{"id":6046,"date":"2025-12-16T09:50:26","date_gmt":"2025-12-16T14:50:26","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/chinademocrats.org\/?p=6046"},"modified":"2025-12-16T09:50:26","modified_gmt":"2025-12-16T14:50:26","slug":"%e8%ae%bf%e8%b0%88-%e6%b0%91%e4%b8%bb%e7%9a%84%e9%98%b4%e6%9a%97%e9%9d%a2%ef%bc%9a%e6%9c%89%e6%9c%ba%e4%ba%ba%e6%b0%91%ef%bc%88organic-people%ef%bc%89%e5%88%b6%e9%80%a0%e4%b8%8e%e7%a7%8d%e6%97%8f","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/chinademocrats.org\/?p=6046","title":{"rendered":"\u8bbf\u8c08 | \u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u9634\u6697\u9762\uff1a\u6709\u673a\u4eba\u6c11\uff08organic people\uff09\u5236\u9020\u4e0e\u79cd\u65cf\u5c60\u6740"},"content":{"rendered":"
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\u6587\u7ae0\u4f86\u6e90\uff1a\u6ce2\u58eb\u9813\u66f8\u8a55 Boston Review of Books<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n
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Dec 15, 2025<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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\u7f16\u8005\u6309\uff1a1991\u5e74\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u653f\u6cbb\u5b66\u5bb6\u585e\u7f2a\u5c14\u00b7\u4ea8\u5ef7\u987f\uff08Samuel P. Huntington\uff09\u5728\u8457\u4f5c\u300a\u7b2c\u4e09\u6ce2\uff1a20\u4e16\u7eaa\u540e\u671f\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u5316\u6d6a\u6f6e\u300b\uff08The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century\uff09\u4e2d\uff0c\u63d0\u51fa\u300c\u4e09\u6ce2\u6c11\u4e3b\u5316\u300d\u7406\u8bba\u3002\u4ed6\u5c06\u73b0\u4ee3\u6c11\u4e3b\u6269\u5f20\u5206\u4e3a\u4e09\u4e2a\u6d6a\u6f6e\uff0c\u6bcf\u6ce2\u540e\u5e38\u4f34\u968f\u300c\u9006\u6ce2\u300d\uff08democratic reverse wave\uff09\uff0c\u5373\u6c11\u4e3b\u5012\u9000\u65f6\u671f\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u6ce2\uff081828-1926\u5e74\uff09\u4ece\u7f8e\u56fd\u6269\u5927\u9009\u4e3e\u6743\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u5ef6\u4f38\u6b27\u6d32\uff0c\u6c11\u4e3b\u56fd\u5bb6\u589e\u81f3\u7ea629\u4e2a\uff0c\u4f461920\u5e74\u4ee3\u8d77\u56e0\u6cd5\u897f\u65af\u5174\u8d77\u8fdb\u5165\u9006\u6ce2\uff0c\u4e8c\u6218\u524d\u6c11\u4e3b\u56fd\u5bb6\u51cf\u81f312\u4e2a\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6ce2\uff081943-1962\u5e74\uff09\u56e0\u4e8c\u6218\u80dc\u5229\u4e0e\u53bb\u6b96\u6c11\u5316\u800c\u8d77\uff0c\u62c9\u7f8e\u3001\u4e9a\u6d32\u3001\u975e\u6d32\u591a\u56fd\u6c11\u4e3b\u5316\uff0c\u4f46\u5f88\u5feb\u56e0\u519b\u4e8b\u653f\u53d8\u8fdb\u5165\u9006\u6ce2\u3002\u7b2c\u4e09\u6ce2\uff081974\u5e74\u8d77\uff09\u4ece\u8461\u8404\u7259\u300c\u5eb7\u4e43\u99a8\u9769\u547d\u300d\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u8513\u5ef6\u5357\u6b27\u3001\u62c9\u7f8e\u3001\u4e1c\u4e9a\u4e0e\u4e1c\u6b27\uff0c1989\u5e74\u82cf\u8054\u89e3\u4f53\u540e\u8fbe\u9ad8\u5cf0\uff0c\u6c11\u4e3b\u56fd\u5bb6\u6570\u91cf\u5927\u5e45\u589e\u52a0\uff0c\u6c11\u4e3b\u6210\u4e3a\u5168\u7403\u4e3b\u6d41\u3002<\/p>\n

