0e\u5a01\u723e\u905c\u82f1\u8b6f\uff0c\u5d14\u885b\u5e73\u4e2d\u8b6f\uff08\u6842\u6797\uff1a\u5ee3\u897f\u5e2b\u7bc4\u5927\u5b78\uff1a2016\uff09\uff0c\u980194\u3002<\/p>\n

34 Petr Ors\u00e1g, \u201cWith Chinese Communists against the Czechoslovak \u2018Normalization\u2019 Regime Exile Listy Group and Its Search for Political Allies, against Soviet Power Domination in Central Europe,\u201d\u00a0Czech Journal of Contemporary History\u00a0<\/em>VI \/ 2018, 62-99.<\/p>\n

35 \u7c73\u6d1b\u4ec0\uff0e\u96c5\u514b\u4ec0\uff08Milou\u0161 Jake\u0161, 1922-2020\uff09\uff0c1987-1989\u5e74\u64d4\u4efb\u6377\u5171\u7e3d\u66f8\u8a18\uff1b\u74e6\u897f\u723e\uff0e\u6bd4\u62c9\u514b\uff08Vasi\u013e Bi\u013eak, 1917-\uff09\uff0c\u6377\u5171\u4e2d\u592e\u610f\u8b58\u5f62\u614b\u59d4\u54e1\u6703\u4e3b\u5e2d\u3002<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u6587\u7ae0\u6765\u6e90\uff1a\u6ce2\u58eb\u9813\u66f8\u8a55 Boston Review of Books Nov 03, 2025 \u7de8\u8005\u6309\uff1a\u5c0d\u65bc\u6377\u514b […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":5885,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[6,14],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-5884","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-6","category-light"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/chinademocrats.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5884","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/chinademocrats.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/chinademocrats.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/chinademocrats.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/6"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/chinademocrats.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=5884"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/chinademocrats.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5884\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":5886,"href":"https:\/\/chinademocrats.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5884\/revisions\/5886"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/chinademocrats.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/5885"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/chinademocrats.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=5884"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/chinademocrats.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=5884"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/chinademocrats.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=5884"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}