{"id":6053,"date":"2025-12-17T10:12:51","date_gmt":"2025-12-17T15:12:51","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/chinademocrats.org\/?p=6053"},"modified":"2025-12-17T10:12:51","modified_gmt":"2025-12-17T15:12:51","slug":"%e4%bc%91%e5%8e%84%e5%b0%94-%e9%9d%a9%e5%91%bd%e7%9a%84%e9%80%bb%e8%be%91%ef%bc%9a%e4%b8%ba%e4%bb%80%e4%b9%88%e7%a4%be%e4%bc%9a%e8%bf%90%e5%8a%a8%e6%97%a0%e5%8f%af%e9%81%bf%e5%85%8d%ef%bc%9f","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/chinademocrats.org\/?p=6053","title":{"rendered":"\u4f11\u5384\u5c14 | \u9769\u547d\u7684\u903b\u8f91\uff1a\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u793e\u4f1a\u8fd0\u52a8\u65e0\u53ef\u907f\u514d\uff1f"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"post-header\" role=\"region\" aria-label=\"Post header\">\n<div class=\"pencraft pc-display-flex pc-flexDirection-column pc-paddingBottom-16 pc-reset\" role=\"region\" aria-label=\"Post UFI\">\n<div class=\"pencraft pc-display-flex pc-flexDirection-column pc-paddingTop-16 pc-paddingBottom-16 pc-reset\">\n<div class=\"pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-12 pc-alignItems-center pc-reset byline-wrapper\">\n<div class=\"pencraft pc-display-flex pc-reset\">\n<div class=\"pencraft pc-display-flex pc-flexDirection-row pc-gap-8 pc-alignItems-center pc-justifyContent-flex-start pc-reset\">\n<div class=\"pencraft pc-display-flex pc-flexDirection-row pc-alignItems-center pc-justifyContent-flex-start pc-reset ltr-qDBmby\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"pencraft pc-display-flex pc-flexDirection-column pc-reset\">\n<div class=\"pencraft pc-reset color-pub-primary-text-NyXPlw line-height-20-t4M0El font-meta-MWBumP size-11-NuY2Zx weight-medium-fw81nC transform-uppercase-yKDgcq reset-IxiVJZ meta-EgzBVA\"><span data-state=\"closed\"><a class=\"pencraft pc-reset decoration-hover-underline-ClDVRM reset-IxiVJZ\" href=\"https:\/\/substack.com\/@bostonreviewofbooks\">\u6587\u7ae0\u6765\u6e90\uff1a\u6ce2\u58eb\u9813\u66f8\u8a55 Boston Review of Books<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-4 pc-reset\">\n<div class=\"pencraft pc-reset color-pub-secondary-text-hGQ02T line-height-20-t4M0El font-meta-MWBumP size-11-NuY2Zx weight-medium-fw81nC transform-uppercase-yKDgcq reset-IxiVJZ meta-EgzBVA\">Dec 12, 2025<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<div class=\"available-content\">\n<div class=\"body markup\" dir=\"auto\">\n<p>\u7f16\u8005\u6309\uff1a\u9769\u547d\u4e0e\u6539\u826f\u7684\u5bf9\u7acb\u4e0e\u7ade\u4e89\uff0c\u662f\u73b0\u4ee3\u534e\u8bed\u77e5\u8bc6\u754c\u805a\u7126\u4e89\u8bba\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u9769\u547d\u4e0e\u6fc0\u8fdb\u4f3c\u4e4e\u662f\u4e00\u5bf9\u5b6a\u751f\u5144\u5f1f\uff0c\u9769\u547d\u5fc5\u7136\u5e26\u6765\u7684\u662f\u6df7\u4e71\u3001\u66b4\u529b\u4e0e\u65b0\u7684\u5076\u50cf\u5d07\u62dc\u3002\u800c\u968f\u7740\u79e9\u5e8f\u4e0e\u6e10\u8fdb\u6210\u4e3a\u4e3b\u6d41\uff0c\u6697\u6d41\u6d8c\u52a8\u7684\u77db\u76fe\u65e0\u6cd5\u5728\u65e2\u884c\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u4f53\u5236\u4e0b\u89e3\u51b3\uff0c\u9769\u547d\u7684\u5e7d\u7075\u53c8\u518d\u5ea6\u964d\u4e34\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5728\u4e16\u754c\u5386\u53f2\u7684\u821e\u53f0\u4e0a\uff0c18\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u6cd5\u56fd\u9769\u547d\uff0c20\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\u9769\u547d\uff0c\u4e0d\u4ec5\u6709\u7740\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5386\u53f2\u4e8b\u4ef6\u7684\u5bb6\u65cf\u76f8\u4f3c\uff0c\u7cbe\u795e\u5185\u6838\u4e5f\u662f\u4e00\u8109\u76f8\u627f\u3002\u9769\u547d\u541e\u566c\u4e86\u4e00\u5207\uff0c\u5efa\u7acb\u7684\u662f\u65b0\u7684\u66b4\u653f\u548c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u81ea\u7531\u79e9\u5e8f\u7684\u865a\u65e0\u3002\u800c\u653f\u6cbb\u5b66\u754c\u5df2\u7ecf\u628a\u9769\u547d\u795b\u9b45\uff0c\u4e0d\u518d\u4ed8\u4e4b\u4e8e\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\u548c\u54f2\u5b66\u7684\u9ad8\u5ea6\uff0c\u79f0\u4e4b\u4e3a\u2018\u2019\u8f6c\u578b\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5728\u4eca\u5929\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5f88\u96be\u628aZ\u4e16\u4ee3\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u884c\u52a8\u79f0\u4e4b\u4e3a\u9769\u547d\u3002\u770b\u7740tiktok\u4f5c\u4e3a\u653f\u6cbb\u542f\u8499\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u5f88\u96be\u7406\u89e3\u5341\u4e5d\u4e16\u7eaa\u4fc4\u56fd\u77e5\u8bc6\u5206\u5b50\u4e00\u8fb9\u9605\u8bfb\u5fb7\u56fd\u53e4\u5178\u54f2\u5b66\u4e00\u8fb9\u7528\u6559\u58eb\u7684\u6b89\u9053\u611f\u81ea\u6211\u8981\u6c42\u7684\u9769\u547d\u8005\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u9762\u5bf9\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u5374\u662f\u76f8\u4f3c\u7684\uff1a\u9769\u547d\u4e0d\u518d\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u884c\u52a8\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u9053\u4e49\u8981\u6c42\u548c\u653f\u6cbb\u79e9\u5e8f\u3002\u5982\u4f55\u5e26\u6765\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u6539\u53d8\uff0c\u5982\u4f55\u957f\u4e45\u6301\u7eed\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u9057\u4ea7\uff1f\u6b63\u5982\u53bb\u5e74\u5b5f\u52a0\u62c9\u548c\u4eca\u5929\u5c3c\u6cca\u5c14\u7684\u201c\u8f6c\u578b\u201d\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u8f6c\u578b\u6291\u6216\u9769\u547d\u5f80\u5f80\u5728\u4e00\u77ac\u95f4\u8fdb\u884c\uff0c\u70ed\u8840\u6cb8\u817e\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u4f9d\u65e7\u9762\u5bf9\u7684\u662f\u65e7\u4f53\u5236\u540c\u6837\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff1a\u5730\u7f18\u653f\u6cbb\u73af\u5883\u3001\u8d22\u653f\u7684\u56f0\u7a98\u4ee5\u53ca\u98a0\u8986\u65e7\u4f53\u5236\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u6597\u4e89\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u9769\u547d\u6709\u65f6\u662f\u84c4\u52bf\u5f85\u53d1\uff0c\u5728\u9769\u547d\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u793e\u4f1a\u5c31\u5df2\u7ecf\u6709\u4e86\u6f2b\u957f\u7684\u51c6\u5907\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u672c\u6587\u4e3a\u7f8e\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u5bb6\u4f11\u5384\u5c14\u7684\u300a\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e0e18\u4e16\u7eaa\u6cd5\u56fd\u516c\u6c11\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u5174\u8d77\u300b\u4e00\u4e66\u4f5c\u8005\u5bfc\u8a00\uff08\u6807\u9898\u4e3a\u7f16\u8005\u6240\u6539\uff09\uff0c\u67d0\u79cd\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u9769\u547d\u90fd\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u6cd5\u56fd\u5927\u9769\u547d\u4e2d\u627e\u5230\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u539f\u578b\u3002\u9769\u547d\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u957f\u4e45\u7684\u84c4\u52bf\u5f85\u53d1\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u6084\u65e0\u58f0\u606f\u7684\u53d8\u5316\uff0c\u5f80\u5f80\u88ab\u4eba\u5ffd\u7565\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u65e0\u8bba\u662f\u88ab\u9769\u547d\u7684\u66b4\u529b\u6240\u6682\u65f6\u4e2d\u6b62\uff0c\u8fd8\u662f\u9769\u547d\u53d8\u8d28\u540e\u65b0\u7684\u7edf\u6cbb\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u8d8b\u52bf\u7ec8\u5f52\u662f\u5bbf\u547d\u4e00\u822c\u96be\u4ee5\u907f\u514d\u3002\u4eba\u6c11\u5f80\u5f80\u4f1a\u4e3a\u8868\u5f70\u9769\u547d\u8005\uff0c\u5efa\u7acb\u6797\u6797\u603b\u603b\u7684\u96d5\u50cf\uff0c\u5374\u7ecf\u5e38\u5fd8\u8bb0\u4e86\u81ea\u5df1\u6f5c\u79fb\u9ed8\u5316\u4e5f\u5728\u5851\u9020\u7740\u5386\u53f2\u3002\u51fa\u7248\u793e\u6388\u6743\u520a\u53d1\u3002<\/p>\n<div class=\"subscribe-widget\" data-component-name=\"SubscribeWidget\">\n<div class=\"pencraft pc-display-flex pc-justifyContent-center pc-reset\">\n<div class=\"container-IpPqBD\">\n<div class=\"animationWrapper-QRL6aQ\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"captioned-image-container\">\n<figure>\n<div class=\"image2-inset can-restack\"><picture><source srcset=\"https:\/\/substackcdn.com\/image\/fetch\/$s_!pXad!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep\/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F133c5618-3952-48ed-9582-f9e8cee5c22f_511x720.jpeg 424w, https:\/\/substackcdn.com\/image\/fetch\/$s_!pXad!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep\/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F133c5618-3952-48ed-9582-f9e8cee5c22f_511x720.jpeg 848w, https:\/\/substackcdn.com\/image\/fetch\/$s_!pXad!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep\/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F133c5618-3952-48ed-9582-f9e8cee5c22f_511x720.jpeg 1272w, https:\/\/substackcdn.com\/image\/fetch\/$s_!pXad!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep\/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F133c5618-3952-48ed-9582-f9e8cee5c22f_511x720.jpeg 1456w\" type=\"image\/webp\" sizes=\"100vw\" \/><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"sizing-normal\" src=\"https:\/\/substackcdn.com\/image\/fetch\/$s_!pXad!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep\/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F133c5618-3952-48ed-9582-f9e8cee5c22f_511x720.jpeg\" sizes=\"auto, 100vw\" srcset=\"https:\/\/substackcdn.com\/image\/fetch\/$s_!pXad!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep\/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F133c5618-3952-48ed-9582-f9e8cee5c22f_511x720.jpeg 424w, https:\/\/substackcdn.com\/image\/fetch\/$s_!pXad!