\u6700\u8fd1\u51e0\u5e74\uff0c\u8bb8\u591a\u5b66\u8005\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u81ea2006\u5e74\u8d77\uff0c\u5168\u7403\u8fdb\u5165\u957f\u671f\u300c\u6c11\u4e3b\u8870\u9000\u300d\uff08democratic recession\uff09\u3002Freedom House\u62a5\u544a\u663e\u793a\uff0c\u81f32025\u5e74\u5df2\u8fde\u7eed19\u5e74\u81ea\u7531\u8870\u9000\u56fd\u5bb6\u591a\u4e8e\u8fdb\u6b65\u56fd\u5bb6\u3002\u76ee\u524d\u4ec543%\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e3a\u6c11\u4e3b\uff0c\u4ec5\u56db\u5206\u4e4b\u4e00\u4eba\u53e3\u751f\u6d3b\u5728\u5145\u5206\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e0b\u3002\u5176\u4e2d\uff0c\u6700\u4ee4\u4eba\u60ca\u614c\u5931\u63aa\u7684\u83ab\u8fc7\u4e8e\u4e00\u5411\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u6c11\u4e3b\u706f\u5854\u7684\u7f8e\u56fd\uff0c\u5176\u81ea\u8eab\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u5371\u673a\uff08\u5982\u7279\u6717\u666e\u65f6\u4ee3\u653f\u6cbb\u6781\u5316\u4e0e\u5236\u5ea6\u6311\u6218\uff09\u66f4\u662f\u8ba9\u8870\u9000\u300c\u6765\u5230\u672c\u571f\u300d\uff0c\u6210\u4e3a\u7f8e\u56fd\u8870\u9000\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4e0d\u7ba1\u5982\u4eca\u7f8e\u56fd\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u8870\u9000\u6765\u81ea\u5916\u90e8\u539f\u56e0\uff08\u5982\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u5d1b\u8d77\uff09\u8fd8\u662f\u5185\u90e8\u539f\u56e0\uff0c\u662f\u6c11\u4e3b\u6d6a\u6f6e\u4e4b\u5fc5\u7136\u8fd8\u662f\u6c11\u4e3b\u81ea\u8eab\u5f31\u70b9\uff0c\u4e66\u8bc4\u672c\u5468\u5c06\u520a\u53d1\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u8bbf\u8c08\u4e0e\u6587\u7ae0\uff0c\u4ece\u4e0d\u540c\u89d2\u5ea6\u601d\u8003\u548c\u8ba8\u8bba\uff0c\u4f5c\u8005\u89c2\u70b9\u4e0d\u4ee3\u8868\u4e66\u8bc4\u89c2\u70b9\u3002\u9996\u5148\u63a8\u51fa\u7684\u662f\u7f8e\u56fd\u52a0\u5dde\u5927\u5b66\u6d1b\u6749\u77f6\u5206\u6821\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u6559\u6388\u8fc8\u514b\u5c14\u00b7\u66fc\uff08Michael Mann\uff09\u7684\u8bbf\u8c08\uff0c\u4ece\u6709\u673a\u4eba\u6c11\uff08organic people\uff09\u6982\u5ff5\u51fa\u53d1\uff0c\u53bb\u5206\u6790\u79cd\u65cf\u5c60\u6740\u7684\u539f\u56e0\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u8ba9\u6211\u4eec\u6c89\u601d\uff0c\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u5931\u6557\u8207\u6709\u673a\u4eba\u6c11\uff08organic people\uff09\u7684\u95dc\u4fc2\u3002<\/p>\n

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1949\u5e74\uff0c\u4e54\u6cbb\u00b7\u5965\u5a01\u5c14\u5728\u4ed6\u7684\u5c0f\u8bf4\u300a1984\u300b\u4e2d\uff0c\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u53ef\u6015\u7684\u6781\u6743\u793e\u4f1a\uff0c\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u793e\u4f1a\u4e2d\uff0c85%\u7684\u65e0\u4ea7\u8005\u88ab\u6392\u9664\u5728\u653f\u6cbb\u51b3\u7b56\u4e4b\u5916\u3002\u4ee4\u4eba\u6b23\u6170\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u5965\u5a01\u5c14\u6240\u63cf\u8ff0\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u4f3c\u4e4e\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u5230\u6765\uff0c\u6c11\u4e3b\u5316\u7684\u6d6a\u6f6e\u4f3c\u4e4e\u5e2d\u5377\u4e86\u5168\u7403\u3002\u5728\u8bb8\u591a\u4eba\u770b\u6765\uff0c\u201c\u6c11\u4e3b\u201d\u662f\u653f\u6cbb\u4f53\u5236\