{"id":947,"date":"2023-02-12T12:05:27","date_gmt":"2023-02-12T17:05:27","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/chinademocrats.org\/?p=947"},"modified":"2023-04-10T21:36:23","modified_gmt":"2023-04-11T01:36:23","slug":"steven-fish-%e8%92%99%e5%8f%a4%ef%bc%9a%e6%b2%a1%e6%9c%89%e5%85%88%e5%86%b3%e6%9d%a1%e4%bb%b6%e7%9a%84%e6%b0%91%e4%b8%bb","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/chinademocrats.org\/?p=947","title":{"rendered":"Steven Fish | \u8499\u53e4\uff1a\u6ca1\u6709\u5148\u51b3\u6761\u4ef6\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u53f2\u8482\u6587\u00b7\u83f2\u4ec0[1]<\/a>\u00a0 \u00a0\u6587<\/p>\n

\u5f90\u884c\u5065 \u8bd1\uff0c\u9648\u80b2\u56fd[2]<\/a> \u5ba1\u6821<\/p>\n

\u7f16\u6309<\/strong>\uff1a\u672c\u6587\u539f\u8f7d\u4e8e1998\u5e74\u7f8e\u56fd\u300a\u6c11\u4e3b\u5b63\u520a\u300b\uff08Journal of Democracy\uff09\u7b2c3\u671f\u3002\u9009\u62e9\u8fd9\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0\uff0c\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u63a2\u8ba8\u4e86\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u90bb\u56fd\u2014\u2014\u8499\u53e4\u2014\u2014\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u5728\u6700\u4e0d\u5229\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u6761\u4ef6\u4e0b\u6210\u529f\u8f6c\u578b\u4e3a\u6c11\u4e3b\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u3002\u8499\u53e4\u548c\u4e00\u4e9b\u5e73\u7a77\u56fd\u5bb6\u6c11\u4e3b\u8f6c\u578b\u7684\u6210\u529f\u4e5f\u5bf9\u8457\u540d\u7684\u73b0\u4ee3\u5316\u7406\u8bba\uff0c\u5373\u8ba4\u4e3a\u6c11\u4e3b\u4f9d\u8d56\u4e8e\u7ecf\u6d4e\u53d1\u5c55\u7a0b\u5ea6\u7684\u7406\u8bba\uff0c\u6784\u6210\u4e86\u6311\u6218\u3002\u611f\u8c22\u7ea6\u7ff0.\u970d\u666e\u91d1\u65af\u5927\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u793e\u540c\u610f\u6211\u4eec\u53d1\u8868\u6b64\u6587\u4e2d\u6587\u7248\u3002<\/p>\nhttps:\/\/chinademocrats.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/\u8499\u53e41.mp3<\/a><\/audio>\nhttps:\/\/chinademocrats.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/\u8499\u53e42.mp3<\/a><\/audio>\nhttps:\/\/chinademocrats.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/\u8499\u53e43.mp3<\/a><\/audio>\n

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\u5236\u5ea6\u7684\u9009\u62e9<\/strong><\/h5>\n

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\u5baa\u6cd5\u7684\u5236\u5b9a\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u662f\u5728\u6fc0\u70c8\u4f46\u975e\u66b4\u529b\u7684\u4e89\u8bba\u4e2d\u5c55\u5f00\u7684\uff0c\u8fd9\u5bf9\u5851\u9020\u65b0\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u653f\u6743\u5177\u6709\u91cd\u5927\u610f\u4e49\u3002\u5efa\u56fd\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u4e5f\u540c\u6837\u91cd\u8981\u3002\u5173\u4e8e\u653f\u6743\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u51b3\u5b9a\u2014\u2014\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u653f\u5e9c\u673a\u5173\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u6743\u529b\u5206\u914d\u2014\u2014\u662f\u81f3\u5173\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u3002\u5927\u547c\u62c9\u5c14\u57281992\u5e741\u6708\u6279\u51c6\u7684\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u89c4\u5b9a\u4e86\u534a\u603b\u7edf\u5236\uff0c\u5927\u81f4\u4eff\u6548\u6cd5\u56fd\u6a21\u5f0f\uff0c\u4f46\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u66f4\u5f3a\u5927\u7684\u7acb\u6cd5\u673a\u6784\u3002\u5728\u8d77\u8349\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u8fa9\u8bba\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u95ee\u9898\u662f\u91c7\u7528\u603b\u7edf\u5236\u8fd8\u662f\u8bae\u4f1a\u5236\u3002\u6700\u540e\uff0c\u8bae\u4f1a\u5236\u7684\u4e3b\u5f20\u8005\u8d62\u5f97\u4e86\u4ed6\u4eec\u6240\u8ffd\u6c42\u7684\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u76ee\u6807\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u8bbe\u7acb\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u62e5\u6709\u5426\u51b3\u6743\u5e76\u901a\u8fc7\u76f4\u63a5\u9009\u4e3e\uff08\u9996\u6b21\u57281993\u5e74\uff09\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u603b\u7edf\u804c\u4f4d\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u5bf9\u65e0\u9650\u5236\u7684\u8bae\u4f1a\u6743\u529b\u5f62\u6210\u4e86\u5236\u7ea6\u3002\u5baa\u6cd5\u8fd8\u89c4\u5b9a\u4e86\u56fd\u5bb6\u5b9e\u884c\u5355\u4e00\u5236\u800c\u975e\u8054\u90a6\u5236\u3002[8]<\/a><\/p>\n

