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2\u3001 \u793e\u4f1a\u63a8\u7740\u653f\u6743\u8d70<\/strong><\/p>\n

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\u738b\u67cf\uff1a<\/strong>\u8bf4\u5230\u793e\u4f1a\u8fdb\u7a0b\u63a8\u7740\u653f\u6743\u8d70\uff0c\u6211\u60f3\u5230\uff0c\u5b66\u8005\u590f\u52c71993\u5e74\u5728\u505a\u4e00\u6b21\u519c\u6751\u8003\u5bdf\u7684\u65f6\u5019\u66fe\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u519c\u6c11\u5f97\u5230\u4e86\u201c\u5229\u76ca\u201d\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u8fd8\u60f3\u8981\u201c\u6743\u5229\u201d\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u4e0d\u662f\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u4f5c\u4e00\u79cd\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u8fdb\u7a0b\uff1f<\/p>\n

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\u5f20\u5d11\uff1a<\/strong>\u662f\uff0c\u7b80\u5355\u8bf4\uff0c\u65e2\u7136\u201c\u5229\u76ca\u201d\u662f\u4e00\u6b21\u6027\u7684\uff0c\u201c\u515a\u201d\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e0d\u505c\u5730\u201c\u4e3a\u7fa4\u4f17\u8c0b\u5229\u76ca\u201d\uff0c\u603b\u662f\u9886\u5bfc\u7fa4\u4f17\u3001\u4ee3\u8868\u7fa4\u4f17\u3002\u800c\u5982\u679c\u6c11\u4f17\u81ea\u5df1\u53bb\u8bc9\u6c42\u201c\u6743\u5229\u201d\uff0c\u201c\u515a\u201d\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u201c\u515a\u6c11\u5173\u7cfb\u201d\u4e2d\u5c31\u627e\u4e0d\u5230\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\u4e86\uff0c\u5728\u5171\u540c\u4f53\u7684\u201c\u5408\u6cd5\u5316\u201d\u8fdb\u7a0b\u4e2d\u5c31\u4f1a\u9010\u6e10\u88ab\u8fb9\u7f18\u5316\uff0c\u6700\u7ec8\u6dd8\u6c70\u51fa\u5c40\u3002\u5982\u679c\u6211\u4eec\u66f4\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u89e3\u6784\u8fd9\u79cd\u515a\u6c11\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bf4\uff0c\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\uff0c\u201c\u515a\u4e3a\u7fa4\u4f17\u8c0b\u5229\u76ca\u201d\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u754c\u5b9a\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u201c\u627f\u8bfa\u201d\u578b\u5173\u7cfb\u2014\u2014\u5f17\u6717\u897f\u65af\u00b7\u590f\u56fe\u96f7\u8bfa\uff08Francis Chateauraynaud\uff09\u66fe\u7ecf\u628a\u653f\u6cbb\u9886\u57df\u7684\u4e92\u52a8\u4ea4\u5f80\u884c\u4e3a\u5206\u6210\u4e09\u5927\u7c7b\uff1a\u627f\u8bfa\u3001\u59d4\u6258\u548c\u5951\u7ea6[1]<\/a>\u3002\u5728\u5f53\u6743\u8005\u548c\u666e\u901a\u6c11\u4f17\u4e4b\u95f4\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u666e\u901a\u6c11\u4f17\u6709\u4e2a\u4eba\u6743\u5229\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u9009\u7968\u628a\u90e8\u5206\u4e2a\u4eba\u6743\u5229\u59d4\u6258\u7ed9\u81ea\u5df1\u949f\u610f\u7684\u5019\u9009\u4eba\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u4ee3\u8bae\u6c11\u4e3b\u5236\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u3002\u5982\u679c\u666e\u901a\u6c11\u4f17\u6ca1\u6709\u4e2a\u4eba\u6743\u5229\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5c31\u6ca1\u6709\u4ec0\u4e48\u53ef\u59d4\u6258\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u53ea\u80fd\u50cf\u5bb6\u5ead\u4e2d\u7684\u5b69\u5b50\u90a3\u6837\uff0c\u7b49\u5f85\u5bb6\u957f\u7684\u627f\u8bfa\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u4e5f\u610f\u8bc6\u5230\uff0c\u8981\u8ffd\u6c42\u6709\u9009\u7968\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u5236\u5ea6\uff0c\u9996\u5148\u8981\u8ffd\u6c42\u4fdd\u969c\u4e2a\u4eba\u6743\u5229\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u8fde\u4e2a\u4eba\u6743\u5229\u90fd\u6ca1\u6709\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u5c31\u6ca1\u6709\u4ec0\u4e48\u597d\u59d4\u6258\u7684\uff0c\u81ea\u7136\u6784\u5efa\u4e0d\u51fa\u4ee3\u8bae\u6c11\u4e3b\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u201d\u59d4\u6258\u201c\u5173\u7cfb\u3002<\/p>\n