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep\/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F133c5618-3952-48ed-9582-f9e8cee5c22f_511x720.jpeg 848w, https:\/\/substackcdn.com\/image\/fetch\/$s_!pXad!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep\/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F133c5618-3952-48ed-9582-f9e8cee5c22f_511x720.jpeg 1272w, https:\/\/substackcdn.com\/image\/fetch\/$s_!pXad!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep\/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F133c5618-3952-48ed-9582-f9e8cee5c22f_511x720.jpeg 1456w\" alt=\"\" width=\"511\" height=\"720\" data-attrs=\"{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https:\/\/substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com\/public\/images\/133c5618-3952-48ed-9582-f9e8cee5c22f_511x720.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:720,&quot;width&quot;:511,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:172318,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image\/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https:\/\/bostonreviewofbooks.substack.com\/i\/173266919?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F133c5618-3952-48ed-9582-f9e8cee5c22f_511x720.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}\" \/><\/picture>\n<div class=\"image-link-expand\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"subscribe-widget\" data-component-name=\"SubscribeWidget\">\n<div class=\"pencraft pc-display-flex pc-justifyContent-center pc-reset\">\n<div class=\"container-IpPqBD\">\n<form class=\"form form-M5sC90\" action=\"https:\/\/bostonreviewofbooks.substack.com\/api\/v1\/free?nojs=true\" method=\"post\" novalidate=\"\">\n<div id=\"error-container\"><\/div>\n<\/form>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>\u4eba\u4eba\u751f\u800c\u81ea\u7531\uff0c\u6743\u5229\u5e73\u7b49\u3002\u793e\u4f1a\u5dee\u522b\u53ea\u80fd\u57fa\u4e8e\u516c\u5171\u4e8b\u4e1a\u2026\u2026\u6cd5\u5f8b\u662f\u516c\u610f\u7684\u8868\u8fbe\u2026\u2026\u65e0\u8bba\u662f\u4fdd\u62a4\u8fd8\u662f\u60e9\u7f5a\uff0c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5bf9\u6240\u6709\u4eba\u4e00\u89c6\u540c\u4ec1\u3002\u5728\u6cd5\u5f8b\u9762\u524d\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u516c\u6c11\u4e00\u5f8b\u5e73\u7b49\uff0c\u5747\u53ef\u4ee5\u6839\u636e\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u5e73\u7b49\u5730\u83b7\u5f97\u4e00\u5207\u8363\u8a89\u3001\u5730\u4f4d\u548c\u516c\u804c\uff0c\u9664\u4e86\u7f8e\u5fb7\u548c\u624d\u80fd\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u5176\u4ed6\u5dee\u522b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u572821\u4e16\u7eaa\u521d\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u4e5f\u8bb8\u5f88\u96be\u610f\u8bc6\u52301789\u5e749\u670826\u65e5\u6cd5\u56fd\u56fd\u6c11\u8bae\u4f1a\u53d1\u5e03\u7684\u300a\u4eba\u6743\u548c\u516c\u6c11\u6743\u5ba3\u8a00\u300b\uff08Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen\uff0c\u7b80\u79f0\u300a\u4eba\u6743\u5ba3\u8a00\u300b\uff09\u4e2d\u7684\u4e0a\u8ff0\u8bdd\u8bed\uff0c\u662f\u4f55\u7b49\u5730\u975e\u540c\u51e1\u54cd\u3002\u5f53\u4eca\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u4eba\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u516c\u6c11\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u6b63\u5f0f\u5baa\u6cd5\u4fdd\u969c\u4e43\u662f\u7406\u6240\u5f53\u7136\u7684\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5df2\u7ecf\u610f\u8bc6\u5230\uff0c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u9762\u524d\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u4e0a\u7684\u5e73\u7b49\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u5ba3\u8a00\u4e2d\u5ba3\u5e03\u7684\u90a3\u79cd\u5e73\u7b49\uff0c\u5df2\u88ab\u8bc1\u660e\u4e0e\u73b0\u4ee3\u6c11\u4e3b\u56fd\u5bb6\u516c\u6c11\u4e4b\u95f4\u4ee4\u4eba\u9707\u60ca\u7684\u771f\u6b63\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49 \u8d22\u5bcc\u3001\u653f\u6cbb\u6743\u529b\u3001\u8ba4\u53ef\u548c\u798f\u7949-\u662f\u76f8\u5bb9\u7684\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u57281789\u5e74\u7684\u6cd5\u56fd\uff0c\u300a\u4eba\u6743\u548c\u516c\u6c11\u6743\u5ba3\u8a00\u300b\u662f\u4e00\u4efd\u5f7b\u5934\u5f7b\u5c3e\u7684\u6fc0\u8fdb\u6587\u4ef6\u3002\u5b83\u6240\u5ba3\u5e03\u7684\u53d8\u9769\u9707\u60ca\u4e86\u6b27\u7f8e\u4e16\u754c\uff0c\u5e76\u6700\u7ec8\u6539\u53d8\u4e86\u5168\u7403\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u3002\u8981\u60f3\u7406\u89e3\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u6cd5\u56fd\u5927\u9769\u547d\u5bf9\u516c\u6c11\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u5021\u5bfc\u662f\u5982\u6b64\u5bcc\u6709\u53d8\u9769\u6027\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u8bfb\u8005\u5fc5\u987b\u4e86\u89e3\u6cd5\u56fd\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e0e\u793e\u4f1a\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u65e0\u8bba\u662f\u5728\u5f62\u5f0f\u4e0a\u8fd8\u662f\u5728\u5b9e\u8d28\u4e0a\uff0c\u6cd5\u56fd\u65e7\u5236\u5ea6\u90fd\u662f\u7b49\u7ea7\u68ee\u4e25\u7684\u3002\u4f17\u6240\u5468\u77e5\uff0c\u6cd5\u56fd\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u541b\u4e3b\u5236\u56fd\u5bb6\uff0c\u6709\u7740\u5bcc\u88d5\u800c\u5f3a\u5927\u7684\u8d35\u65cf\u9636\u5c42\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u793e\u4f1a\u7b49\u7ea7\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u666e\u904d\u6027\u8fdc\u8d85\u56fd\u738b\u548c\u8d35\u65cf\u9636\u5c42\u3002\u4ece\u793e\u4f1a\u79e9\u5e8f\u7684\u6700\u9ad8\u5c42\u5230\u6700\u5e95\u5c42\uff0c\u7b49\u7ea7\u5236\u5ea6\u6210\u4e3a\u6cd5\u5f8b\u3001\u6587\u5316\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u7ed3\u6784\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u3002\u65e0\u8bba\u662f\u5927\u9886\u4e3b\u3001\u5bcc\u88d5\u7684\u5546\u4eba\u3001\u6323\u624e\u7684\u519c\u6c11\uff0c\u8fd8\u662f\u8d2b\u7a77\u7684\u6d17\u8863\u5de5\u6216\u65e5\u5de5\uff0c\u5728\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u4eba\u751f\u9053\u8def\u4e0a\u90fd\u9700\u8981\u77e5\u6089\u516c\u8ba4\u7684\u5730\u4f4d\u3001\u6743\u529b\u548c\u8363\u8a89\u5dee\u5f02\uff0c\u5904\u4e8e\u4e0d\u540c\u793e\u4f1a\u5730\u4f4d\u7684\u6cd5\u56fd\u7537\u4eba\u548c\u5973\u4eba\uff0c\u65e2\u8981\u634d\u536b\u4ed6\u4eec\u81ea\u5df1\u4e3b\u5f20\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u793e\u4f1a\u5730\u4f4d\uff0c\u53c8\u8981\u5bf9\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u4e0a\u7ea7\u6bd5\u606d\u6bd5\u656c\uff0c\u5e76\u4f9d\u9760\u4e0a\u7ea7\u7684\u5e87\u62a4\u6765\u83b7\u5f97\u6210\u529f\u6216\u907f\u514d\u632b\u6298\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\uff08\u5728\u6cd5\u56fd\uff09\u5efa\u7acb\u4e00\u4e2a\u57fa\u4e8e\u516c\u6c11\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\uff0c\u662f\u4e00\u9879\u6781\u5176\u6fc0\u8fdb\u7684\u4efb\u52a1\u3002\u5b83\u4e0d\u4ec5\u9700\u8981\u91cd\u65b0\u5b9a\u4e49\u653f\u6cbb\u6743\u5229\uff0c\u8fd8\u9700\u8981\u89e3\u6563\u548c\u91cd\u6784\u5404\u79cd\u793e\u4f1a\u5173\u7cfb\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8fd0\u4f5c\u826f\u597d\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u4ece\u6839\u672c\u4e0a\u81ea\u6211\u6539\u9020\uff0c\u662f\u6781\u5176\u7f55\u89c1\u7684\u3002\u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u6cd5\u56fd\u5927\u9769\u547d\u662f\u4ece\u4e00\u573a\u4e25\u91cd\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u5371\u673a\u4e2d\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u5bfc\u81f4\u6cd5\u56fd\u5927\u9769\u547d\u7684\u5371\u673a\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u5f15\u53d11917\u5e74\u4fc4\u56fd\u9769\u547d\u62161918\u5e74\u5fb7\u56fd\u9769\u547d\u7684\u6467\u6bc1\u653f\u6743\u7684\u519b\u4e8b\u5931\u8d25\u3002\u6cd5\u56fd\u7684\u5371\u673a\uff0c\u4e0d\u662f\u519b\u4e8b\u4e0a\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u8d22\u653f\u4e0a\u7684\u52301786\u5e74\uff0c\u56fd\u5bb6\u503a\u52a1\u5df2\u662f\u5982\u6b64\u5e9e\u5927\uff0c\u4ee5\u81f3\u4e8e\u7834\u4ea7\u4f3c\u5df2\u8feb\u5728\u7709\u776b\u3002\u503a\u52a1\u662f\u524d\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e16\u7eaa\u53cd\u590d\u7206\u53d1\u7684\u4ee3\u4ef7\u9ad8\u6602\u7684\u6218\u4e89\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u4f46\u6700\u8fd1\u7684\u4e00\u6b21\u6218\u4e89\u5373\u7f8e\u56fd\u72ec\u7acb\u6218\u4e89\uff0c\u5bf9\u6cd5\u56fd\u6765\u8bf4\u662f\u80dc\u5229\u800c\u975e\u5931\u8d25\u3002\u52301786\u5e74\u5e95\uff0c\u5f88\u660e\u663e\uff0c\u6cd5\u56fd\u9700\u8981\u5f7b\u5e95\u6539\u9769\u5176\u8d22\u653f\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u4f7f\u8fc4\u4eca\u4e3a\u6b62\u8c41\u514d\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u7a0e\u6536\u7684\u8d35\u65cf\u627f\u53d7\u66f4\u5927\u7684\u8d22\u653f\u8d1f\u62c5\u3002\u8d22\u653f\u5371\u673a\u6700\u7ec8\u5bfc\u81f4\u56fd\u738b\u53ec\u96c6\u957f\u671f\u4e2d\u65ad\u7684\u4e09\u7ea7\u4f1a\u8bae\u5f00\u4f1a\uff0c\u4ee5\u5bfb\u6c42\u89e3\u51b3\u65b9\u6848\u3002\u4e09\u7ea7\u4f1a\u8bae\u662f\u7531\u738b\u56fd\u7684\u4e09\u4e2a\u7b49\u7ea7\u2014\u2014\u6559\u58eb\u3001\u8d35\u65cf\u548c\u5e73\u6c11\uff08\u7b2c\u4e09\u7b49\u7ea7\uff09\u2014\u2014\u7684\u4ee3\u8868\u7ec4\u6210\u7684\u673a\u6784\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u5728\u5927\u9769\u547d\u7684\u51c6\u5907\u9636\u6bb5\uff0c\u6cd5\u56fd\u5e76\u672a\u906d\u9047\u56fd\u5bb6\u5931\u8d25\u3002\u622a\u81f31789\u5e747\u6708\u653b\u5360\u5df4\u58eb\u5e95\u72f1\uff0c\u56fd\u5bb6\u7ee7\u7eed\u5c65\u884c\u5176\u5b98\u50da\u548c\u519b\u4e8b\u804c\u80fd\uff0c\u8def\u6613\u5341\u516d\u5728\u6b64