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u4e2a\u9636\u6bb5\uff0c\u8d28\u7591\u5b83\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u5f88\u5927\u7684\u52c7\u6c14\u3002\u7f8e\u56fd\u52a0\u5dde\u5927\u5b66\u6d1b\u6749\u77f6\u5206\u6821\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u6559\u6388\u8fc8\u514b\u5c14\u00b7\u66fc\u7684\u300a\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u9634\u6697\u9762\u2014\u2014\u89e3\u91ca\u79cd\u65cf\u6e05\u6d17\u300b\uff0c\u6b63\u662f\u8fd9\u4e48\u4e00\u90e8\u9887\u6709\u52c7\u6c14\u7684\u5b66\u672f\u8457\u4f5c\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5982\u679c\u201c\u79cd\u65cf\u5c60\u6740\u201d\u5df2\u7ecf\u6210\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e13\u95e8\u7684\u5b66\u672f\u8bfe\u9898\u7684\u8bdd\uff0c\u6309\u7167\u5a01\u65af\u5eb7\u661f\u5927\u5b66\u9ea6\u8fea\u900a\u5206\u6821\u7684\u65af\u79d1\u7279\u00b7\u65af\u7279\u52b3\u65af\uff08Scott Straus\uff09\u6559\u6388\u7684\u8bf4\u6cd5\uff0c\u8fc8\u514b\u5c14\u00b7\u66fc\u7684\u300a\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u9634\u6697\u9762\u2014\u2014\u89e3\u91ca\u79cd\u65cf\u6e05\u6d17\u300b\u5219\u5c5e\u4e8e\u79cd\u65cf\u5c60\u6740\u7814\u7a76\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4ee3\u4ee3\u8868\u4eba\u7269\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u5176\u7814\u7a76\u89c6\u89d2\u4ece\u7b2c\u4e00\u4ee3\u7684\u5fae\u89c2\u4e0e\u4e2a\u6848\u7814\u7a76\u5f00\u59cb\u8f6c\u5411\u5b8f\u89c2\u7684\u6bd4\u8f83\u7814\u7a76\u3002\u591a\u5e74\u6765\uff0c\u79cd\u65cf\u5c60\u6740\u7814\u7a76\u53ea\u9650\u4e8e\u4e00\u7fa4\u5f88\u5c0f\u7684\u5b66\u672f\u56e2\u4f53\u30021970\u5e74\u4ee3\u81f31980\u5e74\u4ee3\u7684\u5b66\u8005\u591a\u5173\u6ce8\u4e8e\u5fae\u89c2\u4e0e\u4e2a\u6848\u7814\u7a76\uff08\u7b2c\u4e00\u4ee3\u5b66\u8005\u4ee3\u8868\u4f5c\u6709Helen Fein\uff0cAccounting for Genecide National Responses and Jewish Victimization During the Holocaust\uff1bLeo Kuper\uff0cGenocide:Its Political Use in the Twentieth Century\uff1b Irving Louis Horowitez\uff0cGenocide: State Power and Mass Murder; Ervin Staub, The Roots of Evil: The Origins of Genocide and Other Group Violence\u7b49\uff09\u30021990\u5e74\u4ee3\u65e9\u671f\uff0c\u51b7\u6218\u7684\u7ed3\u675f\u4fc3\u4f7f\u7f8e\u56fd\u5b66\u754c\u7684\u5b66\u672f\u5174\u8da3\u8f6c\u5411\u56fd\u9645\u4eba\u6743\uff0c\u800c\u79cd\u65cf\u5c60\u6740\u6b63\u662f\u5176\u4e2d\u4e00\u4e2a\u91cd\u8981\u90e8\u5206\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c1990\u5e74\u4ee3\u521d\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u524d\u5357\u65af\u62c9\u592b\u548c\u5362\u65fa\u8fbe\u7684\u5927\u5c60\u6740\u4e8b\u4ef6\uff0c\u4e5f\u8ba9\u79cd\u65cf\u5c60\u6740\u6210\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u70ed\u95e8\u8bdd\u9898\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4ee3\u79cd\u65cf\u5c60\u6740\u7814\u7a76\u5b66\u8005\u4e5f\u56e0\u6b64\u5c06\u5173\u6ce8\u70b9\u653e\u5728\u6bd4\u8f83\u7814\u7a76\u4e0a\uff08\u9664\u300a\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u9634\u6697\u9762\u300b\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4ee3\u5b66\u8005\u4ee3\u8868\u4f5c\u6709\uff1aMark Levene, Genocide in the Age of the Nation State; Manus\u2160. Midlarsky, The Killing Trap:Genocide in the Twentieth Century. Benjamin A. Valentino, Final Solutions: Mass Killing and Genocide in the Twentieth Century. Eric D. Weitz, A Century of Genocide: Utopias of Race and Nation.\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n