3\u3001 \u7ef4\u6743\u8fd0\u52a8\u906d\u9047\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u6001\u9677\u9631<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u738b\u67cf\uff1a<\/strong>\u5728\u6539\u9769\u5f00\u653e\u7684\u65f6\u4ee3\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u4e00\u5ea6\u6709\u5f88\u6d3b\u8dc3\u7684\u6c11\u95f4\u7ef4\u6743\u8fd0\u52a8\u3002\u5982\u679c\u8bf4\u7ef4\u201c\u6743\u201d\u8fd0\u52a8\u8fd8\u6709\u70b9\u548c\u653f\u6743\u5bf9\u6297\u7684\u610f\u5473\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\uff0c\u4ea7\u6743\u7684\u660e\u6670\uff0c\u5c31\u4e0d\u4f46\u4e0d\u662f\u4e0e\u653f\u6743\u7684\u5bf9\u6297\uff0c\u8fd8\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u653f\u6743\u60f3\u8981\u7a33\u5b9a\u3001\u7ecf\u6d4e\u60f3\u8981\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u81ea\u7136\u8981\u6c42\u3002\u201c\u754c\u5b9a\u4ea7\u6743\u201d\u4e00\u5ea6\u662f\u4e2d\u56fd\u5e02\u573a\u5316\u6539\u9769\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u3002\u770b\u8d77\u6765\u6709\u70b9\u77db\u76fe\u7684\u5730\u65b9\u5c31\u5728\u4e8e\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u8bf4\u4e2d\u5171\u4e0d\u627f\u8ba4\u201c\u6743\u5229\u201d\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\uff0c\u4e2d\u5171\u53c8\u600e\u4e48\u53ef\u80fd\u6210\u529f\u63a8\u884c\u5e02\u573a\u5316\u6539\u9769\uff1f<\/p>\n