\u540e\u6570\u6708\u95f4\u4ecd\u7136\u4fdd\u6301\u4e86\u4ed6\u7684\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u58f0\u671b\u548c\u5a01\u671b\u3002\u90a3\u4e48\uff0c\u6cd5\u56fd\u4eba\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u8981\u91c7\u53d6\u8fd9\u79cd\u60ca\u4e16\u9a87\u4fd7\u7684\u4e3e\u63aa\uff0c\u6765\u5b9e\u73b0\u516c\u6c11\u5e73\u7b49\u5462\uff1f\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u4e3e\u63aa\u5f15\u53d1\u4e86\u957f\u65f6\u95f4\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u51b2\u7a81\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u6700\u7ec8\u5e2d\u5377\u6574\u4e2a\u5927\u9646\u7684\u5185\u6218\u548c\u56fd\u9645\u6218\u4e89\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u663e\u800c\u6613\u89c1\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u6cd5\u56fd\u5927\u9769\u547d\u7684\u5e73\u7b49\u4e3b\u4e49\u7279\u5f81\u53d7\u5230\u542f\u8499\u8fd0\u52a8\u5173\u4e8e\u7406\u6027\u548c\u81ea\u7136\u6743\u5229\u5b66\u8bf4\u7684\u5f3a\u70c8\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5b66\u8bf4\u572818\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u6cd5\u56fd\u5e7f\u4e3a\u6d41\u4f20\uff08Edelstein\uff0c2014\uff09\u3002\u4e0d\u8fc7\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u8ba4\u8bc6\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u5148\u51b3\u95ee\u9898\uff1a\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5b66\u8bf4\u4f1a\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u5efa\u7acb\u5728\u8d35\u65cf\u3001\u8054\u76df\u7279\u6743\u3001\u8d5e\u52a9\u548c\u4f9d\u4ece\u7684\u7b49\u7ea7\u539f\u5219\u4e4b\u4e0a\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u4e2d\u5f15\u53d1\u5f3a\u70c8\u7684\u5171\u9e23\u5462\uff1f\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u5f53\u6cd5\u56fd\u541b\u4e3b\u5236\u653f\u6743\u9677\u5165\u4e25\u91cd\u7684\u8d22\u653f\u548c\u653f\u6cbb\u5371\u673a\u65f6\uff0c\u7528\u516c\u6c11\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u5236\u5ea6\u53d6\u4ee3\u73b0\u6709\u7684\u653f\u5e9c\u6a21\u5f0f\u4f1a\u6210\u4e3a\u4e09\u7ea7\u4f1a\u8bae\u7684\u4ee3\u8868\u53ef\u63a5\u53d7\u7684\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u6709\u5438\u5f15\u529b\u7684\u9009\u62e9\u5462\uff1f\u4e09\u7ea7\u4f1a\u8bae\u7684\u4ee3\u8868\u5305\u62ec\u8bb8\u591a\u6559\u58eb\u548c\u8d35\u65cf\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u6b64\u524d\u4eab\u6709\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u7279\u6743\uff0c\u88ab\u65b0\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u548c\u653f\u6cbb\u5236\u5ea6\u6240\u8361\u6da4\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u572820\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u65f6\u95f4\u91cc\uff0c\u5bf9\u5927\u591a\u6570\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u7b54\u6848\u4f3c\u4e4e\u662f\u663e\u800c\u6613\u89c1\u7684\uff1a\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c18\u4e16\u7eaa\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u5174\u8d77\u524a\u5f31\u4e86\u541b\u4e3b\u548c\u8d35\u65cf\u793e\u4f1a\u79e9\u5e8f\u7684\u6743\u529b\uff0c\u5e76\u4f7f\u8d44\u4ea7\u9636\u7ea7\u83b7\u5f97\u4e86\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u591a\u7684\u8d22\u5bcc\u548c\u81ea\u4fe1\u3002\u542f\u8499\u8fd0\u52a8\u662f\u8fd9\u4e00\u65b0\u5174\u9636\u7ea7\u5229\u76ca\u7684\u7406\u60f3\u8868\u8fbe\uff0c\u541b\u4e3b\u5236\u53d1\u751f\u8d22\u653f\u548c\u653f\u6cbb\u5371\u673a\u540e\uff0c\u8d44\u4ea7\u9636\u7ea7\u593a\u53d6\u4e86\u6743\u529b\uff0c\u5e76\u4f9d\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u542f\u8499\u4ee3\u8a00\u4eba\u62df\u5b9a\u7684\u539f\u5219\u91cd\u5efa\u4e86\u56fd\u5bb6\u3002\u8fd9\u6b63\u662f\u7814\u7a76\u6cd5\u56fd\u5927\u9769\u547d\u7684\u4f1f\u5927\u6cd5\u56fd\u5b66\u8005\u4e54\u6cbb\u00b7\u52d2\u8d39\u5f17\u5c14\uff08Georges Lefebvre\uff0c1947\uff09\u548c\u963f\u5c14\u8d1d\u00b7\u7d22\u5e03\u5c14\uff08Albert Soboul\uff0c1962\uff0c1975\uff09\u6700\u8457\u540d\u7684\u770b\u6cd5\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4f46\u81ea20\u4e16\u7eaa60\u5e74\u4ee3\u540e\u671f\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u4e3b\u4e49\u6216\u6709\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u4e3b\u4e49\u503e\u5411\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\u5df2\u88ab\u5386\u53f2\u7814\u7a76\u5f7b\u5e95\u98a0\u8986\u3002\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u4e8b\u5b9e\u8bc1\u660e\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u627e\u5230\u4e00\u4e2a\u57281789\u5e74\u593a\u53d6\u653f\u6743\u7684\u4e00\u4ee5\u8d2f\u4e4b\u7684\u201c\u9769\u547d\u8d44\u4ea7\u9636\u7ea7\u201d\u3002\u6b63\u5982\u4f0a\u4e3d\u838e\u767d\u00b7\u827e\u68ee\u65af\u5766\uff08Elizabeth Eisenstein\uff09\u6240\u6307\u51fa\u7684\uff0c\u5f53\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u4e3b\u4e49\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u4e2d\u7684\u7fd8\u695a\u4e54\u6cbb\u00b7\u52d2\u8d39\u5f17\u5c14\u786e\u5b9a\u4ed6\u6240\u79f0\u7684\u201c\u8d44\u4ea7\u9636\u7ea7\u9769\u547d\u201d\u9886\u5bfc\u4eba\u65f6\uff0c\u4ed6\u63d0\u5230\u7684\u662f\u7c73\u62c9\u6ce2\u4faf\u7235\u3001\u62c9\u6590\u5fb7\u4faf\u7235\u548c\u897f\u54c0\u58eb\u795e\u7236&#8211;\u4e24\u540d\u8d35\u65cf\u548c\u4e00\u540d\u6559\u58eb\uff08Eisenstein\uff0c1965\uff1a69\u201471\uff1bLefebvre\uff0c1947\uff09\u3002\u6700\u521d\u9886\u5bfc\u9769\u547d\u7684\u7b2c\u4e09\u7b49\u7ea7\u4ee3\u8868\u4e2d\uff0c\u5f88\u5c11\u6709\u5546\u4eba\u6216\u5236\u9020\u5546\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u5927\u591a\u6570\u662f\u5f8b\u5e08\u6216\u4f4e\u7ea7\u522b\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u6216\u5e02\u653f\u5b98\u5458\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u4eba\u4eec\u60f3\u8c61\u4e2d\u7684\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u4f01\u4e1a\u5bb6\uff08Cobban\uff0c1968\uff1a54\u201467\uff1b Tackett\uff0c1996\uff1a35\u201439\uff09\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5546\u4e1a\u548c\u5de5\u4e1a\u8d22\u5bcc\u572818\u4e16\u7eaa\u786e\u5b9e\u6709\u4e86\u60ca\u4eba\u7684\u589e\u957f\uff0c\u4f46\u6cd5\u56fd\u5546\u4eba\u548c\u5236\u9020\u5546\u7684\u8d22\u5bcc\u603b\u4f53\u4e0a\u4ecd\u8fdc\u4e0d\u5982\u4e0a\u5c42\u8d35\u65cf\u3002\u5728\u6cd5\u56fd\uff0c\u8d35\u65cf\u4eec\u4ecd\u7136\u62e5\u6709\u8d22\u653f\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u793e\u4f1a\u548c\u653f\u6cbb\u4e0a\u7684\u4f18\u52bf\u3002\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\uff0c\u8bb8\u591a\u6700\u4e3a\u5bcc\u6709\u7684\u8d44\u4ea7\u9636\u7ea7\u7528\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\u8d22\u5bcc\u6765\u6536\u4e70\u8d35\u65cf\uff0c\u9009\u62e9\u52a0\u5165\u8d35\u65cf\u9636\u7ea7\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u6311\u6218\u8d35\u65cf\uff08Bien\uff0c1989\uff09\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u65e9\u5df2\u660e\u6670\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u8bb8\u591a\u8d35\u65cf\u3001\u6559\u58eb\u548c\u738b\u5ba4\u5b98\u5458\u90fd\u662f\u542f\u8499\u77e5\u8bc6\u9879\u76ee\u7684\u70ed\u5fc3\u53c2\u4e0e\u8005\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u65e2\u662f\u5021\u5bfc\u8005\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u8df5\u884c\u8005\u3002\u542f\u8499\u601d\u60f3\u5bb6\uff08philosophe\uff09\u624d\u667a\u95ea\u8000\u7684\u6c99\u9f99\uff0c\u901a\u5e38\u7531\u8d35\u65cf\u6307\u5bfc\uff0c\u53c2\u4e0e\u8005\u4e5f\u4ee5\u8d35\u65cf\u5c45\u591a\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5c06\u542f\u8499\u8fd0\u52a8\u5b9a\u6027\u4e3a\u201c\u8d44\u4ea7\u9636\u7ea7\u201d\u9879\u76ee\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0d\u5408\u9002\u3002\u7b80\u800c\u8a00\u4e4b\uff0c\u5c06\u6cd5\u56fd\u5927\u9769\u547d\u5021\u5bfc\u7684\u516c\u6c11\u5e73\u7b49\u7406\u89e3\u4e3a\u80dc\u5229\u7684\u8d44\u4ea7\u9636\u7ea7\u7684\u4ea7\u7269\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0d\u53ef\u4fe1\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8fd9\u79cd\u66fe\u7ecf\u5360\u4e3b\u5bfc\u5730\u4f4d\u7684\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u4e3b\u4e49\u503e\u5411\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\u5d29\u584c\u540e\uff0c\u5927\u591a\u6570\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u8bd5\u56fe\u7ed3\u5408\u77e5\u8bc6\u548c\u653f\u6cbb\u8fdb\u7a0b\u6765\u89e3\u91ca\u516c\u6c11\u5e73\u7b49\u5728\u6cd5\u56fd\u5927\u9769\u547d\u4e2d\u7684\u4e2d\u5fc3\u5730\u4f4d\u3002\u653f\u6cbb\u6587\u5316\u53f2\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u8457\u8ff0\u5c24\u662f\u5982\u6b64\u3002\u5728\u6f84\u6e05\u6cd5\u56fd\u5927\u9769\u547d\u5173\u952e\u601d\u60f3\u7684\u8d77\u6e90\u548c\u53d1\u5c55\u65b9\u9762\u5df2\u6709\u5927\u91cf\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u601d\u60f3\u4e2d\u5305\u62ec\u516c\u6c11\u5e73\u7b49\u601d\u60f3\u3002\u9664\u4e86\u6781\u5c11\u6570\u4f8b\u5916\uff0c\u76f8\u5173\u7814\u7a76\u90fd\u5047\u5b9a\u6cd5\u56fd\u5927\u9769\u547d\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u6839\u6e90\u4e5f\u5df2\u660e\u786e\u2014\u2014\u7ecf\u6d4e\u6839\u6e90\u5e76\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u5047\u5b9a\u4ee4\u4eba\u6000\u7591\u3002\u6bd5\u7adf\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u77e5\u9053\u6cd5\u56fd\u7ecf\u6d4e\u572818\u4e16\u7eaa\u589e\u957f\u663e\u8457\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u5728\u5546\u4e1a\u548c\u5236\u9020\u4e1a\u9886\u57df\u3002\u51e0\u5341\u5e74\u7684\u6301\u7eed\u7ecf\u6d4e\u589e\u957f\u5e76\u672a\u5bf9\u6cd5\u56fd\u4eba\u7406\u89e3\u793e\u4f1a\u548c\u653f\u6cbb\