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\u8fd9\u79cd\u770b\u6cd5\u7684\u539f\u56e0\u7262\u7262\u690d\u6839\u4e8e\u8499\u53e4\u56fd\u5171\u4ea7\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u7279\u70b9\u3002\u5728\u82cf\u8054\u65f6\u671f\u7684\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u5386\u53f2\u4e2d\uff0c\u8499\u53e4\u5148\u540e\u88ab\u4e0b\u9762\u4e24\u4e2a\u4eba\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u6240\u652f\u914d\u3002\u970d\u5c14\u6d1b\u00b7\u4e54\u5df4\u5c71\uff08Horloogiyn Choybalsan\uff09\u65e0\u5f02\u4e8e\u65af\u5927\u6797\u6d3e\u9a7b\u8499\u53e4\u7684\u8b66\u957f\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u72ec\u88c1\u7edf\u6cbb\u65f6\u671f\u51e0\u4e4e\u4e0e\u65af\u5927\u6797\u5728\u82cf\u8054\u7684\u7edf\u6cbb\u540c\u751f\u5171\u6b7b\u3002\u57281952\u5e74\u4e54\u5df4\u5c71\u53bb\u4e16\u540e\u768432\u5e74\u91cc\uff0c\u552f\u4e00\u7684\u7edf\u6cbb\u8005\u5c24\u7766\u4f73\u00b7\u6cfd\u767b\u5df4\u5c14\uff08Yumjaagiyn Tsedenbal\uff09\u59cb\u7ec8\u541b\u4e34\u8499\u53e4\u3002\u5728\u56fd\u5185\uff0c\u6cfd\u767b\u5df4\u5c14\u72ec\u65ad\u4e13\u884c\uff0c\u751f\u6d3b\u5962\u534e\u3002\u80fd\u8bf4\u660e\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u4e0e\u82cf\u8054\u548c\u4e1c\u6b27\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u7684\u5927\u591a\u6570\u603b\u4e66\u8bb0\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u6cfd\u767b\u5df4\u5c14\u4e0d\u662f\u4f4f\u5728\u4e00\u5957\u9690\u85cf\u5728\u5b88\u536b\u68ee\u4e25\u4f46\u5e76\u4e0d\u663e\u773c\u7684\u5927\u697c\u4e2d\u7684\u8c6a\u534e\u516c\u5bd3\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4f4f\u5728\u9996\u90fd\u4e2d\u5fc3\u7684\u4e00\u5ea7\u8c6a\u5b85\u4e4b\u4e2d\u3002\u4ed6\u5bf9\u5f85\u4ed6\u7684\u82cf\u8054\u540c\u884c\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u52c3\u5217\u65e5\u6d85\u592b\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u6bd4\u82cf\u8054\u96c6\u56e2\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u9886\u5bfc\u4eba\u66f4\u52a0\u8c04\u5a9a\uff0c\u4e5f\u8bb8\u6bd4\u4e0d\u4e0a\u4fdd\u52a0\u5229\u4e9a\u7684\u6258\u591a\u5c14\u00b7\u65e5\u592b\u79d1\u592b\uff08Todor Zhivkov\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n

\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u8bb8\u591a\u8499\u53e4\u4eba\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5728\u82cf\u8054\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u653f\u6743\u4e0e\u5176\u8bf4\u662f\u4e00\u515a\u4e13\u653f\uff0c\u4e0d\u5982\u8bf4\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u4ee5\u5080\u5121\u4e3a\u5934\u76ee\u7684\u4e2a\u4eba\u72ec\u88c1\u653f\u6743\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5bf9\u8bb8\u591a\u540e\u5171\u4ea7\u4e3b\u4e49\u5baa\u6cd5\u7684\u5236\u5b9a\u8005\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u65e0\u8bba\u662f\u4eba\u6c11\u9769\u547d\u515a\u6210\u5458\u8fd8\u662f\u53cd\u5bf9\u6d3e\uff0c\u8981\u6210\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u6c11\u4e3b\u4eba\u58eb\u548c\u7231\u56fd\u8005\uff0c\u5c31\u5fc5\u987b\u652f\u6301\u4e00\u4e2a\u5f3a\u5927\u7684\u8bae\u4f1a\u3002\u8bb8\u591a\u5baa\u6cd5\u5236\u5b9a\u8005\u8fd8\u5bfb\u6c42\u8bbe\u7acb\u8fd9\u6837\u4e00\u4e2a\u603b\u7edf\u804c\u4f4d\uff0c\u5b83\u7684\u6743\u529b\u8981\u8db3\u591f\u5f31\u5c0f\u4ee5\u81f3\u4e8e\u65e0\u6cd5\u51fa\u73b0\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u6cfd\u767b\u5df4\u5c14\uff0c\u4f46\u53c8\u8981\u8db3\u591f\u5f3a\u5927\uff0c\u4ee5\u963b\u6b62\u7acb\u6cd5\u673a\u6784\u548c\u653f\u5e9c\u4e2d\u51fa\u73b0\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u6cfd\u767b\u5df4\u5c14\u3002\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u5c31\u4ea7\u751f\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u8bae\u4f1a\u5360\u4e3b\u5bfc\u5730\u4f4d\u7684\u534a\u603b\u7edf\u5236\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5bf9\u4e8e\u73b0\u884c\u4f53\u5236\u7684\u4f18\u70b9\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u4e00\u76f4\u5b58\u5728\u5171\u8bc6\u3002\u6267\u653f\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u8054\u76df\u4e2d\u7684\u4e24\u4e2a\u4e3b\u8981\u653f\u515a\u90fd\u8d5e\u6210\u4fdd\u7559\u8fd9\u4e00\u4f53\u5236\u3002\u8499\u53e4\u4eba\u6c11\u9769\u547d\u515a\u7684\u5927\u591a\u6570\u9886\u5bfc\u4eba\u90fd\u652f\u6301\u6216\u81f3\u5c11\u63a5\u53d7\u73b0\u884c\u4f53\u5236\u3002\u552f\u4e00\u8d5e\u6210\u603b\u7edf\u5236\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u653f\u515a\uff0c\u662f\u8499\u53e4\u4f20\u7edf\u7edf\u4e00\u515a\uff08Mongolian Traditional United Party\uff0cMTUP\uff09\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u6c11\u65cf\u4e3b\u4e49\u56e2\u4f53\uff0c\u5176\u4e3b\u5e2d\u662f\u8be5\u515a\u5728\u8bae\u4f1a\u7684\u552f\u4e00\u8bae\u5458\u3002[9]<\/a><\/p>\n