\u5f20\u5d11\uff1a\u5728\u6211\u770b\u6765\uff0c\u201c\u7ef4\u6743\u8fd0\u52a8\u201d\u4e0e\u201c\u754c\u5b9a\u4ea7\u6743\u201d\u7684\u8981\u5bb3\uff0c\u90fd\u5728\u201c\u6743\u5229\u201d\u5185\u6db5\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u53d8\u5f02\u3002\u5982\u679c\u6211\u4eec\u5bf9\u7167\u4e00\u4e0b1993\u5e74\u4e2d\u517114\u5c4a3\u4e2d\u5168\u4f1a\u5e02\u573a\u5316\u6539\u9769\u603b\u7eb2\u9886\u548c2003\u5e74\u4e2d\u517116\u5c4a3\u4e2d\u5168\u4f1a\u5341\u5e74\u5e02\u573a\u5316\u6539\u9769\u603b\u7ed3\uff0c\u5c31\u4f1a\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c1993\u5e74\u6587\u4ef6\u4e2d\u7684\u201c\u5229\u76ca\u201d\uff0c\u52302003\u5e74\u53d8\u6210\u4e86\u201c\u6743\u76ca\u201d\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u5b57\u4e4b\u5dee\uff0c\u5374\u5927\u6709\u6587\u7ae0\u3002\u201c\u5229\u76ca\u201d\u7531\u515a\u6765\u5206\u914d\uff0c\u201c\u6743\u5229\u201d\u5c31\u53d8\u6210\u4e86\u81ea\u5df1\u6839\u636e\u6cd5\u5f8b\u6765\u4e89\u53d6\uff0c\u8fd9\u53ef\u662f\u4e2d\u5171\u6240\u4e0d\u613f\u770b\u5230\u7684\u3002\u5728\u5b9e\u9645\u7684\u535a\u5f08\u4e2d\uff0c\u5e73\u6c11\u4e0e\u653f\u6743\uff0c\u5728\u201c\u5229\u76ca\u201d\u4e0e\u201c\u6743\u5229\u201d\u4e4b\u95f4\uff0c\u627e\u5230\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u5e73\u8861\u70b9\uff1a\u201c\u6743\u76ca\u201d\u3002<\/strong>\u5f20\u9759\u6559\u6388\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u663e\u793a\uff0c\u519c\u6c11\u6309\u7167\u201c\u6743\u5229\u201d\u7684\u754c\u5b9a\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u6307\u51fa\u81ea\u5df1\u6309\u7167\u6743\u5229\u5e94\u8be5\u83b7\u5f97\u591a\u5c11\u201c\u5229\u76ca\u201d\uff0c\u653f\u6743\u627f\u8ba4\u8fd9\u4e2a\u201c\u5229\u76ca\u201d\uff0c\u4f46\u4e0d\u627f\u8ba4\u519c\u6c11\u5177\u6709\u201c\u6743\u5229\u201d\u3002\u8fd9\u5c31\u9020\u6210\u4e86\uff1a\u79f0\u201c\u5229\u76ca\u201d\u519c\u6c11\u4e0d\u80af\uff0c\u79f0\u201c\u6743\u5229\u201d\u653f\u6743\u4e0d\u80af\u3002\u4e8e\u662f\uff0c\u53cc\u65b9\u59a5\u534f\u4e4b\u4e0b\uff0c\u4e24\u4e2a\u8bcd\u4e2d\u5404\u53d6\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b57\uff0c\u5728\u201c\u6743\u76ca\u201d\u5904\u8fbe\u6210\u4e86\u535a\u5f08\u7684\u5e73\u8861[2]<\/a>\u3002<\/p>\n