u72b6\u51b5\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u4ea7\u751f\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u8fd9\u4f3c\u4e4e\u4e0d\u592a\u5408\u7406\u3002\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u5728\u6cd5\u56fd\u5927\u9769\u547d\u524d\u7684\u51e0\u5341\u5e74\u91cc\uff0c\u653f\u6cbb\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u7684\u5174\u8d77\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u5f53\u65f6\u7684\u6cd5\u56fd\u4eba\u5bf9\u7ecf\u6d4e\u95ee\u9898\u5145\u6ee1\u70ed\u60c5\u3002\u5728\u5927\u9769\u547d\u524d\u768440\u5e74\u91cc\uff0c\u6cd5\u56fd\u51fa\u7248\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u4e66\u7c4d\u6bd4\u5c0f\u8bf4\u8fd8\u591a\u8fd9\u53d1\u751f\u5728\u5c0f\u8bf4\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u4e3b\u8981\u6587\u5b66\u4f53\u88c1\u51fa\u73b0\u768418\u4e16\u7eaa\uff08Shovlin\uff0c2006\uff1a2\uff09\u3002\u8fd1\u671f\u5173\u4e8e\u6cd5\u56fd\u653f\u6cbb\u7ecf\u6d4e\u8bdd\u8bed\u7684\u5b66\u672f\u7814\u7a76\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u5f53\u65f6\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u6df1\u5207\u5173\u6ce8\u7ecf\u6d4e\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u84ec\u52c3\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u5927\u897f\u6d0b\u8d38\u6613\u548c\u65b0\u5174\u7684\u57ce\u5e02\u6d88\u8d39\u6a21\u5f0f\u5982\u4f55\u6539\u53d8\u793e\u4f1a\u548c\u56fd\u5bb6\u3002\u4ee4\u90e8\u5206\u653f\u6cbb\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5bb6\u6700\u4e3a\u62c5\u5fc3\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u8d35\u65cf\u5236\u5ea6\u548c\u541b\u4e3b\u7acb\u5baa\u6ce8\u5b9a\u6cd5\u56fd\u5728\u65b0\u5174\u7684\u3001\u5177\u6709\u6218\u7565\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u6d77\u6d0b\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7ade\u4e89\u4e2d\u4f1a\u8f93\u7ed9\u5176\u66f4\u201c\u5171\u548c\u201d\u7684\u5bf9\u624b&#8211;\u8377\u5170\u548c\u82f1\u56fd\uff08Cheney\uff0c2010\uff09\u3002\u4e0e\u6b64\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u90e8\u5206\u653f\u6cbb\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5bb6\u4e5f\u62c5\u5fc3\uff0c\u4ee4\u4eba\u773c\u82b1\u7f2d\u4e71\u7684\u6d88\u8d39\u54c1\u7684\u6d41\u884c\u6b63\u5728\u4f7f\u8d35\u65cf\u5973\u6027\u5316\u5e76\u524a\u5f31\u5176\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u519b\u4e8b\u7f8e\u5fb7&#8211;\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5176\u4ed6\u4eba\u8d5e\u8d4f\u5546\u4e1a\u548c\u5962\u4f88\u54c1\u751f\u4ea7\u5bf9\u7ecf\u6d4e\u589e\u957f\u7684\u8d21\u732e\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5bf9\u6cd5\u56fd\u793c\u4eea\u7684\u5f31\u5316\u548c\u6da6\u8272\uff08Shovlin\uff0c2006\uff1bKwass\uff0c2003\uff0c2004\uff09\u3002\u91cd\u519c\u5b66\u6d3e\u662f\u653f\u6cbb\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u8bf8\u6d3e\u4e2d\u7ec4\u7ec7\u6700\u5b8c\u5584\u3001\u6700\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u4f18\u5148\u5173\u6ce8\u519c\u4e1a\uff0c\u5e76\u8ba4\u4e3a\u519c\u4e1a\u662f\u7ecf\u6d4e\u751f\u4ea7\u529b\u7684\u552f\u4e00\u771f\u6b63\u6765\u6e90\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e5f\u662f\u81ea\u7531\u5e02\u573a\u7684\u72c2\u70ed\u5021\u5bfc\u8005\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u652f\u6301\u5e9f\u9664\u884c\u4f1a\u89c4\u5b9a\u3001\u53cd\u5bf9\u5784\u65ad\uff0c\u5e76\u652f\u6301\u53d6\u6d88\u5bf9\u8c37\u7269\u5e02\u573a\u7684\u9650\u5236\uff08Vardi\uff0c2012\uff1bFex-Genovese\uff0c1976\uff09\u3002\u65e0\u8bba\u4ed6\u4eec\u652f\u6301\u4f55\u79cd\u7279\u6b8a\u7684\u5b66\u8bf4\u6216\u89c2\u70b9\uff0c18\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u6cd5\u56fd\u653f\u6cbb\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5bb6\u90fd\u6e05\u695a\u5730\u8ba4\u8bc6\u5230\uff0c\u84ec\u52c3\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u5546\u4e1a\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u5bf9\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u548c\u653f\u6cbb\u79e9\u5e8f\u6784\u6210\u91cd\u5927\u7684\u6311\u6218\uff08Meyssonnier\uff0c1989\uff1bPerrot\uff0c1991\uff1b Larr\u00e8re\uff0c1992\uff1bShovlin\uff0c2006\uff1bCheney\uff0c2010\uff09\u3002\u65e2\u7136\u4e0e\u5927\u9769\u547d\u540c\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u4eba\u5982\u6b64\u660e\u786e\u5730\u5173\u6ce8\u7ecf\u6d4e\u53d8\u5316\u7684\u540e\u679c\uff0c\u800c\u5927\u9769\u547d\u53f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u5374\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8fd9\u4e9b\u53d8\u5316\u65e0\u8db3\u8f7b\u91cd\uff0c\u8fd9\u4f3c\u4e4e\u5c31\u5b8c\u5168\u4e0d\u5408\u7406\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u672c\u4e66\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u542f\u8499\u601d\u60f3\u9610\u8ff0\u7684\u516c\u6c11\u5e73\u7b49\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u878d\u5165\u4e861789\u5e74\u5efa\u7acb\u7684\u65b0\u653f\u6743\uff0c\u56e0\u5e94\u548c\u6cd5\u56fd\u7684\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u7ecf\u9a8c\u800c\u5f97\u4ee5\u4ea7\u751f\u5e76\u5f97\u5230\u4f20\u64ad\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u8fd9\u4e00\u8fc7\u7a0b\u8fe5\u5f02\u4e8e\u52d2\u8d39\u5f17\u5c14\u58f0\u79f0\u7684\u8d44\u4ea7\u9636\u7ea7\u53cd\u5bf9\u8d35\u65cf\u9636\u7ea7\u7684\u9636\u7ea7\u6597\u4e89\u300218\u4e16\u7eaa\u6cd5\u56fd\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u53d1\u5c55\u5e94\u8be5\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u8fd9\u4e00\u65ad\u8a00\uff0c\u662f\u6709\u4e89\u8bae\u7684\u300218\u4e16\u7eaa\u5bf9\u5f53\u65f6\u7ecf\u6d4e\u53d8\u5316\u7684\u63cf\u8ff0\u5728\u6cd5\u56fd\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u5730\u65b9\u2014\u2014\u662f\u5546\u4e1a\u3002\u4eba\u4eec\u666e\u904d\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u5546\u4e1a\u7684\u5174\u8d77\u662f\u8fd9\u4e2a\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u51b3\u5b9a\u6027\u7279\u5f81\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002\u8bda\u7136\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u5546\u4e1a\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u4ecd\u7136\u914d\u5f97\u4e0a\u201c\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u201d\u7684\u79f0\u53f7\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u5177\u6709\u6301\u4e45\u7684\u6d3b\u529b\uff0c\u90a3\u5c31\u662f\u5e02\u573a\u4e0a\u5e7f\u6cdb\u9500\u552e\u7684\u5546\u54c1\u53ca\u5176\u4e0d\u65ad\u589e\u957f\u7684\u4ea7\u91cf\u300218\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u5546\u4e1a\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\uff0c\u4e0e\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u572819\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e2d\u53f6\u63a2\u8ba8\u7684\u4ee5\u5de5\u5382\u4e3a\u57fa\u7840\u7684\u5de5\u4e1a\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u622a\u7136\u4e0d\u540c\u3002\u867d\u7136\u6211\u4eec\u79f0\u4e4b\u4e3a\u201c\u5de5\u4e1a\u201d\u7684\u6d3b\u52a8\u572818\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u6cd5\u56fd\u786e\u6709\u5927\u5e45\u5ea6\u589e\u957f\uff0c\u4f46\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u5de5\u4e1a\u751f\u4ea7\u90fd\u5e26\u6709\u5f3a\u70c8\u7684\u5546\u4e1a\u7279\u5f81\u3002\u9664\u4e86\u6781\u5c11\u6570\u4f8b\u5916\uff0c\u5de5\u4e1a\u4ea7\u54c1\u90fd\u662f\u5728\u5c0f\u4f5c\u574a\u6216\u5de5\u4eba\u7684\u4f4f\u6240\u7ecf\u7531\u624b\u5de5\u52b3\u52a8\u751f\u4ea7\u7684\u3002\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u7eba\u7ec7\u5de5\u4e1a\u662f18\u4e16\u7eaa\u6cd5\u56fd\u89c4\u6a21\u6700\u5927\u3001\u53d1\u5c55\u6700\u5feb\u7684\u5de5\u4e1a\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u5176\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u751f\u4ea7\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u53d1\u751f\u5728\u519c\u6751\u5730\u533a\u3002\u8d2b\u7a77\u7684\u519c\u6751\u5c45\u6c11\u2014\u2014\u5176\u4e2d\u4e00\u4e9b\u53ea\u662f\u517c\u505a\u519c\u6d3b\u2014\u2014\u5728\u81ea\u5df1\u5bb6\u91cc\u7eba\u7ec7\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u7eba\u7ec7\u54c1\u751f\u4ea7\u8005\u901a\u5e38\u5f88\u7a77\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u53d7\u5230\u5411\u4ed6\u4eec\u63d0\u4f9b\u539f\u6750\u6599\u5e76\u9500\u552e\u4ea7\u54c1\u7684\u5546\u4eba\u65e0\u60c5\u5265\u524a\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u4eec\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u96c7\u4f63\u5de5\u4eba\u3002\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8fc5\u901f\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u884c\u4e1a\u4e2d\uff0c\u8d44\u672c\u548c\u52b3\u52a8\u529b\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u662f\u5546\u4e1a\u6027\u8d28\u7684\uff0c\u5f62\u5f0f\u4e0a\u662f\u7531\u5546\u54c1\u7684\u4e70\u5356\u6765\u63a7\u5236\u7684\uff0c\u5e76\u7531\u4fe1\u8d37\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u5de5\u8d44\u5951\u7ea6\u6765\u8c03\u8282\u7684\u300218 \u4e16\u7eaa\uff0c\u5728\u673a\u68b0\u5316\u5de5\u5382\u666e\u53ca\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u201c\u5546\u4e1a\u201d\u5bf9\u4e8e\u65f6\u4eba\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u4f3c\u4e4e\u65e2\u662f\u63cf\u8ff0\u751f\u4ea7\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u63cf\u8ff0\u5546\u54c1\u4e70\u5356\u7684\u6070\u5f53\u672f\u8bed\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4f46\u662f\uff0c18\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u8ba9\u7406\u6027\u548c\u81ea\u7136\u6743\u5229\u7b49\u542f\u8499\u8bdd\u8bed\u770b\u4f3c\u53ef\u4fe1\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u9f13\u52b1\u5f53\u65f6\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u884c\u4e3a\u8005\u4ece\u516c\u6c11\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u91cd\u5851\u6cd5\u56fd\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u5462\uff1f\u672c\u4e66\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u5173\u4e8e\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u7684\u8bba\u70b9\uff0c\u6709\u8d56\u4e8e\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u4e3b\u4e49\u5bf9\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u53ca\u5176\u5f71\u54cd\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u5316\uff0c\u4f46\u4e0e20\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e2d\u53f6\u52d2\u8d39\u5f17\u5c14\u6216\u7d22\u5e03\u5c14\u6240\u7406\u89e3\u7684\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u4e3b\u4e49\u6709\u5f88\u5927\u5dee\u5f02\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u6240\u8bf4\u7684\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u4e3b\u4e49\uff0c\u4f3c\u4e4e\u57fa\u672c\u4e0a\u662f\u57fa\u4e8e\u300a\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u5ba3\u8a00\u300b\u548c\u300a\u3008\u653f\u6cbb\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u6279\u5224\u3009\u5bfc\u8a00\u300b\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u57fa\u4e8e\u300a\u8d44\u672c\u8bba\u300b\u6216\u300a\u653f\u6cbb\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u6279\u5224\u5927\u7eb2\u300b\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u4ed6\u4eec\u4f3c\u4e4e\u5bf9\u6cd5\u5170\u514b\u798f\u5b66\u6d3e\u6216\u683c\u5965\u5c14\u683c\u00b7\u5362\u5361\u5947\uff08Georg Luk\u00e1cs\uff09\u7684\u8457\u8ff0\u4e00\u65e0\u6240\u77e5\u3002\u52d2\u8d39\u5f17\u5c14\u548c\u7d22\u5e03\u5c14\u5c06\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u7406\u89e3\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u57fa\u4e8e\u7279\u5b9a\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u8d22\u4ea7\u548c\u9636\u7ea7\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u751f\u4ea7\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u548c\u653f\u6cbb\u5f71\u54cd\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u9636\u7ea7\u5f62\u6210\u548c\u9636\u7ea7\u6597\u4e89\u6765\u8c03\u8282\u7684\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u5173\u4e8e\u6cd5\u56fd\u5927\u9769\u547d\u7684\u56e0\u679c\u8bba\u70b9\u662f\uff0c\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u4ea7\u751f\u4e86\u65e5\u76ca\u5bcc\u88d5\u3001\u5f3a\u5927\u548c\u5177\u6709\u9636\u7ea7\u610f\u8bc6\u7684\u8d44\u4ea7\u9636\u7ea7\uff0c\u8d44\u4ea7\u9636\u7ea7\u5728\u9769\u547d\u4e2d\u4ece\u8870\u843d\u7684\u8d35\u65cf\u7edf\u6cbb\u9636\u7ea7\u624b\u4e2d\u593a\u53d6\u4e86\u6743\u529b\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5982\u5386\u53f2\u7814\u7a76\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u5047\u5b9a\u7684\u5177\u6709\u81ea\u6211\u610f\u8bc6\u7684\u9769\u547d\u8d44\u4ea7\u9636\u7ea7\u5e76\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u8d35\u65cf\u9636\u7ea7\u4e5f\u4f3c\u4e4e\u5e76\u672a\u8870\u843d\uff0c\u5177\u6709\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u4e3b\u4e49\u503e\u5411\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u4fbf\u65e0\u529b\u5bf9\u90a3\u4e9b\u5b8c\u5168\u5426\u8ba4\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e0e\u6cd5\u56fd\u5927\u9769\u547d\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u4eba\u53d1\u8d77\u8fde\u8d2f\u7684\u6311\u6218\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u672c\u4e66\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u4e3b\u4e49\u8bba\u70b9\u4e3b\u8981\u6765\u81ea\u300a\u8d44\u672c\u8bba\u300b\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u7b2c\u4e00\u5377\u7b2c\u4e00\u7ae0\u201c\u5546\u54c1\u201d[Marx\uff0c1977\uff081867\uff09]\u3002\u5728\u6b64\uff0c\u672c\u4e66\u53d7\u5230\u4e86\u83ab\u4f0a\u820d\u00b7\u666e\u6b8a\u540c\uff08Moishe Postone\uff09\u5bf9\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u793e\u4f1a\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u91cd\u65b0\u8be0\u91ca\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u666e\u6b8a\u540c\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u51b3\u5b9a\u6027\u52a8\u529b\u4e0d\u662f\u8d44\u4ea7\u9636\u7ea7\u548c\u65e0\u4ea7\u9636\u7ea7\u7684\u5f62\u6210\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5546\u54c1\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u4f20\u64ad\u3002\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u5546\u54c1\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u666e\u904d\u5316\u4ea7\u751f\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u72ec\u7279\u7684\u62bd\u8c61\u793e\u4f1a\u5173\u7cfb\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u5f62\u5f0f\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u7531\u5e02\u573a\u7b49\u4ef7\u4ea4\u6362\u903b\u8f91\u6240\u652f\u914d\u7684\uff08Postone\uff0c1993\uff09\u3002\u5728\u672c\u4e66\u4e2d\uff0c\u7b14\u8005\u8ba4\u4e3a18\u4e16\u7eaa\u6cd5\u56fd\u5546\u4e1a\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u4fc3\u8fdb\u4e86\u4ee5\u5546\u54c1\u4e3a\u57fa\u7840\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u84ec\u52c3\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u62bd\u8c61\u793e\u4f1a\u5173\u7cfb\u5f62\u5f0f\u5728\u65e5\u5e38\u751f\u6d3b\u4e2d\u7684\u4e0d\u65ad\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u4fc3\u4f7f\u516c\u6c11\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u572817\u4e16\u7eaa80\u5e74\u4ee3\u53d8\u5f97\u65e2\u53ef\u60f3\u8c61\u53c8\u5bcc\u6709\u5438\u5f15\u529b\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u8bba\u70b9\uff0c\u5047\u8bbe\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u4e0e\u5177\u6709\u7ecf\u5178\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u4e3b\u4e49\u503e\u5411\u7684\u52d2\u8d39\u5f17\u5c14\u548c\u7d22\u5e03\u5c14\u7684\u8bdd\u8bed\u622a\u7136\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u56e0\u679c\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u8bba\u70b9\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u5bf9\u6cd5\u56fd\u5927\u9769\u547d\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u4e0d\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u9636\u7ea7\u6597\u4e89\u7684\u673a\u5236\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u7ecf\u7531\u4e00\u4e2a\u66f4\u52a0\u6e10\u8fdb\u548c\u5206\u6563\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u548c\u6587\u5316\u8fdb\u7a0b\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u5f62\u6210\u62bd\u8c61\u793e\u4f1a\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u503e\u5411\uff0c\u6e90\u4e8e\u5546\u54c1\u4ea4\u6362\u7684\u8d27\u5e01\u903b\u8f91\u3002\u6bcf\u4e00\u79cd\u5546\u54c1\u2014\u2014\u65e0\u8bba\u662f\u4e00\u5757\u5e03\u3001\u4e00\u7247\u9762\u5305\u3001\u4e00\u9996\u6570\u5b57\u5f55\u97f3\u6b4c\u66f2\uff0c\u8fd8\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5c0f\u65f6\u7684\u52b3\u52a8\u2014\u2014\u90fd\u5177\u6709\u5185\u5728\u7684\u3001\u4e0d\u53ef\u6bd4\u62df\u7684\u3001\u611f\u6027\u7684\u54c1\u8d28\uff0c\u5e76\u7531\u6b64\u88ab\u8d4b\u4e88\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u6240\u8bf4\u7684\u201c\u4f7f\u7528\u4ef7\u503c\u201d\u3002\u4f46\u5728\u5e02\u573a\u4e0a\uff0c\u5546\u54c1\u4e5f\u8868\u73b0\u4e3a\u201c\u4ea4\u6362\u4ef7\u503c\u201d\uff0c\u5373\u4ee5\u5b83\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u4ea4\u6362\u7684\u8d27\u5e01\u6570\u91cf\u6765\u8861\u91cf\u7684\u62bd\u8c61\u7b49\u4ef7\u7269\u3002\u6700\u7ec8\uff0c\u6309\u7167\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u7684\u8bf4\u6cd5\uff0c\u5546\u54c1\u4ee5\u5b83\u4eec\u6240\u4f53\u73b0\u7684\u201c\u793e\u4f1a\u5fc5\u8981\u52b3\u52a8\u65f6\u95f4\u201d\u7684\u6570\u91cf\u6765\u8861\u91cf\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5546\u54c1\u65e2\u6709\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u5c5e\u6027\uff08\u5373\u5b83\u7684\u4f7f\u7528\u4ef7\u503c\uff09\uff0c\u4e5f\u6709\u62bd\u8c61\u7684\u5c5e\u6027\uff08\u5373\u5b83\u7684\u4ea4\u6362\u4ef7\u503c\uff09\u3002\u540e\u8005\u56e0\u4e3a\u662f\u6570\u91cf\u6027\u8d28\u7684\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u603b\u662f\u4e0e\u5176\u4ed6\u5546\u54c1\u7684\u4ea4\u6362\u4ef7\u503c\u6210\u6b63\u6bd4\u3002\u5546\u54c1\u4ea4\u6362\uff0c\u5f53\u7136\u662f\u751f\u4ea7\u6216\u9500\u552e\u5546\u54c1\u7684\u4eba\u4e0e\u8d2d\u4e70\u5e76\u6700\u7ec8\u4f7f\u7528\u5546\u54c1\u7684\u4eba\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u771f\u5b9e\u793e\u4f1a\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u5f31\u5316\u548c\u62bd\u8c61\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u5173\u7cfb\uff1b\u6839\u636e\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u7684\u770b\u6cd5\uff0c\u5728\u6700\u6df1\u5c42\u6b21\u4e0a\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u793e\u4f1a\u5fc5\u8981\u52b3\u52a8\u4e0e\u53e6\u4e00\u79cd\u793e\u4f1a\u5fc5\u8981\u52b3\u52a8\u7684\u4ea4\u6362\uff0c\u4f46\u8fd9\u79cd\u52b3\u52a8\u901a\u5e38\u51dd\u805a\u5728\u5e02\u573a\u4e0a\u4e70\u5356\u7684\u5177\u4f53\u4ea7\u54c1\u4e4b\u4e2d\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u4ece\u5b9a\u4e49\u6765\u770b\uff0c\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u610f\u5473\u7740\u62bd\u8c61\u793e\u4f1a\u5173\u7cfb\u3001\u4ee5\u8d27\u5e01\u7b49\u4ef7\u4e3a\u7279\u5f81\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u5173\u7cfb\u3001\u6570\u91cf\u903b\u8f91\u548c\u65e5\u76ca\u589e\u52a0\u7684\u533f\u540d\u6027\u7684\u6269\u5c55\