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\u5f3a<\/strong>\u5065<\/strong>\u7684\u591a\u515a\u5236<\/strong><\/h5>\n

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\u5145\u6ee1\u6d3b\u529b\u7684\u516c\u6c11\u793e\u4f1a<\/strong><\/h5>\n

\u975e\u653f\u5e9c\u7ec4\u7ec7\uff08NGOs\uff09\u7684\u6d3b\u529b\u4e0d\u4e9a\u4e8e\u653f\u515a\u3002\u9664\u4e86\u653f\u515a\uff0c\u6709\u4e24\u79cd\u793e\u4f1a\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5f62\u5f0f\u7279\u522b\u53d1\u8fbe\u3002\u4e00\u79cd\u662f\u8bb0\u8005\u534f\u4f1a\u3002\u8499\u53e4\u6709\u5145\u6ee1\u6d3b\u529b\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u5a92\u4f53\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u804c\u4e1a\u89c4\u8303\u5e76\u4e0d\u4e25\u683c\uff0c\u653f\u5e9c\u5bf9\u4e3b\u8981\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u7535\u89c6\u53f0\u548c\u53d1\u884c\u91cf\u6700\u5927\u7684\u5168\u56fd\u6027\u62a5\u7eb8\u7684\u63a7\u5236\u4f9d\u7136\u5b58\u5728\u3002\u4e3a\u4e86\u5e94\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6311\u6218\uff0c\u82e5\u5e72\u534f\u4f1a\u6210\u7acb\u8d77\u6765\u3002\u8499\u53e4\u8bb0\u8005\u8054\u5408\u4f1a\uff08Union of Mongolian Journalists\uff09\uff0c\u662f\u5171\u4ea7\u4e3b\u4e49\u65f6\u671f\u7684\u515a\u529e\u8054\u5408\u4f1a\u7684\u7ee7\u627f\u7ec4\u7ec7\uff0c\u5df2\u6210\u529f\u8fc7\u6e21\u5230\u81ea\u6cbb\u5730\u4f4d\u3002\u5b83\u4e3a\u6269\u5927\u65b0\u95fb\u81ea\u7531\u548c\u4fdd\u969c\u8bb0\u8005\u7684\u6743\u5229\uff0c\u6784\u5efa\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u9887\u5177\u89c4\u6a21\u4e14\u575a\u97e7\u4e0d\u62d4\u7684\u6e38\u8bf4\u56e2\u4f53\u3002\u4e00\u4e2a\u540c\u6837\u5145\u6ee1\u6d3b\u529b\u7684\u7ec4\u7ec7\u2014\u2014\u8499\u53e4\u65b0\u95fb\u5b66\u4f1a\uff08Press Institute of Mongolia\uff09\uff0c1995\u5e74\u521a\u521a\u6210\u7acb\uff0c\u4f46\u5df2\u8fc5\u901f\u6210\u4e3a\u6559\u80b2\u5e74\u8f7b\u8bb0\u8005\u5e76\u4f7f\u5176\u4e13\u4e1a\u5316\u4ee5\u53ca\u4fc3\u8fdb\u4fe1\u606f\u81ea\u7531\u6d41\u52a8\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u529b\u91cf\u3002<\/p>\n

\u8bb0\u8005\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u4ee4\u4eba\u5370\u8c61\u6df1\u523b\uff0c\u540c\u6837\u4ee4\u4eba\u5370\u8c61\u6df1\u523b\u7684\u662f\u5987\u5973\u7ec4\u7ec7\u6210\u4e3a\u516c\u6c11\u793e\u4f1a\u4e2d\u6700\u5f3a\u5927\u7684\u7ec4\u6210\u90e8\u5206\u3002\u7684\u786e\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5987\u5973\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5982\u6b64\u5f3a\u5927\uff0c\u5987\u5973\u5728\u5404\u79cd\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u516c\u6c11\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4e2d\u5360\u636e\u5982\u6b64\u4e3b\u5bfc\u7684\u5730\u4f4d\uff0c\u4ee5\u81f3\u4e8e\u4eba\u4eec\u51e0\u4e4e\u53ef\u4ee5\u8bf4\u8499\u53e4\u662f\u6bcd\u7cfb\u516c\u6c11\u793e\u4f1a\u3002\u8bb8\u591a\u5987\u5973\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5728\u6210\u7acb\u4e4b\u521d\u6709\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u8bae\u7a0b\uff0c\u96c6\u4e2d\u5173\u6ce8\u4fc3\u8fdb\u5987\u5973\u6743\u5229\u7684\u67d0\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u540e\u6765\u5219\u6269\u5c55\u4e86\u5176\u76ee\u6807\u8303\u56f4\u3002\u201c\u5987\u5973\u4fc3\u8fdb\u793e\u4f1a\u8fdb\u6b65\u7ec4\u7ec7\u201d\uff08Women for Social Progress\uff09\u3001\u5973\u5f8b\u5e08\u534f\u4f1a\uff08 Women Lawyers Association\uff09\u548c\u540d\u79f0\u6070\u5982\u5176\u5206\uff08\u4f46\u7ffb\u8bd1\u8d77\u6765\u5f88\u522b\u626d\uff09\u7684\u201c\u81ea\u7531\u5987\u5973\u4eba\u624d\u5e93\u201d\uff08Liberal Women’s Brain Pool \uff0cLWBP\uff09\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u5f00\u59cb\u65f6\u52bf\u5355\u529b\u8584\uff0c\u4f46\u5f88\u5feb\u6210\u4e3a\u4e3b\u5bfc\u529b\u91cf\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u3002<\/p>\n