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4\u3001\u5ba1\u8bae\u6c11\u4e3b\uff1a\u4ece\u201c\u5747\u8861\u653f\u6cbb\u201d\u8f6c\u5411\u201c\u5171\u8bc6\u653f\u6cbb\u201d<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u738b\u67cf\uff1a<\/strong>\u4f60\u7684\u610f\u601d\u662f\uff0c\u4e2d\u5171\u7528\u201c\u6743\u76ca\u201d\u4ee3\u66ff\u201c\u6743\u5229\u201d\uff0c\u8ba9\u6c11\u4f17\u6301\u7eed\u5904\u4e8e\u6ca1\u6709\u201c\u6743\u5229\u201d\u53ef\u4ee5\u59d4\u6258\u7684\u72b6\u6001\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u8ba9\u4ee3\u8bae\u5236\u6c11\u4e3b\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u6ca1\u6709\u5fc5\u987b\u7684\u6210\u957f\u571f\u58e4\u2014\u2014\u6240\u8c13\u88ab\u201c\u91dc\u5e95\u62bd\u85aa\u201d\u3002\u4f46\u5373\u4fbf\u771f\u7684\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u5373\u4fbf\u4e2d\u5171\u7684\u7b56\u7565\u662f\u6210\u529f\u7684\uff0c\u53ef\u662f\u5c31\u50cf\u6211\u4eec\u521a\u521a\u8c08\u5230\u7684\uff0c\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e5f\u4e0d\u53ea\u662f\u4ee3\u8bae\u5236\u4e00\u79cd\u3002\u6bd4\u5982\uff0c\u201cdeliberative democracy\u201d\u3002\u7b80\u5355\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u4e0e\u4ee3\u8bae\u6c11\u4e3b\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u201cdeliberative democracy\u201d\u66f4\u5f3a\u8c03\u5546\u8c08\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u9009\u7968\u3002\u4e0d\u7ba1\u7ffb\u8bd1\u6210\u201c\u5ba1\u8bae\u201d\u4e5f\u597d\uff0c\u53eb\u201c\u534f\u5546\u201d\u4e5f\u597d\uff0c\u8fd9\u90e8\u5206\u8bdd\u9898\u5728\u56fd\u5185\u56fd\u9645\u90fd\u5f88\u53d7\u5173\u6ce8\u3002\u7279\u522b\u662f\u5728\u56fd\u5185\uff0c\u4e5f\u8bb8\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u73b0\u884c\u4f53\u5236\u4e2d\u4f5c\u4e3a\u57fa\u672c\u653f\u6cbb\u5236\u5ea6\u4e4b\u4e00\u7684\u201c\u653f\u534f\u201d\u5728\u5b57\u9762\u4e0a\u4e5f\u6709\u201c\u534f\u5546\u201d\u7684\u8bf4\u6cd5\uff0c\u201c\u534f\u5546\u6c11\u4e3b\u201d\u751a\u81f3\u4e00\u5ea6\u6210\u4e3a\u56fd\u5185\u653f\u6cbb\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u70ed\u95e8\u8bdd\u9898\u3002\u6211\u8bb0\u5f97\u5728\u80e1\u6e29\u65f6\u4ee3\uff0c\u50cf\u6d59\u6c5f\u6e29\u5cad\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u6073\u8c08\u4f1a\u7b49\u5730\u65b9\u521b\u65b0\uff0c\u4e5f\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u63a8\u52a8\u534f\u5546\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u5b9e\u8df5\u3002\u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u9664\u6b64\u4e4b\u5916\u8fd8\u6709\u5f88\u591a\u5176\u4ed6\u66f4\u8d34\u8fd1\u4e3b\u6d41\u3001\u66f4\u8d34\u8fd1\u4f53\u5236\u7684\u8ba8\u8bba\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\uff0c\u5982\u4f55\u66f4\u597d\u5730\u53d1\u6325\u653f\u534f\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5982\u4f55\u53c2\u4e0e\u534f\u5546\u3001\u5982\u4f55\u66f4\u597d\u5730\u5efa\u8a00\u732e\u7b56\uff0c\u7b49\u7b49\u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e\u201c\u5ba1\u8bae\u6c11\u4e3b\u201d\uff0c\u4f60\u6709\u4ec0\u4e48\u6837\u7684\u770b\u6cd5\uff1f<\/p>\n

