{"id":6125,"date":"2026-01-05T09:38:16","date_gmt":"2026-01-05T14:38:16","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/chinademocrats.org\/?p=6125"},"modified":"2026-01-05T09:38:16","modified_gmt":"2026-01-05T14:38:16","slug":"%e8%b5%b5%e6%98%8e%e5%85%b0%ef%bc%9a%e4%bb%8e%e6%94%b9%e9%9d%a9%e5%88%97%e5%ae%81%e4%b8%bb%e4%b9%89%e5%88%b0%e6%96%b0%e6%97%b6%e4%bb%a3%e5%bc%ba%e4%ba%ba%e6%94%bf%e6%b2%bb","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/chinademocrats.org\/?p=6125","title":{"rendered":"\u8d75\u660e\u5170\uff1a\u4ece\u201c\u6539\u9769\u5217\u5b81\u4e3b\u4e49\u201d\u5230\u65b0\u65f6\u4ee3\u5f3a\u4eba\u653f\u6cbb \u2014\u2014\u8bc4\u300a\u6539\u5f00\u56db\u5341\u5e74\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\u653f\u6cbb\u53f2\u300b"},"content":{"rendered":"<div dir=\"auto\">\n<div role=\"region\" aria-label=\"Post header\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div dir=\"auto\">\n<div dir=\"auto\">\n<div>\n<figure>\n<table border=\"0\" width=\"100%\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td align=\"left\" width=\"797\"><a href=\"https:\/\/link.sbstck.com\/redirect\/045af374-fe12-4acc-a6f4-989a3325c808?j=eyJ1IjoiNDZzZm9pIn0.9gnFxbGb0wdlpnuX5uL27rKPbNwTTEk7cqL5ExIYXGg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow ugc noopener\" data-saferedirecturl=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/url?q=https:\/\/link.sbstck.com\/redirect\/045af374-fe12-4acc-a6f4-989a3325c808?j%3DeyJ1IjoiNDZzZm9pIn0.9gnFxbGb0wdlpnuX5uL27rKPbNwTTEk7cqL5ExIYXGg&amp;source=gmail&amp;ust=1767709982886000&amp;usg=AOvVaw0gBy-NTGINBvclqjdyaUfu\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"CToWUd\" src=\"https:\/\/ci3.googleusercontent.com\/meips\/ADKq_Nb0SMqu2i6bPhNShlinMTHNvFCcmebQ59VLtnbtIDwssl2UxwLNwMV-WuE3_EcFS7yi-G5ydHcuONI5wbmFNRWDMCBD0rc81hs4Wy6NmGpoTWllrcj4qYuwTa2EM3B54782oSC9MRAcI5W9CmO-Mya7I-xe2_wkAh4_F30eZC6Pjc5Or4yRUX158v2O1M3SWiWxATZ1kP1Z6umwMuC8RZNbVwNzU7G4KkcnKyuQIcb_prJeHZfK40mrqnzuh5yaMa2qVh9_PsZGcALB6uRv1qaMTwZeFApiIsJ1U8081FvsZEGUames4jWGa8pbEjBeiwbNjg=s0-d-e1-ft#https:\/\/substackcdn.com\/image\/fetch\/$s_!Aubd!,w_1100,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep\/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe0842080-6e06-40c3-a4c7-c191177e9182_797x529.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"550\" height=\"365.0564617314931\" data-bit=\"iit\" \/><\/a><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<p>\u3010\u7ea6\u745f\u592b\u00b7\u5085\u58eb\u5353\uff08Joseph Fewsmith\uff0c1949\u20132025\uff09\u662f\u6ce2\u58eb\u987f\u5927\u5b66\u5e15\u8fea\u5b66\u9662\uff08<wbr \/>Pardee School\uff09\u7684\u56fd\u9645\u5173\u7cfb\u4e0e\u653f\u6cbb\u5b66\u6559\u6388\u3002<wbr \/>\u5085\u58eb\u5353\u6559\u6388\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u7814\u7a76\u9886\u57df\u5305\u62ec\u6bd4\u8f83\u653f\u6cbb\uff0c<wbr \/>\u4ee5\u53ca\u4e2d\u56fd\u56fd\u5185\u653f\u6cbb\u4e0e\u5bf9\u5916\u653f\u7b56\u3002\u4ed6\u8457\u6709\u4e03\u90e8\u4e13\u8457\uff0c\u6700\u8fd1\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u662f\u300a<wbr \/>\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u94f8\u9020\u5217\u5b81\u4e3b\u4e49\uff1a\u6bdb\u6cfd\u4e1c\u4e0e\u4e2d\u56fd\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u4e4b\u91cd\u5851\uff0c1927\u2013<wbr \/>1934\u300b\uff08Forging Leninism in China: Mao and the Remaking of the Chinese Communist Party, 1927\u20131934\uff09\u3002\u5176\u4ed6\u4ee3\u8868\u4f5c\u5305\u62ec\u300a\u6539\u5199\u4e2d\u56fd\u653f\u6cbb\u300b\uff08<wbr \/>Rethinking Chinese Politics\uff0c2021 \u5e74 6 \u6708\uff09\u3001\u300a\u4e2d\u56fd\u653f\u6cbb\u6539\u9769\u7684\u903b\u8f91\u4e0e\u9650\u5ea6\u300b\uff08The Logic and Limits of Political Reform in China\uff0c2013 \u5e74 1 \u6708\uff09\u4ee5\u53ca\u300a\u5929\u5b89\u95e8\u4e4b\u540e\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\u300b\uff08China since Tiananmen\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e8c\u7248\uff0c2008 \u5e74\uff09\u3002\u66f4\u65e9\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\u8fd8\u6709\u300a\u5f53\u4ee3\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u7cbe\u82f1\u653f\u6cbb\u300b\uff08Elite Politics in Contemporary China\uff0c2001 \u5e74\uff09\u3001\u300a\u4e2d\u56fd\u6539\u9769\u7684\u4e24\u96be\uff1a\u653f\u6cbb\u51b2\u7a81\u4e0e\u7ecf\u6d4e\u8fa9\u8bba\u300b\uff08The Dilemmas of Reform in China: Political Conflict and Economic Debate\uff0c1994 \u5e74\uff09\u4ee5\u53ca\u300a\u6c11\u56fd\u65f6\u671f\u7684\u515a\u3001\u56fd\u4e0e\u5730\u65b9\u7cbe\u82f1\uff1a\u4e0a\u6d77\u5546\u4eba\u56e2\u4f53\u4e0e\u653f\u6cbb\uff0c<wbr \/>1890\u20131930\u300b\uff08Party, State, and Local Elites in Republican China: Merchant Organizations and Politics in Shanghai, 1890\u20131930\uff0c1985 \u5e74\uff09\u3002\u81ea 2002 \u5e74\u81f3 2014 \u5e74\uff0c\u4ed6\u8fd8\u662f\u5b63\u520a\u7f51\u7edc\u51fa\u7248\u7269\u300a\u4e2d\u56fd\u9886\u5bfc\u529b\u89c2\u5bdf\u300b\uff08China Leadership Monitor\uff09\u7684\u4e03\u4f4d\u56fa\u5b9a\u64b0\u7a3f\u4eba\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u957f\u671f\u5206\u6790\u4e2d\u56fd\u65f6\u5c40\u53d1\u5c55\u3002<wbr \/>\u65b0\u51a0\u75ab\u60c5\u7206\u53d1\u524d\uff0c\u5085\u58eb\u5353\u7ecf\u5e38\u8d74\u534e\u8bbf\u95ee\uff0c\u5e76\u79ef\u6781\u53c2\u4e0e\u201c<wbr \/>\u4e9a\u6d32\u7814\u7a76\u534f\u4f1a\u201d\uff08Association for Asian Studies\uff09\u7684\u5b66\u672f\u6d3b\u52a8\u3002\u4ed6\u7684\u8bba\u6587\u53d1\u8868\u5728\u591a\u79cd\u671f\u520a\u4e0a\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u300a<wbr \/>Asian Survey\u300b\u300aComparative Studies in Society and History\u300b\u300aThe China Journal\u300b\u300aThe China Quarterly\u300b\u300aCurrent History\u300b\u300aThe Journal of Contemporary China\u300b\u300aProblems of Communism\u300b\u548c\u300aModern China\u300b\u3002\u4ed6\u66fe\u662f\u54c8\u4f5b\u5927\u5b66\u7ea6\u7ff0\u00b7\u91d1\u00b7\u8d39\u6b63\u6e05\u4e2d\u56fd\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u5fc3\uff08<wbr \/>John King Fairbank Center for China Studies\uff09\u7684\u4e2d\u5fc3\u5408\u4f5c\u8005\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u6ce2\u58eb\u987f\u5927\u5b66\u201c<wbr \/>\u5e15\u8fea\u8fdc\u7a0b\u672a\u6765\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u5fc3\u201d\uff08Pardee Center for the Study of the Longer-Range Future\uff09\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u5408\u4f5c\u8005\u3002\u3011<\/p>\n<p>\u7ea6\u745f\u592b\u00b7\u5085\u58eb\u5353\uff08Joseph Fewsmith\uff09\u7684\u300aRethinking Chinese Politics\u300b\uff08Cambridge University Press, 2021\uff09\uff0c\u674e\u68a6\u5510\u5c06\u4e66\u540d\u7ffb\u8bd1\u4e3a\u201c\u6539\u5f00\u56db\u5341\u5e74\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\u653f\u6cbb\u53f2\u201d\uff0c<wbr \/>\u975e\u5e38\u786e\u5207\u3002\u4e66\u540d\u770b\u4f3c\u51b7\u9759\uff0c\u5176\u5b9e\u91ce\u5fc3\u5f88\u5927\uff1a\u4e0d\u662f\u7b80\u5355\u56de\u987e\u201c<wbr \/>\u6539\u9769\u5f00\u653e\u53f2\u201d\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u8981\u91cd\u5199\u4e00\u90e8\u4ece\u9093\u5c0f\u5e73\u5230\u4e60\u8fd1\u5e73\u7684\u4e2d\u5171\u653f\u6cbb\u53f2\uff0c<wbr \/>\u628a\u8fd9\u56db\u5341\u591a\u5e74\u653e\u56de\u201c\u5217\u5b81\u4e3b\u4e49\u4f53\u5236\u201d\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5927\u5750\u6807\u91cc\u91cd\u65b0\u5ba1\u89c6\u3002<wbr \/>\u8fd9\u672c\u4e66\u51fa\u7248\u540e\uff0c<wbr \/>\u5728\u82f1\u8bed\u5b66\u754c\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u7814\u7a76\u5f53\u4ee3\u4e2d\u56fd\u653f\u6cbb\u7684\u96c6\u5927\u6210\u4e4b\u4f5c\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002<wbr \/>\u5b83\u7684\u950b\u5229\u4e4b\u5904\uff0c\u4e0d\u5728\u4e8e\u629b\u51fa\u51e0\u4e2a\u65b0\u540d\u8bcd\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5bf9\u8fc7\u53bb\u4e8c\u4e09\u5341\u5e74\u897f\u65b9\u201c<wbr \/>\u4e2d\u56fd\u7814\u7a76\u201d\u4e00\u4e9b\u6d41\u884c\u5224\u65ad\uff0c\u5927\u80c6\u63d0\u51fa\u8d28\u7591\uff1a\u4e2d\u5171\u662f\u5426\u771f\u7684\u8d70\u5411\u4e86\u201c<wbr \/>\u5236\u5ea6\u5316\u7684\u96c6\u4f53\u9886\u5bfc\u201d\uff1f\u6743\u529b\u4ea4\u63a5\u662f\u4e0d\u662f\u5df2\u7ecf\u5e38\u89c4\u5316\u3001\u7a0b\u5e8f\u5316\uff1f\u201c<wbr \/>\u5a01\u6743\u97e7\u6027\u201d\u201c\u788e\u7247\u5316\u5a01\u6743\u4e3b\u4e49\u201d\u7684\u6545\u4e8b\u8bb2\u5f97\u70ed\u95f9\uff0c<wbr \/>\u662f\u5426\u906e\u853d\u4e86\u5217\u5b81\u4e3b\u4e49\u4f53\u5236\u7684\u6df1\u5c42\u903b\u8f91\uff1f\u5085\u58eb\u5353\u7ed9\u51fa\u7684\u56de\u7b54\u662f\uff1a<wbr \/>\u5f88\u591a\u770b\u4f3c\u201c\u8d70\u5411\u5e38\u6001\u5316\u201d\u7684\u8868\u8c61\uff0c<wbr \/>\u53ea\u662f\u5217\u5b81\u4e3b\u4e49\u4f53\u5236\u5728\u6539\u9769\u5e74\u4ee3\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u77ed\u6682\u53d8\u4f53\uff0c\u672c\u8d28\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u6539\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u4ece\u201c\u9093\u5f0f\u6743\u529b\u7ed3\u6784\u201d\u5230\u201c\u6539\u9769\u5217\u5b81\u4e3b\u4e49\u201d<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u4e66\u7684\u8d77\u70b9\u4e0d\u662f1978\u5e74\u4e09\u4e2d\u5168\u4f1a\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u201c\u9093\u5f0f\u6743\u529b\u7ed3\u6784\u201d\uff08<wbr \/>Dengist structure of power\uff09\u3002\u5728\u5085\u58eb\u5353\u7684\u5206\u6790\u91cc\uff0c\u9093\u5c0f\u5e73\u7559\u4e0b\u7684\u6700\u5927\u653f\u6cbb\u9057\u4ea7\uff0c<wbr \/>\u4e0d\u53ea\u662f\u201c\u6539\u9769\u5f00\u653e\u201d\u8fd9\u4e2a\u53e3\u53f7\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4e00\u6574\u5957\u7ed5\u5f00\u3001\u538b\u4f4f\u3001<wbr \/>\u53c8\u5229\u7528\u4f53\u5236\u7684\u6267\u653f\u65b9\u5f0f\uff1a\u6700\u9ad8\u9886\u5bfc\u4eba\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e0d\u5fc5\u517c\u4efb\u6240\u6709\u6b63\u5f0f\u804c\u52a1\uff0c<wbr \/>\u5374\u7262\u7262\u63e1\u4f4f\u519b\u961f\u3001\u4eba\u4e8b\u548c\u5173\u952e\u8bae\u9898\u7684\u5c0f\u7ec4\uff1b<wbr \/>\u515a\u5185\u5141\u8bb8\u6709\u9650\u5ea6\u7684\u653f\u7b56\u4e89\u8bba\uff0c\u4f46\u4eba\u4e8b\u5927\u6743\u96c6\u4e2d\u5728\u5c11\u6570\u201c\u6838\u5fc3\u201d\u624b\u91cc\uff1b<wbr \/>\u901a\u8fc7\u4e0d\u65ad\u8c03\u6574\u89c4\u5219\u6765\u7ba1\u7406\u63a5\u73ed\u4eba\uff0c<wbr \/>\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u628a\u6743\u529b\u771f\u6b63\u4ea4\u7ed9\u4e00\u4e2a\u7a33\u5b9a\u7684\u5236\u5ea6\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8fd9\u4e00\u5957\u5b89\u6392\uff0c\u65e2\u5ef6\u7eed\u4e86\u5217\u5b81\u4e3b\u4e49\u515a\u56fd\u201c\u4e00\u5143\u5316\u9886\u5bfc\u201d\u7684\u4f20\u7edf\uff0c<wbr \/>\u53c8\u5728\u6539\u9769\u8bed\u5883\u4e0b\u62ab\u4e0a\u201c\u96c6\u4f53\u51b3\u7b56\u201d\u201c\u4e13\u4e1a\u6cbb\u7406\u201d\u7684\u5916\u8863\u3002\u5085\u58eb\u5353\u7528\u201c<wbr \/>\u6539\u9769\u5217\u5b81\u4e3b\u4e49\u201d\uff08reform Leninism\uff09\u6765\u6982\u62ec\uff1a\u5728\u4e0d\u653e\u5f03\u5217\u5b81\u4e3b\u4e49\u7ec4\u7ec7\u539f\u5219\u7684\u524d\u63d0\u4e0b\uff0c<wbr \/>\u901a\u8fc7\u5e02\u573a\u5316\u548c\u6709\u9650\u5ea6\u7684\u5236\u5ea6\u5316\uff0c\u6765\u523a\u6fc0\u589e\u957f\u3001\u5b89\u629a\u7cbe\u82f1\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6846\u67b6\u4e0b\uff0c\u672c\u4e66\u524d\u51e0\u7ae0\u987a\u7740\u65f6\u95f4\u7ebf\u5c55\u5f00\uff1a<wbr \/>\u5148\u5199\u9093\u5c0f\u5e73\u5982\u4f55\u5904\u7f6e\u80e1\u8000\u90a6\u3001\u8d75\u7d2b\u9633\uff0c\u5982\u4f55\u5b89\u6392\u6c5f\u6cfd\u6c11\uff1b<wbr \/>\u518d\u5199\u6c5f\u6cfd\u6c11\u65f6\u4ee3\u901a\u8fc7\u4eba\u4e8b\u5e03\u5c40\u548c\u7ec4\u7ec7\u91cd\u7ec4\u5de9\u56fa\u6743\u529b\uff1b<wbr \/>\u63a5\u7740\u8ba8\u8bba\u80e1\u9526\u6d9b\u65f6\u671f\u6240\u8c13\u201c\u5236\u5ea6\u5316\u63a5\u73ed\u201d\u7684\u9ad8\u6f6e\u4e0e\u6781\u9650\uff1b<wbr \/>\u7136\u540e\u624d\u8fdb\u5165\u4e60\u8fd1\u5e73\u7684\u96c6\u6743\u4e0e\u201c\u518d\u5217\u5b81\u5316\u201d\u3002\u7ed3\u6784\u6e05\u6670\uff0c<wbr \/>\u91cd\u70b9\u59cb\u7ec8\u56f4\u7ed5\u4e00\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\uff1a\u5217\u5b81\u4e3b\u4e49\u4f53\u5236\u5728\u6539\u9769\u5e74\u4ee3\u662f\u600e\u6837\u88ab\u7ef4\u62a4\u3001<wbr \/>\u88ab\u6539\u9020\u3001\u88ab\u626d\u66f2\uff0c\u6700\u540e\u53c8\u88ab\u4e60\u8fd1\u5e73\u63a8\u5230\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u7684\u9636\u6bb5\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8fd9\u79cd\u5199\u6cd5\uff0c\u4e0e\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u201c\u6539\u9769\u53f2\u201d\u201c\u53d1\u5c55\u53f2\u201d\u5f88\u4e0d\u4e00\u6837\u3002<wbr \/>\u5f88\u591a\u4e2d\u56fd\u548c\u6d77\u5916\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\uff0c\u66f4\u4e60\u60ef\u4ece\u653f\u7b56\u7ebf\u7d22\u2014\u2014\u519c\u6751\u8054\u4ea7\u627f\u5305\u3001<wbr \/>\u56fd\u4f01\u6539\u9769\u3001\u5165\u4e16\u3001\u8131\u8d2b\u653b\u575a\u2014\u2014\u6765\u8bb2\u6545\u4e8b\u3002<wbr \/>\u5085\u58eb\u5353\u5219\u628a\u653f\u7b56\u653e\u5728\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4f4d\uff0c\u628a\u6743\u529b\u8fd0\u884c\u653e\u5728\u7b2c\u4e00\u4f4d\uff1a<wbr \/>\u8c01\u80fd\u51b3\u5b9a\u653f\u7b56\uff0c\u8c01\u80fd\u8c03\u52a8\u7ec4\u7ec7\u8d44\u6e90\uff0c\u8c01\u638c\u63e1\u6362\u5c4a\u63d0\u540d\u6743\uff0c<wbr \/>\u8c01\u5c31\u51b3\u5b9a\u4e86\u6539\u9769\u5411\u54ea\u91cc\u8d70\u3001\u505c\u5728\u4f55\u5904\u3002<wbr \/>\u8fd9\u8ba9\u5168\u4e66\u5e26\u4e0a\u9c9c\u660e\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u5b66\u8272\u5f69\uff0c\u4e5f\u903c\u7740\u8bfb\u8005\u628a\u76ee\u5149\u4ece\u201c\u53d1\u5c55\u5947\u8ff9\u201d<wbr \/>\u201c\u6cbb\u7406\u7ee9\u6548\u201d\u91cd\u65b0\u62c9\u56de\u5230\u4f53\u5236\u672c\u8eab\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u63a5\u73ed\u3001\u96c6\u4f53\u9886\u5bfc\u4e0e\u201c\u5236\u5ea6\u5316\u7684\u6781\u9650\u201d<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u4e8c\u5341\u591a\u5e74\u6765\uff0c\u897f\u65b9\u4e2d\u56fd\u7814\u7a76\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u6d41\u884c\u8bf4\u6cd5\uff1a\u9093\u4ee5\u540e\uff0c<wbr \/>\u4e2d\u5171\u9010\u6b65\u5b9e\u73b0\u4e86\u201c\u7cbe\u82f1\u653f\u6cbb\u7684\u5236\u5ea6\u5316\u201d\u548c\u201c\u96c6\u4f53\u9886\u5bfc\u201d\uff0c<wbr \/>\u6743\u529b\u4ea4\u63a5\u6309\u90e8\u5c31\u73ed\uff0c\u519b\u961f\u56fd\u5bb6\u5316\u7a0b\u5ea6\u63d0\u9ad8\uff0c\u515a\u5185\u4e0d\u518d\u4f9d\u8d56\u4e2a\u4eba\u9b45\u529b\uff0c<wbr \/>\u800c\u662f\u4f9d\u8d56\u7a0b\u5e8f\u4e0e\u60ef\u4f8b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5085\u58eb\u5353\u5728\u4e66\u4e2d\u9010\u6761\u62c6\u89e3\u8fd9\u4e00\u53d9\u4e8b\u3002\u4ed6\u5e76\u4e0d\u5426\u8ba4\u5236\u5ea6\u5316\u52aa\u529b\u7684\u5b58\u5728\uff0c<wbr \/>\u4f8b\u5982\u4efb\u671f\u5236\u3001\u5e74\u9f84\u4e0a\u9650\u3001\u201c\u4e03\u4e0a\u516b\u4e0b\u201d\u3001<wbr \/>\u653f\u6cbb\u5c40\u5e38\u59d4\u4eba\u6570\u5927\u81f4\u7a33\u5b9a\u7b49\u3002\u4f46\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u201c\u89c4\u5219\u201d\uff0c<wbr \/>\u4ece\u4e00\u5f00\u59cb\u5c31\u662f\u7531\u5f3a\u52bf\u9886\u8896\u4e0e\u5c0f\u5708\u5b50\u653f\u6cbb\u670d\u52a1\u7684\u5de5\u5177\uff0c<wbr \/>\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u53ef\u4ee5\u7ea6\u675f\u6700\u9ad8\u6743\u529b\u7684\u201c\u5baa\u6cd5\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4e66\u4e2d\u5173\u4e8e\u6c5f\u6cfd\u6c11\u548c\u80e1\u9526\u6d9b\u7684\u7ae0\u8282\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u6709\u52a9\u4e8e\u7406\u89e3\u8fd9\u79cd\u201c<wbr \/>\u6709\u9650\u5236\u5ea6\u5316\u201d\u7684\u771f\u5b9e\u8fb9\u754c\u3002\u6c5f\u6cfd\u6c11\u5229\u7528\u603b\u4e66\u8bb0\u3001<wbr \/>\u519b\u59d4\u4e3b\u5e2d\u548c\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e3b\u5e2d\u201c\u4e09\u4f4d\u4e00\u4f53\u201d\u7684\u6743\u529b\u7ec4\u5408\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u63d0\u62d4\u201c\u4e0a\u6d77\u5e2e\u201d<wbr \/>\u4e0e\u6280\u672f\u5b98\u50da\uff0c\u628a\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u529b\u63a8\u5230\u80e1\u9526\u6d9b\u65f6\u4ee3\uff1b<wbr \/>\u80e1\u9526\u6d9b\u867d\u7136\u540d\u4e49\u4e0a\u63a5\u73ed\uff0c\u5374\u5728\u5f88\u957f\u65f6\u95f4\u91cc\u88ab\u6c5f\u7cfb\u4eba\u9a6c\u5236\u8861\uff0c<wbr \/>\u65e2\u96be\u4ee5\u4e3b\u5bfc\u519b\u961f\uff0c\u4e5f\u96be\u4ee5\u5f7b\u5e95\u638c\u63a7\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7cfb\u7edf\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5085\u58eb\u5353\u628a\u80e1\u9526\u6d9b\u65f6\u4ee3\u6982\u62ec\u4e3a\u201c\u5236\u5ea6\u5316\u7684\u6781\u9650\u201d\uff1a<wbr \/>\u515a\u5185\u5f15\u5165\u4e86\u66f4\u591a\u7a0b\u5e8f\u3001\u96c6\u4f53\u51b3\u7b56\u540d\u4e49\u4e0a\u66f4\u91cd\u8981\uff0c<wbr \/>\u653f\u6cbb\u5c40\u5e38\u59d4\u7684\u5206\u5de5\u66f4\u7ec6\uff0c\u4f46\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u6743\u5a01\u5374\u88ab\u644a\u8584\uff0c\u8d23\u4efb\u4e0e\u6743\u529b\u9519\u4f4d\uff0c<wbr \/>\u5bfc\u81f4\u653f\u7b56\u7ecf\u5e38\u5448\u73b0\u201c\u62c9\u952f\u201d\u72b6\u6001\u3002\u91d1\u878d\u5371\u673a\u540e\u523a\u6fc0\u653f\u7b56\u7684\u540e\u9057\u75c7\u3001<wbr \/>\u5730\u65b9\u503a\u52a1\u81a8\u80c0\u3001\u8150\u8d25\u7cfb\u7edf\u5316\u3001\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\u7a7a\u5fc3\u5316\uff0c\u90fd\u662f\u8fd9\u79cd\u201c<wbr \/>\u6539\u9769\u5217\u5b81\u4e3b\u4e49\u201d\u5185\u5728\u77db\u76fe\u7d2f\u79ef\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u2014\u2014\u5236\u5ea6\u4f3c\u4e4e\u5728\u8d70\u5411\u6210\u719f\uff0c<wbr \/>\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u5374\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u96be\u4ee5\u534f\u8c03\u5229\u76ca\u3001\u7ea6\u675f\u6743\u529b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8fd9\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u5bf9\u4eca\u5929\u56de\u770b\u80e1\u9526\u6d9b\u65f6\u4ee3\u5c24\u4e3a\u91cd\u8981\u3002<wbr \/>\u56fd\u5185\u4e0d\u5c11\u8206\u8bba\u559c\u6b22\u628a\u90a3\u5341\u5e74\u7b80\u5355\u5730\u5f52\u7ed3\u4e3a\u201c\u8f6f\u5f31\u201d\u201c\u65e0\u4f5c\u4e3a\u201d\uff0c<wbr \/>\u6216\u8005\u76f8\u53cd\u7f8e\u5316\u4e3a\u201c\u9ec4\u91d1\u5341\u5e74\u201d\u3002\u5085\u58eb\u5353\u7684\u5206\u6790\u63d0\u9192\u8bfb\u8005\uff1a<wbr \/>\u90a3\u5341\u5e74\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u4e0d\u53ea\u662f\u9886\u5bfc\u4eba\u4e2a\u4eba\u6027\u683c\uff0c<wbr \/>\u800c\u662f\u5217\u5b81\u4e3b\u4e49\u4f53\u5236\u4e0e\u5e02\u573a\u5316\u6539\u9769\u7ed3\u5408\u540e\u5f62\u6210\u7684\u4e00\u6574\u5957\u201c\u75c5\u7406\u201d\uff08<wbr \/>pathologies of reform Leninism\uff09\uff1a\u6743\u8d23\u4e0d\u6e05\u3001\u5730\u65b9\u4e0e\u4e2d\u592e\u535a\u5f08\u3001\u7cbe\u82f1\u96c6\u56e2\u5206\u5316\u3001<wbr \/>\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\u4e0e\u73b0\u5b9e\u8131\u8282\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u4e60\u8fd1\u5e73\u7684\u96c6\u6743\u4e0e\u201c\u518d\u5217\u5b81\u5316\u201d<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u5728\u8fd9\u4e00\u7ed3\u6784\u4e0b\uff0c\u4e60\u8fd1\u5e73\u7684\u4e0a\u53f0\u5c31\u4e0d\u518d\u53ea\u662f\u201c\u4e2a\u4eba\u5d1b\u8d77\u201d\u7684\u6545\u4e8b\uff0c<wbr \/>\u800c\u88ab\u653e\u8fdb\u66f4\u5927\u7684\u56e0\u679c\u94fe\u6761\u3002\u5085\u58eb\u5353\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c<wbr \/>\u80e1\u9526\u6d9b\u65f6\u671f\u4e0d\u65ad\u66b4\u9732\u7684\u6cbb\u7406\u56f0\u5883\uff0c\u4e3a\u515a\u5185\u547c\u5524\u201c\u5f3a\u52bf\u9886\u8896\u201d<wbr \/>\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u571f\u58e4\u3002\u53cd\u8150\u3001\u6574\u98ce\u3001\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\u518d\u52a8\u5458\u3001\u519b\u961f\u91cd\u6574\uff0c<wbr \/>\u4e0d\u662f\u5076\u7136\u800c\u8d77\u7684\u51e0\u9879\u653f\u7b56\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4e00\u6b21\u7cfb\u7edf\u6027\u7684\u201c\u518d\u5217\u5b81\u5316\u201d\u5de5\u7a0b\uff1a<wbr \/>\u901a\u8fc7\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u53cd\u8150\uff0c\u6253\u6389\u653f\u6cbb\u3001\u519b\u961f\u3001\u56fd\u4f01\u548c\u5730\u65b9\u7684\u53e6\u7c7b\u6743\u529b\u7f51\u7edc\uff0c<wbr \/>\u628a\u5e72\u90e8\u91cd\u65b0\u7ed1\u56de\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7ebf\u4e0a\uff1b\u901a\u8fc7\u5f3a\u5316\u515a\u7ec4\u3001\u515a\u59d4\u548c\u5404\u7c7b\u9886\u5bfc\u5c0f\u7ec4\uff0c<wbr \/>\u628a\u515a\u5d4c\u5165\u56fd\u5bb6\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u6bcf\u4e00\u4e2a\u5173\u952e\u8282\u70b9\uff1b<wbr 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\/>\u95f4\u63a5\u4e3a\u6b64\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e0d\u5c11\u7ebf\u7d22\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7b2c\u4e8c\uff0c\u5bf9\u53f0\u6e7e\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u672c\u4e66\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u662f\u201c\u653f\u4f53\u89c6\u89d2\u201d\u7684\u8865\u8bfe\u3002<wbr \/>\u5f88\u591a\u5173\u4e8e\u4e24\u5cb8\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u4e89\u8bba\uff0c\u5bb9\u6613\u9677\u5165\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\u6216\u5730\u7f18\u653f\u6cbb\u6846\u67b6\uff0c<wbr \/>\u5ffd\u89c6\u5317\u4eac\u5bf9\u53f0\u653f\u7b56\u540c\u6837\u6df1\u53d7\u5217\u5b81\u4e3b\u4e49\u4f53\u5236\u903b\u8f91\u7684\u5236\u7ea6\uff1a<wbr \/>\u7edf\u4e00\u4e0d\u4ec5\u662f\u9886\u571f\u76ee\u6807\uff0c\u66f4\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u653f\u6743\u5408\u6cd5\u6027\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u652f\u6491\uff1b<wbr \/>\u5728\u5217\u5b81\u4e3b\u4e49\u8bed\u5883\u4e2d\uff0c\u201c\u5206\u88c2\u201d\u4e0e\u201c\u989c\u8272\u9769\u547d\u201d\u201c\u5916\u90e8\u6e17\u900f\u201d<wbr \/>\u5e38\u5e38\u88ab\u6253\u5305\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\u3002\u53ea\u6709\u7406\u89e3\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\uff0c<wbr 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src=\"https:\/\/ci3.googleusercontent.com\/meips\/ADKq_Na84uAyxRCVes36ZEWHXaDrY_kFvOFeDo5Q5RsQ0Hk8gU3DtHuEQj0IKcZhVNN5wXAl_QD-TCGJGTSYdTpy3vxuspLC_kTg32VcMTvHOYMdSlycqiMH8NpOd8Rvt5Bk4rjYHrqQN7fcfp20w1Gkde8UC0y0cDpA3oHsaUCIyEVSFyYK9M4Ibb90AzF0j0tgEHh-ZmMOgH809cD02bj8B0nKj6kSSx22oLqpSefTbygEzQ7PdNCs2VV_kT14N3CLgRA0GpY1khDxv-r5hHp0g4PSzYEBQjR-zmi7IfksoOoU1LTe5YiLRMsapx7fSf2sS-fw=s0-d-e1-ft#https:\/\/substackcdn.com\/image\/fetch\/$s_!dC33!,w_425,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep\/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb66b899a-b8f3-4efd-a455-cc63ab18b860_425x635.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"425\" height=\"635\" data-bit=\"iit\" \/><\/a><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<p><strong>\u5c1a\u5f85\u56de\u7b54\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff1a\u4ece\u7cbe\u82f1\u653f\u6cbb\u5230\u793e\u4f1a\u7ed3\u6784<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u90e8\u4ee5\u7cbe\u82f1\u653f\u6cbb\u4e3a\u4e3b\u7ebf\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\uff0c\u300a\u6539\u5f00\u56db\u5341\u5e74\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\u653f\u6cbb\u53f2\u300b<wbr \/>\u5728\u5206\u6790\u9ad8\u5c42\u535a\u5f08\u3001\u7ec4\u7ec7\u8fd0\u884c\u65b9\u9762\u53ef\u8c13\u624e\u5b9e\uff0c\u8d44\u6599\u7fd4\u5b9e\u3001\u903b\u8f91\u4e25\u5bc6\u3002<wbr \/>\u4f46\u5b83\u540c\u6837\u7559\u4e0b\u4e0d\u5c11\u503c\u5f97\u7ee7\u7eed\u8ffd\u95ee\u7684\u7a7a\u95f4\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5176\u4e00\uff0c\u662f\u793e\u4f1a\u7ed3\u6784\u4e0e\u653f\u6cbb\u4f53\u5236\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u4e92\u52a8\u3002\u4e66\u4e2d\u5bf9\u57ce\u4e61\u5206\u5316\u3001<wbr 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