\u8fd9\u4e09\u4e2a\u56e2\u4f53\u4e2d\u7684\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u4e2a\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u7279\u522b\u751f\u52a8\u7684\u4f8b\u8bc1\u5c55\u793a\u4e86\u516c\u6c11\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u56e2\u4f53\u5982\u4f55\u4ee5\u7ecf\u5178\u7684\u6258\u514b\u7ef4\u5c14\u65b9\u5f0f\uff08Tocquevillean fashion\uff09\u4e3a\u9ad8\u5c42\u653f\u6cbb\u51c6\u5907\u9886\u5bfc\u4eba\u3002[12]<\/a> \u201c\u81ea\u7531\u5987\u5973\u4eba\u624d\u5e93\u201d\uff08LWBP\uff09\u7684\u521b\u59cb\u4eba\u5965\u591a\u6587\u00b7\u6069\u514b\u56fe\u96c5\uff08Oidovyn Enkhtuyaa\uff09\uff0c\u4ece\u5176\u8349\u521b\u65f6\u671f\u5f00\u59cb\u5c31\u52aa\u529b\u901a\u8fc7\u516c\u5171\u6559\u80b2\u5de5\u4f5c\u201c\u63d0\u9ad8\u5987\u5973\u7684\u53c2\u653f\u80fd\u529b\u201d\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u6069\u514b\u56fe\u96c5\u56de\u5fc6\u8bf4\uff0c\u201c\u6211\u5f53\u65f6\u4ece\u672a\u60f3\u8c61\u8fc7\u81ea\u5df1\u4e5f\u4f1a\u4ece\u653f\u3002\u201d \u5979\u5bf9\u201c\u81ea\u7531\u5987\u5973\u4eba\u624d\u5e93\u201d\uff08LWBP\uff09\u7684\u9886\u5bfc\u662f\u5982\u6b64\u6210\u529f\uff0c\u8be5\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5728\u66f4\u5e7f\u6cdb\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u8303\u56f4\u5185\u53d8\u5f97\u5982\u6b64\u91cd\u8981\uff0c\u4ee5\u81f3\u4e8e\u6069\u514b\u56fe\u96c5\u57281996\u5e74\u4f5c\u4e3a\u8499\u53e4\u6c11\u65cf\u6c11\u4e3b\u515a\uff08MNDP\uff09\u515a\u5458\u7ade\u9009\u65f6\uff0c\u8d62\u5f97\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u8bae\u4f1a\u5e2d\u4f4d\u30021996\u5e74\u53e6\u4e00\u4f4d\u83b7\u80dc\u7684\u5019\u9009\u4eba\u6797\u94a6\u91d1-\u7eb3\u5170\u6770\u5c14\uff08Rinchingiyn Narangerel\uff09\uff0c\u5728\u521b\u5efa\u4e86\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u975e\u653f\u5e9c\u7ec4\u7ec7\u201c\u516c\u6c11\u6559\u80b2\u4e2d\u5fc3\u201d\uff08Center for Citizenship Education\uff09\u5e76\u9886\u5bfc\u5176\u53d1\u5c55\u58ee\u5927\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u4ea6\u8dfb\u8eab\u653f\u575b\u3002\u5728\u65e7\u653f\u6743\u5bff\u7ec8\u6b63\u5bdd\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u7eb3\u5170\u6770\u5c14\u9a6c\u4e0a\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u5979\u7684\u7ec4\u7ec7\uff0c\u52aa\u529b\u6539\u9769\u8bfe\u7a0b\u8bbe\u7f6e\uff0c\u91cd\u65b0\u57f9\u8bad\u793e\u4f1a\u5b66\u79d1\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u6559\u5e08\u3002\u4e0e\u6069\u514b\u56fe\u96c5\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u7eb3\u5170\u6770\u5c14\u5728\u5171\u4ea7\u4e3b\u4e49\u65f6\u4ee3\u4e5f\u6ca1\u6709\u4ece\u653f\u7ecf\u5386\uff1b\u5979\u4e5f\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u9886\u5bfc\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u7684\u540e\u5171\u4ea7\u4e3b\u4e49\u975e\u653f\u5e9c\u7ec4\u7ec7\u8fdb\u5165\u653f\u754c\u7684\u30021996\u5e74\u4ee3\u8868\u8499\u53e4\u793e\u4f1a\u6c11\u4e3b\u515a\uff08MSDP\uff09\u5f53\u9009\u540e\uff0c\u7eb3\u5170\u6770\u5c14\u8d1f\u8d23\u5173\u4e8e\u975e\u653f\u5e9c\