\u5f20\u5d11\uff1a\u521a\u624d\u8c08\u5230\u627f\u8bfa\u3001\u59d4\u6258\u548c\u5951\u7ea6\u4e09\u5927\u653f\u6cbb\u4e92\u52a8\u7c7b\u578b\u3002\u4e13\u5236\u653f\u4f53\u901a\u5e38\u662f\u627f\u8bfa\u7c7b\u578b\uff0c\u4ee3\u8bae\u5236\u6c11\u4e3b\u901a\u5e38\u662f\u59d4\u6258\u7c7b\u578b\u3002\u5176\u5b9e\uff0c\u66f4\u52a0\u201c\u6c11\u4e3b\u201d\u7684\u7c7b\u578b\uff0c\u5e94\u8be5\u662f\u66f4\u590d\u6742\u7684\u5951\u7ea6\u7c7b\u578b\u3002\u201c\u5ba1\u8bae\u6c11\u4e3b\u201d\u4ece\u539f\u7406\u4e0a\uff0c\u662f\u5411\u7740\u5951\u7ea6\u578b\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u5c1d\u8bd5\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u5b83\u6709\u5176\u4e0e\u751f\u4ff1\u6765\u7684\u9650\u5236\u3002\u5728\u201c\u5ba1\u8bae\u6c11\u4e3b\u201d\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u65e9\u671f\uff0c1985\u5e74\uff0c\u653f\u6cbb\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u4f2f\u7eb3\u5fb7\u00b7\u66fc\u5b81\u53d1\u8868\u4e86\u4e00\u7bc7\u9898\u4e3a\u300a\u516c\u610f\uff0c\u8fd8\u662f\u5ba1\u8bae\uff1f\u300b\u7684\u8457\u540d\u8bba\u6587[3]<\/a>\uff0c\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\u7ed9\u201c\u5ba1\u8bae\u6c11\u4e3b\u201d\u7406\u8bba\u5b9a\u4e0b\u4e86\u57fa\u8c03\uff1a\u201c\u5ba1\u8bae\u6c11\u4e3b\u201d\u57fa\u4e8e\u5362\u68ad\u793e\u4f1a\u5951\u7ea6\u8bba\u4e2d\u7684\u201c\u4f17\u610f\u201d\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u201c\u516c\u610f\u201d\u3002\u8fd9\u91cc\u7684\u533a\u522b\u662f\uff1a\u201c\u4f17\u610f\u201d\u662f\u591a\u6570\u539f\u5219\uff0c\u201c\u516c\u610f\u201d\u662f\u5168\u4f53\u4e00\u81f4\u540c\u610f\u539f\u5219\u3002\u66fc\u5b81\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8ffd\u6c42\u201c\u516c\u610f\u201d\u8fc7\u4e8e\u5962\u4f88\uff0c\u4e0d\u73b0\u5b9e\uff0c\u56e0\u800c\u9000\u800c\u6c42\u5176\u6b21\uff0c\u8fd9\u624d\u4ee5\u201c\u4f17\u610f\u201d\u4e3a\u76ee\u6807\uff0c\u5960\u57fa\u4e86\u4eca\u5929\u7684\u5ba1\u8bae\u6c11\u4e3b\u7406\u8bba\u3002\u5982\u6b64\u4e00\u6765\uff0c\u5ba1\u8bae\u4e5f\u597d\uff0c\u534f\u5546\u4e5f\u597d\uff0c\u90fd\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u901a\u8fc7\u793e\u4f1a\u4ea4\u5f80\u884c\u4e3a\u8fbe\u6210\u6700\u591a\u4eba\u540c\u610f\u7684\u610f\u89c1\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u53eb\u201c\u5171\u8bc6\u201d\u3002\u57fa\u4e8e\u54c8\u8d1d\u9a6c\u65af\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u4ea4\u5f80\u884c\u4e3a\u7406\u8bba\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u53d1\u5c55\u51fa\u591a\u79cd\u591a\u6837\u7684\u5ba1\u8bae\u6216\u534f\u5546\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u4e14\u4e0d\u9650\u4e8e\u8bf4\u670d\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\uff0c\u5ba1\u8bae\u6c11\u4e3b\u76f8\u6bd4\u4ee3\u8bae\u6c11\u4e3b\uff0c\u5728\u5f62\u5f0f\u4e0a\u662f\u8d85\u8d8a\u7684\uff0c\u662f\u5728\u66f4\u6839\u672c\u7684\u6c11\u4f17\u610f\u89c1\u4e0a\u4e0b\u529f\u592b\uff0c\u6c42\u5f97\u6700\u5927\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u5171\u8bc6\u3002\u793e\u4f1a\u5171\u8bc6\u6709\u4e86\uff0c\u4ee3\u8bae\u5236\u6c11\u4e3b\u5c31\u4f1a\u66f4\u5f3a\u56fa\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u60f3\u6cd5\u770b\u8d77\u6765\u5f88\u597d\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u73b0\u5b9e\u5374\u603b\u662f\u51fa\u610f\u5916\u3002<\/p>\n