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5728\u7c7b\u4f3c\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\uff0c\u6cd5\u56fd\u300a\u4eba\u6743\u548c\u516c\u6c11\u6743\u5ba3\u8a00\u300b\u6240\u4f53\u73b0\u7684\u516c\u6c11\u5e73\u7b49\u4e5f\u662f\u62bd\u8c61\u7684\u3002\u5b83\u5ba3\u5e03\uff0c\u7537\u5b50\uff08\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5e94\u8be5\u5f3a\u8c03\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u8fd9\u91cc\u4e0d\u5305\u62ec\u5987\u5973\uff09\u5728\u6743\u5229\u4e0a\u662f\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u3002\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u53ef\u80fd\u5bcc\u6709\u6216\u8d2b\u7a77\uff0c\u806a\u660e\u6216\u611a\u8822\uff0c\u535a\u5b66\u6216\u65e0\u77e5\uff1b\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u519c\u6c11\u3001\u5546\u4eba\u3001\u5de5\u5320\u3001\u94f6\u884c\u5bb6\uff0c\u6216\u5730\u4e3b\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u300a\u4eba\u6743\u548c\u516c\u6c11\u6743\u5ba3\u8a00\u300b\u5f88\u96be\u5177\u4f53\u5730\u4f7f\u4ed6\u4eec\u5e73\u7b49\u3002\u4f46\u7531\u4e8e\u4ed6\u4eec\u5728\u6cd5\u5f8b\u9762\u524d\u7684\u5e73\u7b49\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u4ed6\u4eec\u5728\u83b7\u5f97\u8363\u8a89\u3001\u5730\u4f4d\u548c\u516c\u804c\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u5e73\u7b49\u6cd5\u5f8b\u8d44\u683c\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5728\u62bd\u8c61\u7684\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u53d8\u5f97\u5e73\u7b49\u4e86\u3002\u51b3\u5b9a\u4ed6\u4eec\u5728\u793e\u4f1a\u751f\u6d3b\u4e2d\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u7684\uff0c\u4e0d\u518d\u662f\u4ed6\u4eec\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5e73\u6c11\u3001\u8d35\u65cf\u6216\u6559\u58eb\u7684\u6c38\u4e45\u8eab\u4efd\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4ed6\u4eec\u591a\u53d8\u7684\u3001\u57fa\u672c\u4e0a\u662f\u7531\u4e3b\u89c2\u610f\u5fd7\u63a7\u5236\u7684\u4e2a\u4eba\u77e5\u8bc6\u3001\u4e3b\u52a8\u6027\u548c\u8d22\u5bcc\u3002\u5c31\u50cf\u5e02\u573a\u4e2d\u7684\u5546\u54c1\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u662f\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u5b9e\u4f53\uff0c\u4f46\u7531\u4e8e\u670d\u4ece\u666e\u904d\u548c\u5ba2\u89c2\u9002\u7528\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u89c4\u5219\u6cd5\u5f8b\u5236\u5ea6\u8d4b\u4e88\u7684\u6cd5\u5f8b\u9762\u524d\u4eba\u4eba\u5e73\u7b49\u2014\u2014\u800c\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u3002\u672c\u4e66\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u572818\u4e16\u7eaa\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u5bf9\u5e02\u573a\u5173\u7cfb\u65e5\u76ca\u72ec\u7acb\u3001\u7075\u6d3b\u548c\u533f\u540d\u7684\u4f53\u9a8c\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u7531\u5546\u54c1\u903b\u8f91\u652f\u914d\u7684\u76f8\u5bf9\u66f4\u5927\u8303\u56f4\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u4f7f\u5f97\u52301789\u5e74\uff0c\u516c\u6c11\u5e73\u7b49\u4f3c\u4e4e\u5df2\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u5408\u7406\u4e14\u53ef\u7406\u89e3\u7684\u7ba1\u7406\u793e\u4f1a\u548c\u653f\u6cbb\u4e8b\u52a1\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002\u6b63\u662f\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\uff0c\u5546\u4e1a\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e3a\u516c\u6c11\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u6784\u5efa\u94fa\u5e73\u4e86\u9053\u8def\u3002<\/p>\n<p>18\u4e16\u7eaa\uff0c\u6cd5\u56fd\u7ecf\u5386\u4e86\u516c\u8ba4\u7684\u5177\u6709\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u7279\u5f81\u7684\u7ecf\u6d4e\u589e\u957f\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u53ef\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u793e\u4f1a\u79e9\u5e8f\u80dc\u5229\u201d\u7684\u65f6\u671f\u3002\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u53d1\u5c55\uff08\u5728\u56fd\u9645\u8d38\u6613\u3001\u6b96\u6c11\u5730\u8d38\u6613\u548c\u56fd\u5185\u8d38\u6613\u4e4b\u4e2d\uff0c\u5728\u5236\u9020\u4e1a\u9886\u57df\uff0c\u5728\u519c\u4e1a\u9886\u57df\uff0c\u5728\u91d1\u878d\u9886\u57df\uff09\u7684\u66f4\u597d\u6982\u5ff5\u5316\uff0c\u53d1\u751f\u5728\u8bf8\u5982\u541b\u4e3b\u5236\u56fd\u5bb6\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u65e2\u6709\u5236\u5ea6\u7ed3\u6784\u7684\u7f1d\u9699\u4e4b\u95f4\uff0c\u53d1\u751f\u5728\u5bab\u5ef7\uff0c\u4ee4\u4eba\u5c0a\u656c\u7684\u4e09\u5927\u7b49\u7ea7\uff08\u6559\u58eb\u3001\u8d35\u65cf\u548c\u5e73\u6c11\uff09\u7684\u5236\u5ea6\uff0c\u5404\u79cd\u7279\u6743\u7ba1\u8f96\u533a\u7684\u6df7\u6742\uff0c\u6559\u4f1a\uff0c\u519c\u6751\u9886\u4e3b\uff0c\u884c\u7701\u3001\u5e02\u548c\u884c\u4f1a\u7684\u8054\u76df\u5316\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7b49\u7684\u7f1d\u9699\u4e4b\u95f4\u3002\u572818\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u6cd5\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\uff0c\u51fa\u8eab\u7684\u8363\u8000\u4ecd\u7136\u4f18\u4e8e\u8d22\u5bcc\u6216\u6210\u5c31\u3002\u5982\u679c\u4e0d\u5c0a\u91cd\u4e0a\u7ea7\u5e76\u5bfb\u6c42\u5176\u5e87\u62a4\u2014\u2014\u8fd9\u662f\u7b49\u7ea7\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u5178\u578b\u793e\u4ea4\u624b\u6bb5\u2014\u2014\u5728\u65e5\u5e38\u751f\u6d3b\u4e2d\u53d6\u5f97\u6210\u529f\u51e0\u4e4e\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7531\u7b49\u7ea7\u5236\u5ea6\u6784\u6210\u7684\u590d\u6742\u7f51\u7edc\u7684\u7f1d\u9699\u4e2d\uff0c\u5546\u4e1a\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u751f\u6839\u53d1\u82bd\uff0c\u84ec\u52c3\u53d1\u5c55\u3002\u901a\u5e38\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u5546\u4e1a\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u8981\u4e48\u7ed5\u8fc7\u884c\u4f1a\u7684\u89c4\u5b9a\uff0c\u8981\u4e48\u5360\u9886\u884c\u4f1a\uff0c\u5e76\u8ba9\u5b83\u7684\u89c4\u5b9a\u503e\u5411\u4e8e\u6700\u4e3a\u5bcc\u6709\u3001\u6700\u6709\u4f01\u4e1a\u5bb6\u7cbe\u795e\u7684\u5de5\u573a\u4e3b\u3002\u8bb8\u591a\u65b0\u7684\u5236\u9020\u4e1a\u662f\u5728\u519c\u6751\u5efa\u7acb\u7684\uff0c\u8fdc\u79bb\u884c\u4f1a\u89c4\u5b9a\u7684\u7ea6\u675f\uff0c\u52b3\u52a8\u529b\u65e2\u4fbf\u5b9c\u53c8\u7075\u6d3b\uff1b\u53c8\u6216\u8005\u662f\u51fa\u73b0\u5728\u5e7f\u6cdb\u7684\u7279\u6743\u7a7a\u95f4\u4e4b\u5185\uff0c\u4e0d\u53d7\u884c\u4f1a\u7684\u63a7\u5236\u3002\u65b0\u7684\u6d88\u8d39\u4ea7\u54c1\uff0c\u5982\u9a6c\u8f66\u3001\u6f06\u5668\u9f3b\u70df\u76d2\u3001\u5047\u53d1\u3001\u5370\u82b1\u4e1d\u7ef8\u9526\u7f0e\u3001\u4e94\u989c\u516d\u8272\u7684\u5370\u5ea6\u68c9\u5e03\u3001\u68b3\u5986\u53f0\u548c\u5199\u5b57\u53f0\u3001\u949f\u8868\u3001\u9676\u5668\u3001\u624b\u8868\u3001\u5496\u5561\u58f6\u548c\u8336\u58f6\u3001\u6247\u5b50\u3001\u96e8\u4f1e\u7b49\uff0c\u90fd\u6709\u7740\u4e0d\u65ad\u6269\u5927\u7684\u5e02\u573a\u3002\u65b0\u96f6\u552e\u5546\u94fa\u84ec\u52c3\u53d1\u5c55\uff1b\u56fe\u4e66\u8d38\u6613\u84b8\u84b8\u65e5\u4e0a\uff0c\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u591a\u7684\u4eba\u5b66\u4f1a\u4e86\u9605\u8bfb\uff1b\u5546\u4e1a\u5a31\u4e50\u767e\u82b1\u9f50\u653e\u3002\u8bb8\u591a\u519c\u6c11\u7684\u52b3\u4f5c\u8f6c\u5411\u670d\u52a1\u5927\u57ce\u5e02\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u4e3a\u5df4\u9ece\u4f9b\u5e94\u7ecf\u6d4e\u4f5c\u7269\u3002\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u8d22\u653f\u4e8b\u52a1\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u4f9d\u8d56\u5bcc\u6709\u7684\u91d1\u878d\u5bb6\u548c\u5df4\u9ece\u80a1\u5e02\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u4e9b\u548c\u8bb8\u591a\u5176\u4ed6\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u6cd5\u56fd\u7537\u4eba\u548c\u5973\u4eba\u7684\u65e5\u5e38\u751f\u6d3b\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u4ecd\u7136\u7531\u7279\u6743\u3001\u7b49\u7ea7\u3001\u8363\u8a89\u3001\u8d5e\u52a9\u548c\u987a\u4ece\u4e3b\u5bfc\uff0c\u4f46\u5df2\u4e0e\u793e\u4f1a\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u65b0\u5e02\u573a\u5f62\u5f0f\u4ea4\u7ec7\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\u3002<\/p>\n<p>18\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u516c\u5f00\u5730\u5c06\u81ea\u5df1\u6807\u699c\u4e3a\u73b0\u6709\u793e\u4f1a\u79e9\u5e8f\u7684\u66ff\u4ee3\u7269\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u6e17\u900f\u5e76\u6e32\u67d3\u4e86\u65e7\u5236\u5ea6\u5185\u90e8\u53ca\u5176\u7f1d\u9699\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\u5361\u5c14\u00b7\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u5728\u300a\u3008\u653f\u6cbb\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u6279\u5224\u3009\u5bfc\u8a00\u300b\u4e2d\u8bc4\u8bba\u9053\uff1a\u201c\u5728\u4e00\u5207\u793e\u4f1a\u5f62\u5f0f\u4e2d\u90fd\u6709\u4e00\u79cd\u4e00\u5b9a\u7684\u751f\u4ea7\u51b3\u5b9a\u5176\u4ed6\u4e00\u5207\u751f\u4ea7\u7684\u5730\u4f4d\u548c\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u56e0\u800c\u5b83\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u4e5f\u51b3\u5b9a\u5176\u4ed6\u4e00\u5207\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u5730\u4f4d\u548c\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u666e\u7167\u7684\u5149\uff0c\u5b83\u63a9\u76d6\u4e86\u4e00\u5207\u5176\u4ed6\u8272\u5f69\uff0c\u6539\u53d8\u7740\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u7279\u70b9\u3002\u201d\uff08Marx\uff0c1993\uff1a106\u2014107\uff09\u7b14\u8005\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c18\u4e16\u7eaa\u6cd5\u56fd\u4eba\u6240\u8c13\u7684\u201c\u5546\u4e1a\u201d\u6b63\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u591a\u5730\u4ee5\u5176\u72ec\u7279\u7684\u5149\u8292\u5f71\u54cd\u7740\u6574\u4e2a\u793e\u4f1a\u53ca\u5176\u5236\u5ea6\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u96f7\u8499\u00b7\u5a01\u5ec9\u65af\uff08Raymond