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5730\u4f4d\u7684\u5173\u952e\u6cd5\u6848\u7684\u8bae\u4f1a\u7279\u522b\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u56f4\u7ed5\u82e5\u5e72\u6761\u6b3e\u805a\u8bbc\u7eb7\u7ead\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u5305\u62ec\u975e\u653f\u5e9c\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u7a0e\u6536\u7279\u6743\uff0c\u8be5\u7acb\u6cd5\u9762\u4e34\u76f8\u5f53\u5927\u7684\u53cd\u5bf9\u3002\u5979\u5229\u7528\u81ea\u5df1\u4ee5\u5f80\u5728\u653f\u5e9c\u4e4b\u5916\u7684\u7ecf\u9a8c\uff0c\u5c55\u793a\u4e86\u4ee4\u4eba\u60ca\u53f9\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u667a\u6167\uff0c\u4f7f\u8be5\u6cd5\u6848\u4e8e1997\u5e741\u6708\u5f97\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5c3d\u7ba1\u4e0a\u8ff0\u6240\u6709\u793e\u56e2\u90fd\u662f\u7531\u8499\u53e4\u4eba\u7ec4\u5efa\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u5176\u4e2d\u5f88\u591a\u5f97\u5230\u4e86\u5916\u56fd\u6350\u52a9\u8005\u7684\u5e2e\u52a9\u3002\u201c\u8499\u53e4\u65b0\u95fb\u5b66\u4f1a\u201d\uff08Press Institute of Mongolia\uff09\u83b7\u5f97\u4e86\u4e39\u9ea6\u67d0\u65b0\u95fb\u5b66\u9662\u548c\u7d22\u7f57\u65af\u57fa\u91d1\u4f1a\uff08Soros Foundation\uff09\u7684\u8d44\u52a9\u3002\u201c\u81ea\u7531\u5987\u5973\u4eba\u624d\u5e93\u201d\uff08LWBP\uff09\u83b7\u5f97\u4e86\u4e9a\u6d32\u57fa\u91d1\u4f1a\uff08Asia Foundation\uff09\u548c\u7f8e\u56fd\u56fd\u5bb6\u6c11\u4e3b\u57fa\u91d1\u4f1a\uff08National Endowment for Democracy\uff0cNED\uff09\u7684\u63f4\u52a9\u3002\u8fd9\u7c7b\u8d44\u52a9\u7684\u6570\u989d\u5f80\u5f80\u8f83\u5c11\u3002\u4e0e\u591a\u8fb9\u8d37\u6b3e\u673a\u6784\u4e3a\u6551\u52a9\u65e0\u529b\u507f\u4ed8\u503a\u52a1\u7684\u653f\u5e9c\u800c\u5b9a\u671f\u53d1\u653e\u7684\u8d44\u91d1\u76f8\u6bd4\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8d44\u52a9\u7684\u6570\u91cf\u76f8\u5f62\u89c1\u7ecc\u3002\u5c31\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8d44\u52a9\u4e5f\u5f80\u5f80\u4e0d\u5982\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u57fa\u91d1\u4f1a\u5411\u7f8e\u56fd\u5b66\u8005\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u8d44\u6e90\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8d44\u6e90\u7528\u4e8e\u8fdb\u884c\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u7684\u6c11\u610f\u8c03\u67e5\uff0c\u4e86\u89e3\u8f6c\u578b\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u4eba\u6c11\u5bf9\u5176\u9886\u5bfc\u4eba\u3001\u653f\u6cbb\u5236\u5ea6\u3001\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u6c11\u65cf\u3001\u90bb\u56fd\u7684\u6c11\u65cf\u6216\u9762\u5305\u4ef7\u683c\u7684\u770b\u6cd5\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u7d22\u7f57\u65af\u57fa\u91d1\u4f1a\u3001\u4e9a\u6d32\u57fa\u91d1\u4f1a\u548c\u7f8e\u56fd\u56fd\u5bb6\u6c11\u4e3b\u57fa\u91d1\u4f1a\u7b49\u673a\u6784\uff0c\u5728\u7ecf\u6d4e\u56f0\u96be\u65f6\u671f\u96ea\u4e2d\u9001\u70ad\uff0c\u7684\u786e\u6709\u529b\u5730\u4fc3\u8fdb\u4e86\u8499\u53e4\u975e\u653f\u5e9c\u7ec4\u7ec7\u9886\u57df\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u3002<\/p>\n