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5\u3001 \u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u672c\u6027\u662f\u8eab\u4efd\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u72b6\u6001<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u738b\u67cf\uff1a<\/strong>\u7684\u786e\uff0c\u6b63\u5982\u4f60\u63d0\u5230\u7684\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u5355\u4ece\u201c\u6c11\u4e3b\u4f53\u5236\u201d\u7684\u89c6\u89d2\u6765\u770b\uff0c\u60c5\u5f62\u5f88\u96be\u8ba9\u6211\u4eec\u611f\u5230\u4e50\u89c2\u3002\u5e76\u4e14\u5728\u5168\u7403\u8303\u56f4\u5185\uff0c\u73b0\u6709\u6c11\u4e3b\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u8fd0\u884c\uff0c\u90fd\u5728\u4e00\u5b9a\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u9047\u5230\u4e00\u4e9b\u95ee\u9898\u548c\u6311\u6218\u3002\u6bd4\u5982\u6cd5\u56fd\u201c\u9ec4\u9a6c\u7532\u201d\u8fd0\u52a8\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u7f8e\u56fd2020\u5e74\u603b\u7edf\u9009\u4e3e\u7b49\u3002\u7279\u522b\u662f\u7f8e\u56fd2020\u5e74\u5927\u9009\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bf4\u76f4\u5230\u73b0\u5728\u4ecd\u7136\u4f59\u6ce2\u672a\u6d88\uff0c\u4e0d\u540c\u7fa4\u4f53\u5404\u6267\u4e00\u8bcd\uff0c\u90fd\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5bf9\u65b9\u7684\u6240\u4f5c\u6240\u4e3a\u662f\u5bf9\u6c11\u4e3b\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u6781\u5927\u7834\u574f\u3002\u4f60\u5728\u8fd9\u65b9\u9762\u6709\u4ec0\u4e48\u89c1\u89e3\uff1f<\/p>\n

\u5f20\u5d11\uff1a<\/strong>\u5176\u5b9e\uff0c\u5173\u4e8e\u201c\u6c11\u4e3b\u201d\u6700\u7ecf\u5178\u7684\u8bba\u8ff0\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u6258\u514b\u7ef4\u5c14\u300a\u8bba\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u300b\u4e00\u4e66\u4e86\u3002\u653f\u6cbb\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u76ae\u57c3\u5c14\u00b7\u9a6c\u5357\u5728\u5176\u89e3\u8bfb\u8fd9\u672c\u8457\u4f5c\u7684\u300a\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u672c\u6027\uff1a\u6258\u514b\u7ef4\u5c14\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u54f2\u5b66\u300b\u4e2d\u6e05\u6670\u5730\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u5bf9\u6258\u514b\u7ef4\u5c14\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u6c11\u4e3b\u7684\u672c\u6027\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u793e\u4f1a\u72b6\u6001[4]<\/a>\u3002\u800c\u4ee3\u8bae\u5236\u6c11\u4e3b\u5236\u5ea6\u906d\u9047\u6311\u6218\uff0c\u662f\u793e\u4f1a\u72b6\u6001\u6539\u53d8\u7684\u5f81\u8c61\uff0c\u5b83\u8981\u6c42\u6c11\u4e3b\u66f4\u6df1\u523b\u5730\u53cd\u7701\u81ea\u8eab\uff0c\u8fdb\u800c\u6539\u8fdb\u548c\u5b8c\u5584\u81ea\u8eab\u3002<\/strong><\/p>\n

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6 \u3001\u201c\u81ea\u613f\u884c\u52a8\u201d\u4e0e\u516c\u6c11\u793e\u4f1a<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u738b\u67cf\uff1a<\/strong>\u90a3\u4e48\uff0c\u8fd9\u6837\u8bf4\u7684\u8bdd\uff0c\u7406\u89e3\u6c11\u4e3b\u672c\u6027\u7684\u5173\u952e\uff0c\u5c31\u843d\u5230\u4e86\u201c\u81ea\u613f\u5730\u884c\u52a8\u201d\u4e0a\u4e86\u3002\u201c\u81ea\u613f\u5730\u884c\u52a8\u201d\uff0c\u6700\u4e3a\u91cd\u8981\uff1f<\/p>\n