\u82e5\u662f\u8981\u7814\u7a76\u79cd\u65cf\u5c60\u6740\uff0c\u8fc8\u514b\u5c14\u00b7\u66fc\u7684\u300a\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u9634\u6697\u9762\u2014\u2014\u89e3\u91ca\u79cd\u65cf\u6e05\u6d17\u300b\u65e0\u7591\u662f\u4e00\u90e8\u65e0\u6cd5\u7ed5\u8fc7\u53bb\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\u3002\u5728\u4e66\u4e2d\uff0c\u8fc8\u514b\u5c14\u00b7\u66fc\u5bf9\u73b0\u4ee3\u51fa\u73b0\u7684\u5404\u79cd\u79cd\u65cf\u5c60\u6740\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u8003\u5bdf\u4e0e\u5206\u7c7b\uff0c\u5e76\u5c06\u539f\u56e0\u5f52\u7ed3\u4e3a\u2014\u2014\u201c\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u9634\u6697\u9762\u201d\u30022004\u5e74\uff0c\u300a\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u9634\u6697\u9762\u300b\u7531\u82f1\u56fd\u5251\u6865\u5927\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u793e\u51fa\u7248\uff0c\u65e2\u53d7\u5230\u597d\u8bc4\uff0c\u4e5f\u5f15\u8d77\u4e89\u8bae\uff0c\u5e76\u83b7\u5f97\u7f8e\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u5df4\u6797\u987f\u00b7\u6469\u5c14\u6bd4\u8f83\u4e0e\u5386\u53f2\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u6700\u4f73\u8457\u4f5c\u5956\u3002<\/p>\n

\u8fc8\u514b\u5c14\u00b7\u66fc1942\u5e74\u751f\u4e8e\u82f1\u683c\u5170\u7684\u66fc\u5f7b\u65af\u7279\uff0c\u6765\u81ea\u4e8e\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e2d\u4f4e\u9636\u5c42\u5bb6\u5ead\uff0c\u6bd5\u4e1a\u4e8e\u725b\u6d25\u5927\u5b66\uff0c\u5176\u56db\u5377\u672c\u7684\u300a\u793e\u4f1a\u6743\u529b\u7684\u6765\u6e90\u300b\uff0c\u8003\u5bdf\u4e86\u4ece\u4eba\u7c7b\u6587\u660e\u6700\u521d\u523020\u4e16\u7eaa\u793e\u4f1a\u6743\u529b\u7684\u8fd0\u4f5c\uff0c\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u793e\u4f1a\u601d\u60f3\u9886\u57df\u91cc\u7a0b\u7891\u5f0f\u7684\u4f5c\u54c1\u30021988\u5e74\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e00\u5377\u83b7\u5f97\u7f8e\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u534f\u4f1a\u9881\u53d1\u7684\u201c\u6770\u51fa\u5b66\u672f\u51fa\u7248\u7269\u5956\u201d\uff0c\u8bc4\u4ef7\u5176\u201c\u89c4\u6a21\u5b8f\u5927\uff0c\u96c4\u5fc3\u52c3\u52c3\uff0c\u4e14\u52c7\u4e8e\u6311\u6218\u3002\u201d\u4e0d\u8fc7\uff0c\u4ee5\u67e5\u5c14\u65af\u00b7\u5824\u5229\uff08Charles Tilly\uff09\u4e3a\u4ee3\u8868\u7684\u5b66\u8005\u4eec\u5219\u5bf9\u8be5\u4e66\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u4e25\u5389\u6279\u8bc4\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u201c\u8be5\u4e66\u663e\u7136\u51fa\u7248\u7684\u592a\u65e9\u4e86\uff0c\u903b\u8f91\u548c\u8bba\u70b9\u90fd\u8fd8\u6ca1\u6709\u6210\u719f\u201d\u3002\u5373\u4fbf\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u8fc8\u514b\u5c14\u00b7\u66fc\u4f9d\u7136\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u5f53\u4e0b\u6700\u4f18\u79c0\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u5b66\u8005\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u4e0e\u4f0a\u66fc\u7ebd\u5c14\u00b7\u6c83\u52d2\u65af\u5766\uff08Immanuel