\u6311\u6218\u548c\u501f\u9274<\/strong><\/h5>\n

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\u7b2c\u56db\uff0c\u8499\u53e4\u7684\u8f6c\u578b\u663e\u793a\u4e86\u653f\u515a\u5728\u63a8\u52a8\u6c11\u4e3b\u5316\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u5de8\u5927\u6f5c\u529b\u3002\u5728\u5f53\u4ee3\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u8bb8\u591a\u8457\u8ff0\u4e2d\uff0c\u653f\u515a\u548c\u653f\u515a\u5236\u5ea6\u88ab\u5f53\u4f5c\u5206\u6790\u7684\u5ba2\u4f53\u800c\u975e\u4e3b\u4f53\uff0c\u88ab\u5f53\u4f5c\u5176\u7279\u5f81\u548c\u529b\u91cf\u8981\u7531\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u5916\u90e8\u56e0\u7d20\u6765\u89e3\u91ca\u7684\u5b9e\u4f53\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u65b9\u6cd5\u53ef\u4ee5\u6709\u52a9\u4e8e\u7406\u89e3\u653f\u515a\u7684\u4ea7\u751f\u3001\u5236\u5ea6\u5316\u4e0e\u8870\u9000\u7684\u6839\u6e90\u548c\u6027\u8d28\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5728\u8499\u53e4\uff0c\u5f3a\u5927\u7684\u653f\u515a\u662f\u4f53\u5236\u53d8\u9769\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u91cd\u8981\u539f\u56e0\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u7ed3\u679c\u3002\u8499\u53e4\u7684\u7ecf\u9a8c\u7a81\u51fa\u8bf4\u660e\uff0c\u6709\u65f6\u5c06\u653f\u515a\u548c\u653f\u515a\u5236\u5ea6\u89c6\u4e3a\u89e3\u91ca\u56e0\u7d20\u662f\u6709\u76ca\u7684\uff0c\u5176\u529b\u91cf\u3001\u89c4\u6a21\u3001\u5305\u5bb9\u6027\u548c\u5dee\u5f02\u6027\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u51b3\u5b9a\u6027\u5730\u5851\u9020\u653f\u6cbb\u7ed3\u679c\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\uff0c\u8499\u53e4\u56fd\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u8868\u660e\uff0c\u91cd\u6e29\u5e76\u501f\u9274\u4e00\u4e9b\u5173\u4e8e\u653f\u6cbb\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u7ecf\u5178\u6587\u732e\u662f\u6709\u4ef7\u503c\u7684\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6587\u732e\u5c06\u653f\u515a\u89c6\u4e3a\u539f\u52a8\u529b\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u7ed3\u679c\u3002[15]<\/a>\u00a0 \u7b2c\u4e94\uff0c\u672c\u7814\u7a76\u6848\u4f8b\u663e\u793a\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u5f3a\u5927\u516c\u6c11\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u72ec\u7acb\u529b\u91cf\u3002\u4e24\u4e2a\u5173\u952e\u7684\u975e\u653f\u5e9c\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7ec4\u6210\u90e8\u5206\u2014\u2014\u5987\u5973\u56e2\u4f53\u548c\u8bb0\u8005\u534f\u4f1a\u2014\u2014\u5728\u63a8\u8fdb\u6c11\u4e3b\u5316\u65b9\u9762\u53d1\u6325\u4e86\u4f5c\u7528\u3002\u5b83\u4eec\u5f00\u8f9f\u4e86\u65b0\u7684\u6e20\u9053\uff0c\u4e3a\u516c\u4f17\u63d0\u4f9b\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u4fc3\u8fdb\u4e86\u4e13\u4e1a\u8eab\u4efd\u7684\u5f62\u6210\uff0c\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u72ec\u7acb\u7684\u516c\u5171\u653f\u6cbb\u6559\u80b2\uff0c\u5e76\u5bf9\u4eba\u6570\u4f17\u591a\u4f46\u4f20\u7edf\u4e0a\u672a\u5f97\u5230\u5145\u5206\u4ee3\u8868\u7684\u90a3\u90e8\u5206\u4eba\u53e3\uff0c\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u63f4\u52a9\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5728\u6700\u5e7f\u6cdb\u7684\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\uff0c\u8499\u53e4\u56fd\u8fc4\u4eca\u4e3a\u6b62\u7684\u7ecf\u9a8c\u4ee3\u8868\u4e86\u610f\u5fd7\u8bba\uff08voluntarism\uff09\u5bf9\u51b3\u5b9a\u8bba\uff08determinism\uff09\u7684\u80dc\u5229\u3002\u5177\u4f53\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u5b83\u5c55\u793a\u4e86\u9009\u62e9\u3001\u610f\u5fd7\u3001\u9886\u5bfc\u529b\u3001\u673a\u6784\u548c\u6743\u53d8\uff08contingency\uff09\u5bf9\u7ed3\u6784\u3001\u5386\u53f2\u3001\u6587\u5316\u548c\u5730\u7406\u7684\u80dc\u5229\u3002\u867d\u7136\u4ec5\u4ece\u4e00\u4e2a\u5c0f\u56fd\u7684\u7ecf\u9a8c\u5c55\u5f00\u5916\u63a8\u603b\u662f\u4e0d\u7740\u8fb9\u9645\uff0c\u4f46\u8499\u53e4\u53ef\u80fd\u4ee3\u8868\u4e86\u54c8\u91cc\u00b7\u57c3\u514b\u65af\u5766\uff08Harry Eckstein\uff09\u6240\u8bf4\u7684\u201c\u5173\u952e\u6848\u4f8b\u201d\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6848\u4f8b\u4fc3\u4f7f\u4eba\u4eec\u91cd\u65b0\u5ba1\u89c6\u4e00\u4e9b\u88ab\u5e7f\u6cdb\u8ba4\u53ef\u7684\u5047\u8bbe\u3002[16]<\/a>\u4ece\u5927\u591a\u6570\u5e38\u89c4\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u6765\u770b\uff0c\u8499\u53e4\u5c5e\u4e8e\u201c\u6700\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u201d\u7ecf\u5386\u6210\u529f\u8f6c\u578b\u7684\u6848\u4f8b\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002\u5b83\u76ee\u524d\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u72b6\u51b5\u53ef\u80fd\u5e76\u4e0d\u7b97\u4e00\u4e2a\u5947\u8ff9\u2014\u2014\u65e0\u8bba\u5982\u4f55\uff0c\u4e9a\u6d32\u5728\u8fc7\u53bb\u4e00\u4e8c\u5341\u5e74\u4e2d\u5df2\u7ecf\u5145\u6ee1\u4e86\u201c\u5947\u8ff9\u201d\u3002\u4f46\u5b83\u786e\u5b9e\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u65b0\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u2014\u2014\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5176\u4ed6\u6b20\u53d1\u8fbe\u3001\u4e0e\u4e16\u9694\u7edd\u6216\u5904\u4e8e\u53e6\u5916\u4e0d\u5229\u5730\u4f4d\u7684\u56fd\u5bb6\u6765\u8bf4\u5219\u662f\u65b0\u7684\u5e0c\u671b\u2014\u2014\u5bf9\u4e8e\u6c11\u4e3b\u5316\u7684\u63a8\u8fdb\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u4ec0\u4e48\u662f\u4ee5\u53ca\u4ec0\u4e48\u4e0d\u662f\u201c\u5fc5\u8981\u7684\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n

\u6ce8\u91ca\uff1a<\/strong><\/p>\n

[1]<\/a>\u4f5c\u8005\u53f2\u8482\u6587\u00b7\u83f2\u4ec0\uff08 M. Steven Fish\uff09\u4e3a\u7f8e\u56fd\u52a0\u5dde\u5927\u5b66\u4f2f\u514b\u5229\u5206\u6821\u653f\u6cbb\u5b66\u6559\u6388\u3002<\/p>\n

[2]<\/a> \u8bd1\u8005\u5f90\u884c\u5065\u7cfb\u4e2d\u56fd\u5927\u9646\u4e13\u4e1a\u4eba\u58eb\u3002\u5ba1\u6821\u8005\u9648\u80b2\u56fd\u4e3a\u539f\u5317\u4eac\u5927\u5b66\u56fd\u653f\u7cfb\u8bb2\u5e08\u3002<\/p>\n