Williams\uff09\u7684\u672f\u8bed\u6765\u8f6c\u6362\u9690\u55bb\u3002\u96f7\u8499\u00b7\u5a01\u5ec9\u65af\u8bf4\uff0c\u65e0\u5904\u4e0d\u5728\u4f46\u4ecd\u6709\u7f1d\u9699\u7684\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u53d1\u5c55\u6b63\u5728\u521b\u9020\u4e00\u79cd\u201c\u611f\u89c9\u7ed3\u6784\u201d\uff0c\u4e00\u79cd\u5f3a\u5927\u4f46\u96be\u4ee5\u5b9a\u4e49\u7684\u7ecf\u9a8c\u538b\u529b\uff0c\u4f4e\u6548\u800c\u8fdf\u7591\u5730\u5c06\u5bf9\u65b0\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u6743\u529b\u7684\u610f\u8bc6\u548c\u5bf9\u793e\u4f1a\u751f\u6d3b\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u65b0\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u7684\u8ba4\u8bc6\u5e26\u5165\u610f\u8bc6\uff08Williams\uff0c1977\uff09\u3002\u542f\u8499\u601d\u60f3\u5bb6\u548c\u653f\u6cbb\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u5bb6\u4ee5\u53ca\u5176\u4ed6\u4eba\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bf4\u7ed9\u4e88\u4e86\u8fd9\u79cd\u65b0\u5174\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\u660e\u786e\u6709\u76ca\u7684\u9610\u8ff0\u3002\u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u5fae\u5999\u800c\u6e10\u8fdb\uff0c\u4f46\u53c8\u666e\u904d\u800c\u6709\u529b\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u8fdb\u7a0b\u662f\u5f88\u96be\u628a\u63e1\u548c\u63cf\u8ff0\u7684\u3002\u4f46\u7b14\u8005\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u8981\u6b63\u786e\u7406\u89e3\u6cd5\u56fd\u5927\u9769\u547d\u7684\u8d77\u6e90\uff0c\u6709\u5fc5\u8981\u4e86\u89e3\u5177\u6709\u7f1d\u9699\u7684\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u62bd\u8c61\u5316\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u3002\u4ece\u7ecf\u9a8c\u4e0a\u8bc1\u660e\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u62bd\u8c61\u6548\u5e94\u7684\u771f\u5b9e\u6027\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u4ef6\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\u3002\u5b83\u9700\u8981\u6211\u79f0\u4e4b\u4e3a\u201c\u62bd\u8c61\u7684\u5177\u4f53\u5386\u53f2\u201d\uff08concrete history of abstraction\uff09\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u8fd9\u4e00\u8868\u8fbe\u5f53\u7136\u662f\u77db\u76fe\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u7b14\u8005\u5e0c\u671b\u8bc1\u660e\uff0c\u8fd9\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u5e76\u975e\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u3002\u5728\u7b14\u8005\u770b\u6765\uff0c\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u62bd\u8c61\u6548\u5e94\u662f\u9ad8\u5ea6\u5206\u6563\u7684\uff0c\u5f71\u54cd\u7740\u6240\u6709\u4ee5\u67d0\u79cd\u65b9\u5f0f\u53d7\u5230\u5546\u54c1\u4ea4\u6362\u4f20\u64ad\u5f71\u54cd\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u5f71\u54cd\u7740\u51e0\u4e4e\u6240\u6709\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5f71\u54cd\u7684\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u65b9\u5f0f\u5404\u5f02\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u62bd\u8c61\u7684\u5177\u4f53\u5386\u53f2<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u59d4\u5a49\u5730\u8bf4\uff0c\u5728\u8fc7\u53bb\u51e0\u5341\u5e74\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u91cc\uff0c\u8ffd\u8e2a\u9ad8\u5ea6\u5206\u6563\u7684\u8fdb\u7a0b\u5f71\u54cd\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u8bba\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u5728\u53f2\u5b66\u6216\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u6587\u732e\u4e2d\u5f97\u5230\u5e7f\u6cdb\u8ba8\u8bba\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8fdb\u7a0b\u5fae\u5999\u5730\u5c06\u4e0d\u540c\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u5173\u7cfb\u5f15\u5411\u4e00\u4e2a\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u65b9\u5411\u3002\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u901a\u5e38\u90fd\u66f4\u559c\u6b22\u641e\u6e05\u695a\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u56e0\u679c\u5173\u7cfb\u7279\u5b9a\u653f\u6cbb\u6d3e\u522b\u7684\u80dc\u5229\u5982\u4f55\u6539\u53d8\u653f\u5e9c\u653f\u7b56\uff0c\u65b0\u6280\u672f\u8fdb\u7a0b\u7684\u5f15\u4eba\u5982\u4f55\u5f71\u54cd\u5de5\u4eba\u548c\u7ba1\u7406\u5c42\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u6b7b\u4ea1\u7387\u7684\u4e0b\u964d\u5982\u4f55\u5f71\u54cd\u5bb6\u5ead\u7ed3\u6784\uff0c\u5f3a\u5927\u7684\u65b0\u6982\u5ff5\u7684\u5f15\u4eba\u5982\u4f55\u5728\u5404\u79cd\u77e5\u8bc6\u5b66\u79d1\u4e2d\u4f20\u64ad\u3002\u672c\u4e66\u63d0\u5230\u7684\u56e0\u679c\u56e0\u7d20\u2014\u2014\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5b9e\u73b0\u793e\u4f1a\u76ee\u6807\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u624b\u6bb5\uff0c\u76f8\u5bf9\u62bd\u8c61\u7684\u5546\u4e1a\u5173\u7cfb\u65e5\u76ca\u4e30\u5bcc\u2014\u2014\u53ef\u80fd\u5728\u793e\u4f1a\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u9886\u57df\u4ee5\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u88ab\u4f53\u9a8c\u5230\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u5f15\u4eba\u4e00\u79cd\u4e0d\u540c\u7ed3\u6784\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u5173\u7cfb\u7c7b\u578b\uff0c\u5e76\u4e3a\u793e\u4f1a\u884c\u4e3a\u8005\u63d0\u4f9b\u66f4\u4e3a\u5e7f\u6cdb\u7684\u9009\u62e9\uff0c\u5b83\u6709\u4e00\u79cd\u8212\u7f13\u7b49\u7ea7\u5236\u5ea6\u3001\u7279\u6743\u548c\u65e2\u5b9a\u6743\u5a01\u7684\u51c0\u8d8b\u52bf\u3002\u5b83\u589e\u52a0\u4e86\u72ec\u7acb\u601d\u8003\u548c\u65b0\u9896\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u884c\u52a8\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4f46\u5546\u4e1a\u5173\u7cfb\u5728\u4ec0\u4e48\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u5b9a\u6027\u4e3a\u201c\u62bd\u8c61\u7684\u201d\u5462\uff1f\u5546\u4e1a\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u50cf\u4efb\u4f55\u793e\u4f1a\u5173\u7cfb\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u662f\u771f\u5b9e\u7684\u3001\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u3001\u6709\u65f6\u95f4\u9650\u5236\u7684\u3001\u7269\u8d28\u7684\u3002\u5546\u4e1a\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u53c2\u4e0e\u8005\u4e70\u5356\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u4ea7\u54c1\u6216\u670d\u52a1\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u9762\u5305\u3001\u52b3\u52a8\u529b\u3001\u620f\u7968\uff0c\u4e5f\u5305\u62ec\u671f\u8d27\u5408\u7ea6\u3002\u4f46\u4e0e\u57fa\u4e8e\u7b49\u7ea7\u3001\u5730\u4f4d\u3001\u8d5e\u52a9\u548c\u5c0a\u91cd\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u5173\u7cfb\u76f8\u6bd4\uff0c\u5e02\u573a\u5173\u7cfb\u5f80\u5f80\u533f\u540d\u6027\u548c\u81ea\u613f\u6027\u66f4\u5f3a\u3002\u8bb8\u591a\u5e02\u573a\u4ea4\u6613\u662f\u5b8c\u5168\u533f\u540d\u7684\uff0c\u5982\u4e00\u4e2a\u964c\u751f\u4eba\u8fdb\u5165\u4e00\u4e2a\u5e02\u573a\u8d2d\u4e70\u4e00\u6761\u9762\u5305\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u6295\u8d44\u8005\u5728\u516c\u5f00\u5e02\u573a\u4e0a\u8d2d\u4e70\u503a\u5238\u3002\u53ef\u4ee5\u80af\u5b9a\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u572818\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u60c5\u5883\u4e0b\uff0c\u4e70\u65b9\u548c\u5356\u65b9\u4e4b\u95f4\u5f80\u5f80\u6709\u66f4\u7d27\u5bc6\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\u4e00\u540d\u987e\u5ba2\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u5149\u987e\u9644\u8fd1\u67d0\u4e2a\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u9762\u5305\u5e97\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u5f88\u53ef\u80fd\u5728\u90a3\u91cc\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u4fe1\u7528\u8d26\u6237\u2014\u2014\u5982\u679c\u5979\u7684\u90bb\u5c45\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5979\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u503c\u5f97\u5c0a\u656c\u548c\u4fe1\u4efb\u7684\u4eba\u3002\u540c\u6837\uff0c\u6295\u8d44\u51b3\u5b9a\u5f80\u5f80\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u6295\u8d44\u8005\u548c\u501f\u6b3e\u4eba\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u4fe1\u4efb\u7a0b\u5ea6\uff0c\u6295\u8d44\u8005\u4e86\u89e3\u501f\u6b3e\u4eba\u7684\u58f0\u8a89\u3002\u4f46\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5173\u7cfb\u57fa\u672c\u4e0a\u4ecd\u7136\u662f\u81ea\u613f\u7684\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u968f\u610f\u5efa\u7acb\u548c\u653e\u5f03\uff0c\u8fd9\u80af\u5b9a\u4e0d\u53ef\u4e0e\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u5728\u65e7\u5236\u5ea6\u793e\u4f1a\u7b49\u7ea7\u4e2d\u7684\u771f\u5b9e\u5730\u4f4d\u540c\u65e5\u800c\u8bed\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u5e02\u573a\u4e0a\u7684\u4ea4\u6613\u662f\u7531\u4ef7\u683c\u51b3\u5b9a\u7684\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0d\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u8eab\u4efd\u7684\u5dee\u5f02\u3002\u4e00\u5757\u5e03\u662f\u4ee5\u540c\u6837\u7684\u4ef7\u683c\u5356\u7ed9\u5e73\u6c11\u6216\u8d35\u65cf\u7684\u3002\u8d35\u65cf\u8d5a\u94b1\u8ba1\u5212\u4e2d\u7684\u6295\u8d44\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u4ed6\u5bf9\u53ef\u80fd\u56de\u62a5\u7684\u8bc4\u4f30\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8ba1\u5212\u662f\u7531\u8d35\u65cf\u8fd8\u662f\u7531\u5e73\u6c11\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u3002\u5728\u6240\u6709\u8fd9\u4e9b\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bf4\u5e02\u573a\u5173\u7cfb\u6bd4\u8eab\u4efd\u5173\u7cfb\u66f4\u4e3a\u62bd\u8c61\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5546\u4e1a\u5173\u7cfb\u5728\u53e6\u4e00\u79cd\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u4e5f\u662f\u62bd\u8c61\u7684\u3002\u652f\u914d\u5546\u4e1a\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u4e8b\u5b9e\u662f\u5e02\u573a\u4e0a\u5546\u54c1\u7684\u4ef7\u683c\u3002\u5728\u5546\u4e1a\u793e\u4f1a\u4e2d\uff0c\u5546\u54c1\u7684\u4ef7\u683c\u4e0e\u5176\u8bf4\u662f\u7531\u4e70\u65b9\u548c\u5356\u65b9\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u7279\u5b9a\u4e92\u52a8\u51b3\u5b9a\u7684\uff0c\u4e0d\u5982\u8bf4\u662f\u7531\u5e02\u573a\u4e2d\u8d85\u8d8a\u7279\u5b9a\u4ea4\u6613\u7684\u5546\u54c1\u4f9b\u6c42\u51b3\u5b9a\u7684\u3002\u5df4\u9ece\u9762\u5305\u5e97\u7684\u9762\u5305\u4ef7\u683c\uff0c\u662f\u7531\u6700\u8fd1\u6536\u6210\u7684\u76f8\u5bf9\u6ce2\u52a8\u51b3\u5b9a\u7684\uff0c\u4e0d\u4ec5\u662f\u5df4\u9ece\u5468\u8fb9\u5730\u533a\u7684\u6536\u6210\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u662f\u6574\u4e2a\u6b27\u6d32\u7684\u6536\u6210\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a18\u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u8c37\u7269\u5e02\u573a\u51e0\u4e4e\u8986\u76d6\u4e86\u6574\u4e2a\u6b27\u6d32\uff0c\u5df4\u9ece\u7684\u4ef7\u683c\u4e0e\u963f\u59c6\u65af\u7279\u4e39\u3001\u9a6c\u5fb7\u91cc\u3001\u683c\u62c9\u65af\u54e5\u6216\u7c73\u5170\u7684\u4ef7\u683c\u53d8\u5316\u8d8b\u540c\u3002\u5982\u679c\u82f1\u56fd\u3001\u83b1\u8335\u5170\u5730\u533a\u548c\u6ce2\u5170\u7684\u6536\u6210\u5e73\u5e73\uff0c\u5df4\u9ece\u76c6\u5730\u7684\u4e30\u6536\u5c31\u4e0d\u4f1a\u5e26\u6765\u5df4\u9ece\u9762\u5305\u7684\u4f4e\u4ef7\u3002\u540c\u6837\uff0c\u7ec7\u5de5\u6216\u5546\u4eba\u51fa\u552e\u4e00\u5757\u5e03\u6599\u7684\u4ef7\u683c\uff0c\u4e0d\u4ec5\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u5e03\u6599\u7684\u751f\u4ea7\u548c\u8fd0\u8f93\u6210\u672c\uff0c\u8fd8\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u6d88\u8d39\u8005\u54c1\u4f4d\u7684\u6ce2\u52a8\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u6ce2\u52a8\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u4f7f\u5f97\u6295\u653e\u5e02\u573a\u7684\u5e03\u6599\u4ef7\u503c\u6bd4\u524d\u4e00\u5e74\u660e\u663e\u589e\u52a0\u6216\u51cf\u5c11\u3002\u623f\u5c4b\u6216\u519c\u573a\u7684\u8d2d\u4e70\u8005\u4e0d\u5f97\u4e0d\u652f\u4ed8\u7684\u62b5\u62bc\u8d37\u6b3e\u5229\u7387\uff0c\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4f1a\u6839\u636e\u8d2d\u4e70\u8005\u8bda\u5b9e\u53ef\u9760\u7684\u58f0\u8a89\u800c\u53d8\u5316\uff0c\u8fd8\u4f1a\u968f\u7740\u8d37\u6b3e\u4eba\u548c\u501f\u6b3e\u4eba\u5b8c\u5168\u65e0\u6cd5\u63a7\u5236\u7684\u91d1\u878d\u4ea4\u6613\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u5229\u7387\u6ce2\u52a8\u800c\u53d8\u5316\u3002\u5728\u6240\u6709\u8fd9\u4e9b\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u5546\u4e1a\u793e\u4f1a\u5173\u7cfb\u90fd\u662f\u62bd\u8c61\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u8d5e\u52a9\u3001\u7279\u6743\u548c\u987a\u4ece\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u62bd\u8c61\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u793e\u4f1a\u751f\u6d3b\u4e2d\u7684\u62bd\u8c61\u5386\u53f2\uff0c\u662f\u4e00\u90e8\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u5386\u53f2\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u662f\u57fa\u4e8e\u771f\u5b9e\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u7ecf\u5386\u7684\u4eba\u4e0e\u4eba\u4e4b\u95f4\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u4eba\u4e0e\u7269\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\u7684\u3002\u5b83\u52aa\u529b\u5bfb\u627e\u65e2\u660e\u663e\u53c8\u5fae\u5999\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u63a2\u7d22\u65e5\u5e38\u751f\u6d3b\u548c\u5177\u4f53\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u884c\u52a8\u7b56\u7565\u4e4b\u4e2d\u7684\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u5173\u7cfb\u56fa\u6709\u7684\u62bd\u8c61\u8868\u73b0\u4eba\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bbe\u60f3\u5404\u79cd\u5404\u6837\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u6765\u8ffd\u5bfb\u9a71\u52a8\u672c\u4e66\u7684\u5047\u8bbe\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u8bb8\u591a\u65b9\u6cd5\u610f\u5473\u7740\u5bf918\u4e16\u7eaa\u6cd5\u56fd\u6863\u6848\u7684\u5927\u91cf\u6316\u6398\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u7b14\u8005\u6240\u7406\u89e3\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u662f\u975e\u5e38\u666e\u904d\u7684\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u7b14\u8005\u9009\u62e9\u5e7f\u6cdb\u6492\u7f51\uff0c\u8c03\u67e518\u4e16\u7eaa\u6cd5\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u4e09\u4e2a\u8fe5\u7136\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u7b14\u8005\u76f8\u4fe1\u8fd9\u4e9b\u65b9\u9762\u662f\u7531\u5546\u4e1a\u8d44\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u6269\u5f20\u6240\u663e\u8457\u5851\u9020\u7684\u3002\u7b14\u8005\u6ca1\u6709\u5c1d\u8bd5\u8fdb\u884c\u8be6\u7ec6\u7684\u6863\u6848\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4e3b\u8981\u4f9d\u9760\u8fd9\u4e00\u65f6\u671f\u6781\u5176\u4e30\u5bcc\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u8f85\u4ee5\u5bf9\u5927\u91cf17\u4e16\u7eaa\u300118\u4e16\u7eaa\u5370\u5237\u4f5c\u54c1\u7684\u8be6\u7ec6\u9605\u8bfb\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u6cd5\u56fd\u5927\u9769\u547d\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u548c\u58ee\u89c2\u6027\uff0c\u5173\u4e8e\u9769\u547d\u524d\u6cd5\u56fd\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u6587\u732e\u7279\u522b\u4e30\u5bcc\u3002\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u54ea\u4e2a\u5386\u53f2\u65f6\u4ee3\u62e5\u6709\u6bd4\u5b83\u66f4\u6210\u719f\u3001\u66f4\u900f\u5f7b\u7684\u53f2\u5b66\u8457\u8ff0\uff1a\u5173\u4e8e\u6cd5\u56fd\u65e7\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u5386\u53f2\uff0c\u51e0\u4e4e\u6bcf\u4e00\u4e2a\u8f6c\u6298\u70b9\uff0c\u90fd\u5df2\u7ecf\u6d8c\u73b0\u4e86\u51e0\u4ee3\u5b66\u8005\u7684\u591a\u79cd\u65e0\u5fae\u4e0d\u81f3\u3001\u5341\u5206\u624e\u5b9e\u800c\u53c8\u9891\u7e41\u51fa\u5f69\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\u3002\u867d\u7136\u5c31\u7b14\u8005\u6240\u89c1\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4f5c\u54c1\u90fd\u6ca1\u6709\u8ffd\u5bfb\u6307\u5bfc\u672c\u4e66\u7684\u8c03\u67e5\u7684\u5047\u8bbe\uff0c\u4f46\u5176\u4e2d\u8bb8\u591a\u6db5\u76d6\u4e86\u4e0e\u672c\u4e66\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u8bba\u70b9\u548c\u8bc1\u636e\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u4e8b\u5b9e\uff0c\u5bf9\u50cf\u672c\u4e66\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u6709\u660e\u663e\u7684\u88e8\u76ca\u3002\u672c\u4e66\u5e76\u672a\u8bd5\u56fe\u63ed\u793a\u8fc4\u4eca\u4e3a\u6b62\u672a\u77e5\u7684\u4e8b\u5b9e\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u8bd5\u56fe\u4e3a\u5e7f\u4e49\u4e0a\u4eba\u4eec\u5df2\u7ecf\u77e5\u9053\u7684\u4e8b\u5b9e\u5f00\u53d1\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\u6846\u67b6\u3002\u7b80\u800c\u8a00\u4e4b\uff0c\u672c\u4e66\u5c31\u662f\u6cd5\u56fd\u4eba\u6240\u8bf4\u7684\u201c\u5408\u6210\u7efc\u8ff0\u201d\uff08essai de synth\u00e8se\uff09\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\uff0c\u8bd5\u56fe\u5c06\u5173\u4e8e\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8ff7\u4eba\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u5df2\u77e5\u4e8b\u5b9e\u548c\u8bba\u70b9\u6574\u5408\u5230\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u7684\u7efc\u5408\u8bb0\u8ff0\u4e4b\u4e2d\uff0c\u5e76\u5bf9\u5b83\u4eec\u8fdb\u884c\u65b0\u7684\u89e3\u8bfb\u3002\u662f\u5426\u5982\u613f\uff0c\u8bfb\u8005\u81ea\u6709\u516c\u8bba\u3002<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u6587\u7ae0\u6765\u6e90\uff1a\u6ce2\u58eb\u9813\u66f8\u8a55 Boston Review of Books Dec 12, 2025 \u7f16\u8005\u6309\uff1a\u9769\u547d\u4e0e\u6539 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":6054,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[6,14],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-6053","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-6","category-light"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/chinademocrats.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6053","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/chinademocrats.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/chinademocrats.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/chinademocrats.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/6"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/chinademocrats.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=6053"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/chinademocrats.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6053\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":6055,"href":"https:\/\/chinademocrats.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6053\/revisions\/6055"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/chinademocrats.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/6054"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/chinademocrats.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=6053"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/chinademocrats.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=6053"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/chinademocrats.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=6053"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}