Wallerstein\uff09\u3001\u8d5b\u8fbe\u00b7\u65af\u79d1\u6b21\u6ce2\uff08Theda Skocpol\uff09\u4e00\u8d77\uff0c\u5c06\u5386\u53f2\u4f5c\u4e3a\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u5185\u5728\u89c6\u89d2\uff0c\u5f00\u521b\u5e76\u5960\u5b9a\u4e86\u5386\u53f2\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u6d3e\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u3002<\/p>\n

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\u66fc\uff1a\u5206\u7c7b\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u6309\u4e24\u4e2a\u6807\u51c6\uff1a\u67d0\u4e2a\u7fa4\u4f53\u88ab\u4ece\u4e00\u4e2a\u96c6\u4f53\u793e\u533a\u4e2d\u6e05\u6d17\u51fa\u53bb\u7684\u7a0b\u5ea6\uff0c\u548c\u4e3a\u8fbe\u5230\u6b64\u76ee\u7684\u6240\u91c7\u53d6\u7684\u66b4\u529b\u7684\u7a0b\u5ea6\u3002\u8fd9\u672c\u4e66\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u201c\u8c0b\u6740\u6027\u79cd\u65cf\u6e05\u6d17\u201d\u8fd9\u4e2a\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u56fe\u8868\u4e2d\u6700\u6df1\u8272\u7684\u90a3\u4e2a\u90e8\u5206\u3002<\/p>\n

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\u66fc\uff1a\u53ef\u4ee5\u8fd9\u4e48\u7406\u89e3\u3002<\/p>\n

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\u6587\u7ae0\u4f86\u6e90\uff1a\u6ce2\u58eb\u9813\u66f8\u8a55 Boston Review of Books Dec 15, 2025 \u7f16\u8005\u6309\uff1a1991 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":6047,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[6,14],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-6046","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-6","category-light"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/chinademocrats.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6046","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/chinademocrats.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/chinademocrats.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/chinademocrats.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/6"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/chinademocrats.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=6046"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/chinademocrats.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6046\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":6048,"href":"https:\/\/chinademocrats.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6046\/revisions\/6048"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/chinademocrats.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/6047"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/chinademocrats.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=6046"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/chinademocrats.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=6046"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/chinademocrats.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=6046"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}