[1]<\/a> \u00a0\u6c64\u59c6\u00b7\u91d1\u65af\u4f2f\u683c\uff08Tom Ginsburg\uff09\uff1a\u300a\u8499\u53e4\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u6539\u9769\u300b\uff08Political Reform in Mongolia\uff09\uff0c\u300a\u4e9a\u6d32\u8c03\u67e5\u300b\uff08Asian Survey\uff09\uff0c35 (May 1995): 459-61\u3002<\/p>\n

[2]<\/a> \u7f57\u4f2f\u7279\u00b7\u8fbe\u5c14\uff08Robert Dahl\uff09\u548c\u7231\u5fb7\u534e\u00b7\u5854\u592b\u7279\uff08Edward Tufte\uff09\uff1a\u300a\u89c4\u6a21\u4e0e\u6c11\u4e3b\u300b\uff08Size and Democracy\uff09 \uff0c\u65af\u5766\u798f\u5927\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u793e\uff0c\uff081973\uff09\uff0c13-16\uff0c13742\u3002<\/p>\n

[3]<\/a> \u00a0M\u00b7\u53f2\u8482\u6587\u00b7\u83f2\u4ec0\uff08M. Steven Fish\uff09, \u300a\u6c11\u4e3b\u5316\u7684\u5fc5\u8981\u6761\u4ef6\uff1a\u540e\u5171\u4ea7\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u7ecf\u9a8c\u300b\uff08Democratization’s Requisites: The Postcommunist Experience\uff09\uff0c\u300a\u540e\u82cf\u8054\u4e8b\u52a1\u300b\uff08Post-Soviet Affairs\uff09\uff0c14 (JulySeptember 1998)\u3002<\/p>\n

[4]<\/a> \u00a0\u201c\u81ea\u7531\u4e4b\u5bb6\u201d\uff08Freedom House\uff09:\u300a\u4e16\u754c\u81ea\u7531\u5ea6\u62a5\u544a\uff1a\u653f\u6cbb\u6743\u5229\u548c\u516c\u6c11\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u5e74\u5ea6\u8c03\u67e5\u300b\uff08Freedom in the World: The Annual Survey of Political Rights and Civil Liberties\uff09, 1996-97.\uff1b\u201c\u81ea\u7531\u4e4b\u5bb6\u201d\uff08Freedom House\uff09\uff1a\u300a\u4e16\u754c\u8303\u56f4\u5185\u7684\u65b0\u95fb\u81ea\u7531\uff0c1997\uff1a\u5217\u8868\u548c\u8bc4\u7ea7\u300b[Press Freedom World Wide, 1997: Tables and Ratings] (www.freedomhouse.org\/Press\/Press97\/ratings97.html<\/a>)\u3002<\/p>\n

[5]<\/a> \u00a0\u00a0\u91d1\u65af\u4f2f\u683c\uff08Ginsburg\uff09\uff1a\u300a\u8499\u53e4\u7684\u6539\u9769\u300b\uff08Reform in Mongolia\uff09\uff0c462-63\u3002<\/p>\n

[6]<\/a> M\u00b7\u53f2\u8482\u6587\u00b7\u83f2\u4ec0\uff08M. Steven Fish\uff09\uff1a\u300a\u540e\u5171\u4ea7\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e16\u754c\u7ecf\u6d4e\u6539\u9769\u7684\u51b3\u5b9a\u56e0\u7d20\u300b\uff08The Determinants of Economic Reform in the Postcommunist World\uff09\uff0c\u300a\u4e1c\u6b27\u653f\u6cbb\u4e0e\u793e\u4f1a\u300b\uff08East European Politics and Societies\uff09, 12 (Winter 1998): 31-78\u3002<\/p>\n

[7]<\/a> \u4e54\u6cbb\u00b7\u79d1\u68ee\uff08Georges Korsun\uff09\u548c\u5f7c\u5f97\u00b7\u7a46\u96f7\u5c14\uff08Peter Murrell\uff09\uff1a\u300a\u8499\u53e4\u56fd\u79c1\u6709\u5316\u8ba1\u5212\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u4e0e\u7ecf\u6d4e\u300b\uff08Politics and Economics of Mongolia’s Privatization Program\uff09\uff0c\u300a\u4e9a\u6d32\u8c03\u67e5\u300b\uff08 Asian Survey\uff09\uff0c35 (May 1995): 472-86\u3002<\/p>\n

[8]<\/a> \u00a0\u300a\u8499\u53e4\u56fd\u5baa\u6cd5\u300b\uff08Constitution of Mongolia\uff09\uff0c\u8f7d\u4e8e\u827e\u4f26\u00b7\u6851\u5fb7\u65af\uff08Alan Sanders\uff09\uff1a\u300a\u8499\u53e4\u5386\u53f2\u8bcd\u5178\u300b\uff08Historical Dictionary of Mongolia\uff09\uff0c (Landam, Md.: Scarecrow, 1996), 272-92.<\/p>\n

[9]<\/a> \u300a\u8499\u53e4\u5e94\u8be5\u6709\u603b\u7edf\u5236\u653f\u5e9c\u300b\uff08”Mongold er\u00f6nkhiyl\u00f6gchiyn zasaglal kheregtey” \uff09\uff08Mongolia should have presidential government\uff09, \u300a\u4eca\u65e5\u62a5\u300b[\u00d6n\u00f6\u00f6d\u00f6r (Today)]\uff0c19 February 1998\u3002<\/p>\n