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\u00a0<\/strong>\u738b\u67cf<\/strong>\uff1a\u6c11\u95f4\u793e\u4f1a\u63a8\u52a8\u653f\u6743\u53bb\u9002\u5e94\u793e\u4f1a\u53d8\u5316\uff0c\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u5728\u4e2d\u56fd\u53d1\u751f\u4e86\u5417\uff1f<\/p>\n

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7\u3001 \u6c11\u4e3b\u5316\u5386\u53f2\u8fdb\u7a0b\u7684\u52a8\u529b\u6e90\u4e8e\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u81ea\u6211\u5b9e\u73b0<\/strong><\/p>\n

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\u6ce8\u91ca\uff1a<\/strong><\/p>\n

[1]<\/a> \u5f20\u5d11\uff0c 2008-2022\u5e74\u4e8e\u6cd5\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u9ad8\u7b49\u7814\u7a76\u9662\uff08EHESS\uff09\u5b66\u4e60\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\uff0c\u4e3b\u653b\u5f53\u4ee3\u4e2d\u56fd\u53f2\uff0c\u5148\u540e\u83b7\u5f97EHESS\u6587\u51ed\u3001\u7855\u58eb\u5b66\u4f4d\u548c\u535a\u58eb\u5b66\u4f4d\u3002\u5e38\u5c45\u6cd5\u56fd\u5df4\u9ece\u3002<\/p>\n

\u738b\u67cf\uff08\u7b14\u540d\uff09\uff0c\u7ba1\u7406\u5b66\u535a\u58eb\uff0c\u4ea6\u6709\u6cd5\u5b66\u80cc\u666f\u3002\u7814\u7a76\u65b9\u5411\u4e3a\u4e2d\u56fd\u516c\u6c11\u793e\u4f1a\u53ca\u515a-\u653f-\u793e\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\u66fe\u5728\u5317\u4eac<\/p>\n

\u5b66\u4e60\u3001\u5de5\u4f5c\u591a\u5e74\uff0c\u957f\u671f\u5173\u6ce8\u4e2d\u56fd\u8349\u6839\u6c11\u95f4\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u3002\u73b0\u5c45\u82f1\u56fd\u3002<\/p>\n

[1]<\/a> Francis Chateauraynaud, La contrainte argumentative. Les formes de l\u2019argumentation entre cadres d\u00e9lib\u00e9ratifs et puissances d\u2019expression politiques<\/em> , Revue europ\u00e9enne des sciences sociales, XLV-136 | 2007.<\/p>\n

[2]<\/a> \u5f20\u9759,\u300a\u4e8c\u5143\u6574\u5408\u79e9\u5e8f : \u4e00\u4e2a\u8d22\u4ea7\u7ea0\u7eb7\u6848\u7684\u5206\u6790\u300b\uff0c\u300a\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u300b 2005\u5e74\u7b2c3\u671f\uff0c\u7b2c1-19\u9875.<\/p>\n

[3]<\/a> MANIN Bernard, Volont\u00e9 g\u00e9n\u00e9rale ou d\u00e9lib\u00e9ration\u00a0? Esquisse d’une th\u00e9orie de la d\u00e9lib\u00e9ration politique<\/em>\u00a0,\u00a0Le D\u00e9bat, 1985\/1 (n\u00b0 33), p. 72-94.<\/p>\n

[4]<\/a> Pierre Manent, Tocqueville et la nature de la d\u00e9mocratie<\/em>, Paris, Gallimard, 2006, 196p.<\/p>\n

[5]<\/a> Isabelle Thireau, Hua Linshan, Les ruses de la d\u00e9mocratie\u00a0: Protester en Chine,<\/em> \u00c9ditions du Seuil, coll. \u00ab L’histoire imm\u00e9diate \u00bb, 2010, 450 p.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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