[10]<\/a> \u00a0\u53c2\u89c1\u8fc8\u514b\u5c14\u00b7\u5384\u672c\uff08Michael Urban\uff09\uff1a\u300a\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u540e\u5171\u4ea7\u4e3b\u4e49\u8f6c\u578b\u7684\u8eab\u4efd\u653f\u6cbb\u300b\uff08The Politics of Identity in Russia’s Postcommunist Transition\uff09\uff0c\u300a\u65af\u62c9\u592b\u8bc4\u8bba\u300b\uff08Slavic Review\uff09 53 (Fall 1994): 733-65\uff1bM\u00b7\u53f2\u8482\u6587\u00b7\u83f2\u4ec0\uff08M. Steven Fish\uff09\uff1a\u300a\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u591a\u515a\u5236\u7684\u51fa\u73b0\u300b\uff08The Advent of Multipartism in Russia\uff09\uff0c\u300a\u540e\u82cf\u8054\u4e8b\u52a1\u300b\uff08Post-Soviet Affairs\uff09\uff0c Post-Soviet Affairs <\/em>11 (OctoberDecember 1995): 340-83\u3002<\/p>\n

[11]<\/a> \u00a0\u53c2\u89c1\u8fc8\u514b\u5c14\u00b7\u9ea6\u514b\u798f\u5c14\uff08Michael McFaul\uff09\uff1a\u300a\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af1996\u5e74\u7684\u603b\u7edf\u9009\u4e3e\u300b\uff08Russia’s 1996 Presidential Election\uff09\uff0c\u65af\u5766\u798f: \u80e1\u4f5b\u7814\u7a76\u6240\u51fa\u7248\u793e,\uff0c(1997), 83-85\uff1b M\u00b7\u53f2\u8482\u6587\u00b7\u83f2\u4ec0\uff08M. Steven Fish\uff09\uff1a\u300a\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u56f0\u5883\uff1a1995\u5e7412\u6708\u8bae\u4f1a\u9009\u4e3e\u7684\u8bc1\u636e\u300b\uff08The Predicament of Russian Liberalism: Evidence from the December 1995 Parliamentary Elections\uff09\uff0c\u300a\u6b27\u4e9a\u7814\u7a76\u300b\uff08Europe-Asia Studies\uff09\uff0c49 (March 1997): 191-220\u3002<\/p>\n

[12]<\/a> \u00a0\u4e9a\u5386\u514b\u897f\u00b7\u5fb7\u00b7\u6258\u514b\u7ef4\u5c14\uff08Alexis de Tocqueville\uff09\uff1a\u300a\u8bba\u7f8e\u56fd\u7684\u6c11\u4e3b\u300b\uff08Democracy in America \uff09\uff0c\u7ebd\u7ea6\u82b1\u56ed\u57ce\u9053\u5e03\u5c14\u6234\u51fa\u7248\u793e \uff0c1969, 189-95, 513-24\u3002<\/p>\n

[13]<\/a> \u300a\u6709\u5f71\u54cd\u529b\u7684\u8bae\u5458\u8bf4\uff0c\u4eba\u6c11\u6743\u5229\u62a5\u5fc5\u987b\u88ab\u79c1\u6709\u5316\u300b\uff08Ardyn Erkh Must Be Privatized, Says Influential MP\uff09\uff0c\u300a\u4e4c\u5170\u5df4\u6258\u90ae\u62a5\u300b\uff08UB Post\uff09\uff0c 17 February 1998\u3002<\/p>\n

[14]<\/a>\u300a\u6709\u5f71\u54cd\u529b\u7684\u8bae\u5458\u8bf4\uff0c\u4eba\u6c11\u6743\u5229\u62a5\u5fc5\u987b\u88ab\u79c1\u6709\u5316\u300b\uff08Ardyn Erkh Must Be Privatized, Says Influential MP\uff09\uff0c\u300a\u4e4c\u5170\u5df4\u6258\u90ae\u62a5\u300b\uff08UB Post\uff09\uff0c 17 February 1998\u3002<\/p>\n

[15]<\/a> \u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u585e\u7f2a\u5c14\u00b7\u4ea8\u5ef7\u987f\uff08Samuel Huntington\uff09\uff1a\u300a\u53d8\u9769\u793e\u4f1a\u4e2d\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u79e9\u5e8f\u300b\uff08Political Order in Changing Societies\uff09\uff0c,\uff0c\u8036\u9c81\u5927\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u793e )\uff0c1968\uff0c397-461.<\/p>\n

[16]<\/a> \u54c8\u91cc\u00b7\u57c3\u514b\u65af\u5766\uff08Harry Eckstein\uff09\uff1a\u300a\u8bba\u653f\u6cbb\uff1a\u6709\u5173\u653f\u6cbb\u7406\u8bba\u3001\u7a33\u5b9a\u4ee5\u53ca\u53d8\u9769\u7684\u8bba\u6587\u96c6\u300b\uff08Regarding Politics: Essays on Political Theory, Stability, and Change\uff09\uff0c\u52a0\u5dde\u5927\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u793e\uff08\u4f2f\u514b\u5229\uff09\uff0c1992\uff0c152-72.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u53f2\u8482\u6587\u00b7\u83f2\u4ec0[1]\u00a0 \u00a0\u6587 \u5f90\u884c\u5065 \u8bd1\uff0c\u9648\u80b2\u56fd[2] \u5ba1\u6821 \u7f16\u6309\uff1a\u672c\u6587\u539f\u8f7d\u4e8e1998\u5e74\u7f8e\u56fd\u300a\u6c11\u4e3b\u5b63\u520a\u300b\uff08Jou […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[13],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-947","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-13"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/chinademocrats.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/947","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/chinademocrats.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/chinademocrats.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/chinademocrats.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/chinademocrats.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=947"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/chinademocrats.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/947\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1113,"href":"https:\/\/chinademocrats.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/947\/revisions\/1113"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/chinademocrats.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=947"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/chinademocrats.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=947"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/chinademocrats.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=947"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}